Procesy transformacyjne w Polsce i Czechosłowacji/Czechach po 1989 roku = Transformační procesy v Polsku a v Československu/Česku po roce 1989
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| Sprache: | Polish Czech |
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Wrocław
Stała Wspólna Polsko-Czeska Komisja Nauk Humanistycznych [u.a.]
2002
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819701982326161408 |
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| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Od
Jerzy
Oldřich Tůma,
w Czechosłowacji/Republice Czeskiej
Jan
Janusz Wrona,
Lesław Koćwin,
Jana Geršlová,
w Czechosłowacji/Republice Czeskiej
Wojciech Świątkiewicz,
a
Milan Tuček,
problemy transformacji w Czechosłowacji/Republice Czeskiej
Stefan Bednarek, Polska kultura
Jiří Damborský, Kultura
okresu
Jan
Libor Prudký,
Transformations in
Republic after
Notki o autorach aitykułów
Procesy transformacyjne
w Polsce i Czechosłowacji
TRANSFORMATIONS
CZECHOSLOVAKIA/THE CZECH REPUBLIC
AFTER
SUMMARIES
Jerzy
TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
IN POLAND
In April
Solidarność
its representatives in the Parliament, to form an independent organiza¬
tion and to have its own media. However, after the
tory in the June
ed Workers Party
no longer possible. There was uncertainty on the victorious side as to
the internal and external implications of the takeover of power. The
new government of
ministers. The development of the situation in Poland was affected by
events in the other countries of the eastern bloc. Towards the end of
January
Social Democratic Party of the Republic of Poland
Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej,
ministers were removed from the government. The presidential elec¬
tions in the autumn of
278
sent within
tend for office with a totally unknown
posed agreement of all the voters to changing the political system by
Solidarność
The parliamentary elections in
within the
Olszewski, lacked internal coherence. It spent much time and effort on
preparing decomimmization, and especially the vetting process of po¬
liticians. Many people, including the top leaders of the anticommunist
movement, were accused of cooperation with the security police. Fol¬
lowing Walesa s appeal, in June
of no confidence for the government. This reinforced the antagonisms
within the post-communist forces. It was possible, however, to form
a broader coalition and a new government led by
much importance was the adoption in October
Small Constitution. In
President
The elections were won by groupings with communist origins: the
Alliance of the Democratic Left
and the Polish Peasants Party
65Ψο
a government coalition. Their governing was severely restricted, how¬
ever, because
Kwasniewski,
party strengthen its leading role. The SLD-PSL coalition government
reached with the opposition a consensus in internal policy concerning
the democratic basis for political life and the strengthening of market
economy. As regards Poland s foreign policy, the two parties agreed
to procure the country s accession to the NATO and the European
Union. In
mentary elections in
managed to agree on a joint list of election candidates within the so-
called
The Freedom Union Party
garded AWS as its main partner for the future.
In the elections AWS managed to attract only slightly more votes
than in
TRANSFORMATIONS
ened its position and SLD significantly boosted its presence in the par¬
liament. However, a centra-rightist coalition was formed and
Buzek was elected Prime Minister. The rule of the coalition was
aseries
economy and by the previous governments failure to introduce the
necessary reforms. The reforms were now implemented within a short
time and some shortcomings as regards their planning and introduction
became apparent. Gradually, more and more MPs were leaving AWS.
Before the parliamentary elections in
with representatives of some other rightist circles formed a nationalist,
clerical and anti-European League of Polish Families
Rodzin, LPR).
Aleksander
to tensions with UW and its leaving the ruling coalition. UW s position
was further damaged by an internal split within the party. The politi¬
cians who had left UW and AWS established, together with A. Ole-
chowski, the Civic Platform Party
The election in September
mations in Poland were far from being completed. The party system
was volatile and subject to constant changes. The election was won by
the left. The centre survived in new organizational forms
right was weakened and dismembered. Populist parties gained a strong
position. The previous consensus in the parliament regarding the basic
internal and foreign policy directions was no longer there.
A political transformation in Poland occurred only on the institu¬
tional level.
ed. Its infrastructure was, however, missing, which was clearly proved
by the
translated by
280
Oldřich Tůma
TRANSFORMATION OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA/THE CZECH REPUBLIC
The post-November
Czechoslovakia, later in the Czech Republic, may be described as
a transition from the power monopoly of the Communist Party of
Czechoslovakia
parliamentary democracy based on the west European model. Howev¬
er, a full knowledge of the relevant facts is just about impossible due
to restricted access to the sources. Although there exists a relatively
ample literature on the subject (mainly in English), it is often unreli¬
able, principally as regards the factual material presented in it. The
very modest domestic literature is practically limited to works dealing
with the subject from the perspective of political science. Historical
analyses are very few and far between, although the origin, the course
of events and the character of changes after
or revolution?) may also constitute an interesting research problem for
a historian.
Chronologically, the following three transformation phases may be
differentiated:
1.
2.
3.
racy and political pluralism (from the end of
Obviously, the situation was not entirely stable also later, but the
framework of the new system was established by the late
political system of the Czech Republic is extraordinarily balanced.
Some attention was paid to the formation of the constitutional sys¬
tem as well as the formation and evolution of political parties. The last
section of the article is devoted to the legitimizing function of tradi¬
tion, i.e. which roots and historical traditions the new political entities,
especially parties, invoked.
The author states that an analysis of the transformation of the
political system in Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic confirms
the view expressed by
TRANSFORMATIONS
1989
promoted.
translated by
Jan Rychlík
THE SPLIT OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
The fall of the Communist totalitarian regime in
vakia reopened also the Czech
wanted to retain the federation, the Slovaks prefered a very loose union
in which two independent states
republic
ticaly no powers. The negotiations between the Czech and Slovak gov¬
ernments ended in deadlock in spring
1992
majority in the Czech republic, while the Movement for Democratic
Slovakia (HZDS) of
for confederation where Slovakia would be the independent subject of
international law and would run its own economic affaires. This solu¬
tion brought to the Czechs nothing but troubles because it meant „the
Slovak state with Czech insurance. It was unacceptable for
Klaus who offered either functional federation or total separation. The
later solution was at the end reluctantly accepted by
On
translated by
Janusz Wrona
TRANSFORMATION OF POLISH POLITICAL ELITES
Political elites are understood here broadly, as any groups in power
and the opposition. A momentous event for the formation of the new
282
Polish political elite was the establishment of the Civic Committee
attached to the
Committee was made up of representatives of various opposition
groupings, who later participated in the Round Table negotiations and
coordinated the election campaign of
The
20th century: a post-communist one and
new elite was legitimized by
tion as a homogenous group in power was suddenly arrested due to a
„war at the top . The division was not based on the European criteria
of the left and the right, but rather on the approach to current affairs:
the extent of cooperation with the communists, the speed of changes
in Poland or the political future of the
The new
patriots, Catholics, anti-communists and advocates of independence.
An important impact on the elites was exerted by the Catholic church.
Their emergence was also affected by the proportionate voting system.
In the post-1989 period
replaced. About
replacement took place also at the middle and local levels, although
there the process was not as widespread as within the political centres.
The SdRP/SLD elite was shaped politically in the last decade of the
existence of the Polish People s Republic
executive experience while in youth organizations, in the
government structures. It achieved successes from the very beginnings
of SdRP, a party formed on the ruins of
effectively embraced the rules of the democratic political play and cre¬
ated a new image for itself.
A great majority of the new elite has no working class background.
It is masculinized at the central and local levels. The political elite is
made up of people of various ages, although still relatively young,
with excellent educational backgrounds and attractive professions, liv¬
ing in towns and cities. They differ in their outlook on life, attitude to
religion and religious practices, and political biographies. Nearly all of
them are university graduates. A survey of local political elites con¬
ducted in the autumn of
versity degree.
TRANSFORMATIONS IN POLAND AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA... SUMMARIES
A special position within the new elite is occupied by MPs and sen¬
ators. The dynamics of change among MPs in successive terms in
office (over
scene and no firm support for the current parliamentary elites (this
also applies to the Senate). The parliamentary elite is still at the stage
of formation through democratic electoral procedures. The proportion
of men among MPs is steadily increasing.
The post-1989 Polish political elite has been characterized by the
consensus as regards democratic values, accession to the NATO and
the
oriented towards the building of a welfare state and a free market
economy. Its representatives, however, have frequently violated legal
and social standards. They have also had serious difficulties commu¬
nicating with the citizens, because they do not seem to know how to
do it effectively or they are downright unwilling to do so. Poland s
political elites did not become established in the last decade of the
20th century; in fact, the process is still continuing.
translated by
Lesław Koćwin
TRANFORMATION
The study deals with the transformation of Poland s economy after
the elections to the
of the Polish parliament] in June
the government led by the Prime Minister
the Deputy Prime Minister
omy. The team set about radically reforming the country s economic
system. The aim was to create a market system similar to that in exis¬
tence in highly developed countries. The authors of the programme
(referred to in journalism as the „Balcerowicz plan ) adopted an
approach consisting in taking very decisive steps in order to shorten
to the maximum the transitional period, which is always a source of
hardships for ordinary citizens.
284
The controversial programme of economic reforms assumed: the
introduction of an internal convertibility of the Polish
tice this meant the ability to buy in Poland all goods for the
the removal of most state subsidies for consumers and manufacturers,
the balancing of the state budget and the implementation of a strictly
controlled monetary policy (which meant the introduction of taxes suf¬
ficient to cover the state s expenditures and the stopping of printing of
additional money), the maintenance of stable foreign exchange rates,
the arresting of the rise of inflation and its gradual reduction, and a fast
privatization. The agreeing of this strategy with the International Mon¬
etary Fund and the World Bank ensured an inflow of cash (foreign
capital) to finance the transformation and opened Poland s economy to
cooperation with the world markets, especially the West European
countries.
The government s economic programme was implemented concur¬
rently with a thorough reconstruction of the sociopolitical system
through actions in two areas: stabilization of economy (above all, by
limiting hyperinflation) and restructuring of the economic system
(mainly by making it market-driven and by privatizing state-owned
enterprises).
The implementation of the Balcerowicz plan was enormously suc¬
cessful in some areas, whereas in others it turned out to be a failure.
Economy was stabilized thanks to the stabilization of the foreign
exchange rates, the liberation of prices and the cutting of inflation,
which formed a basis for building a market economy. The failures
included a fast privatization of the state sector, the cutting of the bud¬
get deficit and unemployment.
The speed at which system transformations in Poland took place
varied distinctly: during the first phase reforms were introduced rela¬
tively fast, later (especially after the parliamentary elections in the
autumn of
the successive government coalitions did not manage to reverse the
trend. They did not, however, reject the ideas put forward in the Bal¬
cerowicz plan, which resulted in the stabilization of economy and, all
in all, a success of the first phase of economic transformation.
After the post-1989 changes had been introduced Poland had a
quasi-market, monetary economy, typical of the first stage of system
TRANSFORMATIONS
transformations. This, however, did not determine the final form of the
Polish economy, as the system transformation of the
have strictly defined strategic, i.e. political, social or economic, aims.
translated by
Jana Geršlová
TRANSFORMATION
IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA/THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Before
attempts to put into effect economic reforms the aim of which was to
introduce elements of market mechanism into the centrally controlled
economy. There were three reforms, two of them named after their
authors, the first one was Rozsypal s reform prepared in
ond called
reform appeared at the beginning of the eighties. A so-called
strojka
year of
slovakia together with other countries started to implement a market-
oriented economy. The economic reform scenario of the first after-
November
and foreign trade liberalization was launched. Macroeconomic anti-
inflationary policy, tax reform, separation of banking sector from the
central bank, Czech crown devaluation and creating of a social safety
net for unemployed can be ranked among further measures. A signifi¬
cant part of the transformation was a mass privatization and the rise of
private sector through the process of small-scale and large-scale priva¬
tization and the Czechoslovak specifics
zation.A non-transparent legal system appeared to be a serious problem
since it continuously harmed the economy and decreased country s
credibility abroad. As a consequence of splitting the federation into two
independent states on
There were three phases in the Czech Republic s economic devel¬
opment of the nineties. The first was a transformation depression that
286
lasted till
nomics in comparison with
1996,
beginning
it reflected in stagnation or even worsening of most
indicators. Since
Republic s economics would have to reach an average gross domestic
product at least
board for joining the European Union and thus to be ranked among
advanced West European economics.
translated by
Wojciech Świątkiewicz
TRANSFORMATIONS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES
AND SOCIAL ISSUES
OF THE PERIOD OF TRANSFORMATIONS IN POLAND
The first part of the article is devoted to a brief description of the
historical references of modern transformation processes in the areas
of: the political system, the rules of economic life, social structures
and forms of communal life, culture and social issues. The other dis¬
cusses the main areas of the transformation processes in the
their directions and social implications. The author characterizes the
following directions of the transformation processes:
-
-
-
-
-
The balance of the decade s worth of transformation is not unam¬
biguous, although the positive assessment of the directions in system
changes and efforts made by the society to create a civic society and
a material base for its existence call for a full acceptance. The transi¬
tion from socialism to capitalism, from a centrally planned to a free
TRANSFORMATIONS
market economy, from a cultural uniformity to pluralism and policen-
trism, from a society of fate to a society of choice is a difficult and
lengthy process, and the social and psychological costs of such
changes are mostly borne by those who during the previous period
were appointed to play the role of the avant-garde in the world of the
tune. The future directions of the transformation and also its present
effectiveness depend on the relationship between the beneficiaries of
the new system and those giving handouts.
translated by
Milan
TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES
AND TRANSFORMATION-RELATED SOCIAL PROBLEMS
IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC
The article was written on the basis of statistical data and results
of wide-ranging sociological research conducted in
(a comparative approach involving several countries) and
starting point is a description of Czechs social structure in the late
1980s,
This is followed by an analysis of changes in social structure indi¬
cators after
the private sector and privatization, changes in employment and
occupational structure, the emergence and evolution of unemploy¬
ment, changing dynamics of the nation s mobility. The modern
Czech society may be characterized as a hybrid system of interpen¬
etrating social types. The social structure has some remnant features
of state socialism, although the inherited egalitarianism is fading
away and the structure is becoming polarized. This hybrid system is
open to various directions further evolution.
translated by
288
Stefan
POLISH CULTURE OF THE TRANSFORMATION PERIOD
The beginnings of the system changes after
as a „time of chaos , a period of radical revisions of opinion and axi-
ological
of an outline of a new configuration of models and values; a configu¬
ration barely perceptible, because of its variety, policentrism and
changeability. Research shows that the Polish culture of the transfor¬
mation period was multifaceted and varied. This attempt to character¬
ize this culture takes account of both autogeneous development factors
(i.e.
and heterogeneous factors (i.e. various political, economic and social
influences), as well as the impact of culture on the transformation
processes.
Polish culture has undergone some fundamental changes in recent
years. The directions and nature of such changes have stirred up con¬
troversies. Opportunities offered by the democratization of social and
political life, the opening of borders and the implementation of free
market mechanisms are easily seen, but emphasis is also laid on the
associated threats, which, by the way, result from the same sources.
Many people are convinced that we are just about to witness some
radical transformation of the entire Polish culture, which will lead
either to its total disintegration or to some new, difficult-to-imagine
form. Above all, Polish culture is experiencing a withdrawal of the
Romantic, patriotic-Tyrtaeus-style model, which has been replaced by
pragmatic values, a focus on socioeconomic factors. Another of its
characteristics is the variety of life orientations and a growing toler¬
ance for types of behaviour far removed from the tradition-sanctified
models. This is a general feature of modern culture in our civilization
circle. Still another its qualities is the participation in a rich and var¬
ied, although somehow unifying, symbolic
The presence in mass media of the national heritage is steadily dimin¬
ishing, which raises objections of defenders of the national identity
and supporters of the so-called high culture. The opening of borders
for the entire content from the world s producers and the doing away
TRANSFORMATIONS
with censorship have radically changed the situation of the receiver-
consumer of cultural goods, offering them, above all, a choice.
translated by
Jiří Damborský
CZECHOSLOVAK/CZECH CULTURE
OF THE TRANSFORMATION PERIOD
At the beginning the author attemps to find a definition of the mul-
tivalent term culture. For the purpose of the essay he understands it as
all that arises as a product of human activity, mental as well as physi¬
cal. He takes in higher products of human activity (science, art etc.) in
the first place. In the next part he analyses the signification of the term
Czechoslovak culture emphasizing greater autonomy of the Slovak cul¬
ture, especially after the establishment of the Federation in
better resistance to the pressure of ideology and censorship.
The Velvet Revolution opened a way for the transformation of cul¬
ture which was closely connected with a political and economical
transformation. Free creative potential becomes loose on one hand, on
the other hand the competitive environment developes, often followed
by unfavourable side-effects (loss of governmental patronage or
grants). The positives and negatives of the transformation since
up to this day are minutely elaborated.
translated by
Jan Żaryn
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN POLAND
DURING THE PERIOD OF TRANSFORMATION
The fall of communism and the emergence of democratic forms of
communal life gave the Catholic church in Poland (as well as other
290
religions and denominations) an opportunity to act unhampered. The
most important events in the state-Church relationship attesting to
the breaking of the Third Republic of Poland away from the legacy
of the Polish People s Republic include: the adoption of new legal
solutions (May
property, the introduction of regulations governing the teaching of
religion at school
in January
Poland and the Vatican State (July
opportunities, the Church carried out a far-reaching reform of its ter¬
ritorial structure
Hundreds of associations were formed within the Church. Numerous
press titles (e.g. published locally by parishes) as well as diocesan
and national radio stations (Radio
The Franciscans obtained a licence to operate a TV channel. Among
the biggest enterprises run by the Church is
organization.
In the
ing the Catholic Church s position in the country. The post-communist
left and a sizeable portion of the liberal intelligentsia perceived the
Church as a threat to democracy and tried not to allow Catholic cir¬
cles into the media or public schools, and accused the hierarchs of
interfering with purely political matters. For nearly five years the state
authorities did not ratify the concordat. Especially during the pre-elec¬
tion periods
urged the church-goers to vote for groupings with roots in the
darność
They warned against the social pathologies accompanying the devel¬
opment of capitalist forms of socioeconomic life.
Opinion polls have shown that the nation has strong ties with the
religion of their forefathers. At the end of
baptized citizens
had
clergy (nearly
in Poland. In October
logical survey declared their trust in the Church. This good condition
of the Catholic Church in Poland is a result, among others, of papal
TRANSFORMATIONS
teaching, the work of the Plenary Synod (completed in
a better quality of daily pastoral work of the clergy.
Apart from the Catholic Church, which is dominant throughout
Poland (including the Byzantine-Ukrainian rite), also other Christian
communities (e.g. the Orthodox Church, with approx.
ers) and numerous non-Christian faiths are represented in the country.
translated by
Libor Prudký
RELIGIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATION
IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
The religious aspect has played a very important role in the trans¬
formation of the Czech society. The process may be defined in various
ways but one of its inherent features are transformations in the sphere
of the society s spiritual existence and its values. The article makes use
of, among others, rich statistical materials and results of sociological
research, at the same time emphasizing methodological problems as
regards measuring religiousness as well as some paradoxes regarding
Czechs religious life. The Czech society is to a large extent secular¬
ized. The most popular with its believing members is Roman Catholi¬
cism, although other denominations are also present: Evangelicals,
Greek Catholics, followers of the „national Czechoslovak Church
(Církev Československá),
communities.
The state of religiousness and the churches condition at the beginning
of the transformation period were determined by historical development.
The article characterizes the historical background principaUy for the
period spanning the early 20th century and
ships between the transformation, the churches activities and post-1990
changes in religiousness have been analyzed in terms of the following
aspects: institutional development and legislative determinants, religious¬
ness development dynamics, people s attitude to churches as compared
to other countries (e.g. the degree of trust), the influence of religious-
292
ness on changes in the system of values. The final section of the arti¬
cle focuses on the society s expectations from churches and ways to
satisfy them.
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1057719676 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV020000602 |
| classification_rvk | MG 96086 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)219519157 (DE-599)BVBBV020000602 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte 1989-2001 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1989-2001 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Polen Tschechische Republik Czech Republic Social conditions 1993- Poland Social conditions 1980- Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen Tschechische Republik Czech Republic Social conditions 1993- Poland Social conditions 1980- Tschechien |
| id | DE-604.BV020000602 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T18:20:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 838843022X |
| language | Polish Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013322336 |
| oclc_num | 219519157 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M457 DE-739 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-M457 DE-739 DE-12 |
| physical | 294 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2002 |
| publishDateSearch | 2002 |
| publishDateSort | 2002 |
| publisher | Stała Wspólna Polsko-Czeska Komisja Nauk Humanistycznych [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Procesy transformacyjne w Polsce i Czechosłowacji/Czechach po 1989 roku = Transformační procesy v Polsku a v Československu/Česku po roce 1989 Wirtschaftsreform (DE-588)4066512-4 gnd Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066512-4 (DE-588)4124941-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4303381-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Procesy transformacyjne w Polsce i Czechosłowacji/Czechach po 1989 roku = Transformační procesy v Polsku a v Československu/Česku po roce 1989 |
| title_alt | Transformační procesy v Polsku a v Československu/Česku po roce 1989 |
| title_auth | Procesy transformacyjne w Polsce i Czechosłowacji/Czechach po 1989 roku = Transformační procesy v Polsku a v Československu/Česku po roce 1989 |
| title_exact_search | Procesy transformacyjne w Polsce i Czechosłowacji/Czechach po 1989 roku = Transformační procesy v Polsku a v Československu/Česku po roce 1989 |
| title_full | Procesy transformacyjne w Polsce i Czechosłowacji/Czechach po 1989 roku = Transformační procesy v Polsku a v Československu/Česku po roce 1989 red.: Jan Jacek Bruski ... |
| title_fullStr | Procesy transformacyjne w Polsce i Czechosłowacji/Czechach po 1989 roku = Transformační procesy v Polsku a v Československu/Česku po roce 1989 red.: Jan Jacek Bruski ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Procesy transformacyjne w Polsce i Czechosłowacji/Czechach po 1989 roku = Transformační procesy v Polsku a v Československu/Česku po roce 1989 red.: Jan Jacek Bruski ... |
| title_short | Procesy transformacyjne w Polsce i Czechosłowacji/Czechach po 1989 roku |
| title_sort | procesy transformacyjne w polsce i czechoslowacji czechach po 1989 roku transformacni procesy v polsku a v ceskoslovensku cesku po roce 1989 |
| title_sub | = Transformační procesy v Polsku a v Československu/Česku po roce 1989 |
| topic | Wirtschaftsreform (DE-588)4066512-4 gnd Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsreform Demokratisierung Polen Tschechische Republik Czech Republic Social conditions 1993- Poland Social conditions 1980- Tschechien Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013322336&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013322336&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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