Crop ferality and volunteerism
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| Sprache: | English |
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Taylor & Francis
2005
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Crop ferality and volunteerism |c edited by Jonathan Gressel |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, FL [u.a.] |b Taylor & Francis |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a 422 S. |b Ill., grph. Darst. |c 26 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Cultures - Génie génétique | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plantes transgéniques | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollinisation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Transgenic plants | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Crops |x Genetic engineering | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollination | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Nutzpflanzen |0 (DE-588)4042838-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Domestikation |0 (DE-588)4150403-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | |C b |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gressel, Jonathan |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013308960&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| DE-BY-TUM_call_number | 1002 LAN 220f 2005 B 2245 |
|---|---|
| DE-BY-TUM_katkey | 1518645 |
| DE-BY-TUM_location | 10 |
| DE-BY-TUM_media_number | 040050456729 |
| _version_ | 1820859476880654336 |
| adam_text | Table of Contents
1.2. l.l
1.2. 1.2
1.2. 1.3
1.2. 1.4
1.2. 1.5
Chapter 1 Introduction — The Challenges of Ferality.................................................................1
Jonathan Gressel
1.1 Domestication and Ferality......................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Definitions.....................................................................................................................1
1.1.2 What Is Known about Feral Plants, per sel................................................................2
1.2 The Need for a Synthesis of Information on Plant Ferality....................................................2
1.2.1 Outcomes of the Syntheses..........................................................................................3
The Good Seed..............................................................................................3
Volunteers — The First Step to Ferality?....................................................3
Will Transgenics Hasten the Evolution of Feral Forms?.............................4
Clear Cases of Ferality.................................................................................4
Endoferality and Exoferality.........................................................................5
1.3 The Biodiversity of Feral Forms and Their Evolution............................................................5
1.4 Ferality and Scientific Terminology — A Caution..................................................................6
Literature Cited..................................................................................................................................7
Chapter 2 Crops Come from Wild Plants — How Domestication, Transgenes, and Linkage
Together Shape Ferality...............................................................................................9
Suzanne I. Warwick and C. Neal Stewart, Jr.
2.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................9
2.2 Domesticated Crops, Agricultural Weeds, and Ferality...........................................................9
2.2.1 The Domestication Process..........................................................................................9
2.2.2 Agricultural Weeds.....................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Crop-Weed-Wild Complex.........................................................................................11
2.2.4 Genetics of Domestication and Weediness Traits......................................................12
2.2.4.1 Domestication Traits...................................................................................13
2.2.4.2 Weediness Traits..........................................................................................14
2.2.4.3 Dedomestication Process............................................................................14
2.2.5 Herbicide-Resistant Weedy Biotypes.........................................................................15
2.2.6 Crop Ferality...............................................................................................................15
2.3 Degree of Crop Domestication..............................................................................................16
2.3.1 The Case of Rice Weeds............................................................................................22
2.3.2 The Case of Weedy Brassicas....................................................................................22
2.4 The Effects of Transgenes and Genetic Linkage...................................................................22
2.4.1 Herbicide Resistance..................................................................................................23
2.4.2 Other Transgenes........................................................................................................23
2.4.3 Ameliorating Ferality.................................................................................................24
2.5 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................24
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................25
Literature Cited................................................................................................................................25
Chapter 3 The Ecology and Detection of Plant Ferality in the Historic Records.....................31
Klaus Ammann, Yolande Jacot, and Pia Rufener Al Mazyad
3.1 General Introduction...............................................................................................................31
3.2 Reversion of Crops to Wild Types.........................................................................................31
3.3 Historical Accounts of Feral Crops........................................................................................32
3.3.1 Methods of Detection.................................................................................................32
3.3.1.1 Archaeobotanical Methods.........................................................................32
3.3.1.2 Pollen Analysis............................................................................................34
3.3.1.3 Phytolith Analysis.......................................................................................34
3.3.1.4 Analysis of Herbarium Specimens.............................................................35
3.3.2 Archaeobotanical Studies — The Example of Hulled Wheat...................................38
3.3.2.1 Einkorn........................................................................................................39
3.3.2.2 Emmer.........................................................................................................40
Literature Cited................................................................................................................................41
Chapter 4 Feral Beets — With Help from the Maritime Wild?.................................................45
Ulrich Sukopp, Matthias Pohl, Sarah Driessen, and Detlef Bartsch
4.1 History of Beet Domestication...............................................................................................45
4.2 Hybridization and Gene Flow in Beet...................................................................................46
4.3 Ferality in Beet Connected to the Bolting Gene B ............................................................48
4.4 Potential Impact of Transgenes on Ferality...........................................................................50
4.5 Conclusions and Outlook.......................................................................................................52
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................53
Literature Cited................................................................................................................................54
Chapter 5 Volunteer Oilseed Rape — Will Herbicide-Resistance Traits Assist Ferality?........59
Linda M. Hall, M. Habibur Rahman, Robert H. Gulden, and A. Gordon Thomas
5.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................59
5.2 Brassica rapa and B. napus, Origins and Biology.................................................................60
5.2.1 Introgression between Crop and Wild Brassicaceae.................................................61
5.2.2 Crop Improvement Objectives, Domestication, and Ferality....................................61
5.3 Biological Characteristics Influencing Weediness.................................................................63
5.4 Presence and Persistence of Volunteer B. rapa and B. napus...............................................66
5.4.1 Influence of Herbicide-Resistance Traits on Persistence and Ferality......................68
5.4.2 Anticipated and Unintended Consequences...............................................................70
5.4.3 A Simple Scenario for Population Demographics in Western Canada.....................71
5.5 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................73
Literature Cited................................................................................................................................73
Chapter 6 Incestuous Relations of Foxtail Millet {Setaria italica) with Its Parents and
Cousins.......................................................................................................................81
Henri Darmency
6.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................81
6.2 Domestication of Foxtail Millet.............................................................................................82
6.2.1 Domesticated Traits....................................................................................................83
6.2.1.1 Seed Shedding.............................................................................................83
6.2.1.2 Flowering Duration.....................................................................................83
6.2.1.3 Uniform Germination on Sowing...............................................................84
6.2.1.4 Other Characteristics...................................................................................84
6.2.2 The Genetic Bases of Domestication and Dedomestication.....................................85
6.2.2.1 Seed Shedding.............................................................................................85
6.2.2.2 Tiller Development Patterns and Flowering Duration...............................85
6.2.2.3 Uniform Germination and Grain Size........................................................86
6.3 Volunteers or Weedy Hybrid Derivatives?.............................................................................86
6.3.1 Why No Volunteers?...................................................................................................86
6.3.2 Setaria viridis ssp. pycnocoma..................................................................................87
6.3.3 Gene Flow..................................................................................................................89
6.4 Polyploid Species of the Foxtail Millet Gene Pool...............................................................90
6.4.1 Setaria verticillata......................................................................................................90
6.4.2 Setaria faberii.............................................................................................................91
6.4.3 Setaria pumila............................................................................................................92
6.5 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................92
Literature Cited................................................................................................................................93
Chapter 7 Urban Ornamentals Escaped from Cultivation..........................................................97
Ingo Kowarik
7.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................97
7.1.1 Aims............................................................................................................................98
7.2 Urban Ornamentals —A Heterogeneous Species Pool........................................................98
7.3 Invasions by Ornamentals....................................................................................................100
7.3.1 How Many Species Will Spread?............................................................................100
7.3.2 Naturalization of Deliberately Introduced Species..................................................101
7.3.3 Evoking Negative Effects — Problematic Plant Invasions.....................................102
7.3.3.1 Introduced Ornamentals as Vectors of Pests............................................103
7.3.4 Temporal Patterns — Lag Time between Cultivation and Escape..........................103
7.3.5 Spatial Pattern — From Cultivation Sites to Natural Ecosystems..........................104
7.3.5.1 Confinement to Sites of Cultivation of Ornamentals as Historical
Indicators...................................................................................................105
7.3.5.2 Changes in Urban Flora and Urban-Rural Gradients..............................105
7.4 Underlying Processes...........................................................................................................107
7.4.1 Ecological Role of Cultivation.................................................................................107
7.4.2 Spread as a Response to Environmental Changes...................................................108
7.4.3 Dedomestication Processes......................................................................................109
7.4.3.1 Endoferality — Some Examples..............................................................109
7.4.3.2 Exoferality.................................................................................................110
7.5 Can We Predict the Spread of Introduced Ornamentals?....................................................112
7.6 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................113
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................114
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................114
Chapter 8 Sorghum and Its Weedy Hybrids.............................................................................123
Gebisa Ejeta and Cecile Grenier
8.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................123
8.2 The Sorghum Taxa...............................................................................................................123
8.2.1 Cultivated Sorghums................................................................................................125
8.2.2 Wild and Weedy Sorghums......................................................................................126
8.3 Weedy Sorghums in Agroecosystems..................................................................................127
8.4 Gene Flow among Sorghums...............................................................................................128
8.4.1 Weed-to-Crop Gene Flow........................................................................................128
8.4.2 Crop-to-Weed Gene Flow........................................................................................129
8.4.3 Consequences of Recurrent Gene Flow...................................................................130
8.4.3.1 In Conventional Agriculture......................................................................130
8.4.3.2 Introgression Disrupted by Genetic Erosion............................................131
8.4.3.3 In situ Introgression in a Natural Habitat.................................................131
8.4.3.4 Introgression Enhanced by Modern Farming Practices...........................132
8.4.4 Gene Flow in the Transgenic Era............................................................................132
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................133
Chapter 9 Multidirectional Gene Flow among Wild, Weedy, and Cultivated Soybeans.........137
Bao-Rong Lu
9.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................137
9.2 Soybean and Its Weedy and Wild Relatives........................................................................138
9.2.1 Distribution and Relationships of Soybean and Its Wild Relatives.......................140
9.2.2 The Potential of Transgene Flow in Soybean Species............................................142
9.3 Possible Consequences of Gene Flow from Transgenic Soybean......................................143
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................145
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................145
Questions and Answers..................................................................................................................146
Chapter 10 Maize and Soybeans — Controllable Volunteerism without Ferality?...................149
Micheal D.K. Owen
10.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................149
10.1.1 Maize and Soybean..................................................................................................150
10.2 Current Maize and Soybean Production..............................................................................150
10.2.1 North and South America.........................................................................................152
10.2.2 China.........................................................................................................................152
10.2.3 Status of Biotechnologically Derived Traits in Maize and Soybean......................152
10.3 Origin of Maize and Soybeans............................................................................................153
10.3.1 Potential for Introgression with Compatible Plant Species in the Agroecosystem ...153
10.3.1.1 Maize.........................................................................................................153
10.3.1.2 Soybean.....................................................................................................154
10.4 Extent of Volunteerism in Maize and Soybeans..................................................................154
10.4.1 Weedy Characteristics of Volunteer Maize..............................................................155
10.4.1.1 Factors Involved with Volunteerism in Maize..........................................155
10.4.2 Weedy Characteristics of Soybeans.........................................................................156
10.4.3 Implications for Ferality and Volunteerism.............................................................157
10.5 Volunteers Need Not Be in Fields — Identity Preservation and Derived Traits................157
10.5.1 Implications of Volunteerism on Labeling Requirements and Regulations............158
10.5.1.1 Pollen Drift................................................................................................159
10.5.1.2 Grain Marketing Issues.............................................................................160
10.6 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................162
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................163
Chapter 11 Wheat Domestication and Dedomestication — What Are the Odds?....................167
Sharon Ayal and Avraham A. Levy
11.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................167
11.2 Wheat Domestication...........................................................................................................167
11.3 Genomics of Wheat Domestication.....................................................................................168
11.3.1 The Approach and the Materials..............................................................................168
11.3.2 Design and Analysis of cDNA Microarrays............................................................169
11.3.3 Differential Expression of Genes in Young Spikes of Wild vs. Domesticated
Wheat........................................................................................................................169
11.4 Assessing the Odds of Dedomestication................................................i.............................171
11.5 Semiwild Wheat from Tibet — A Case of Dedomestication?............................................171
11.6 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................172
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................172
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................173
Chapter 12 Feral Rye — Evolutionary Origins of a Weed........................................................175
Jutta C. Burger and Norman C. Ellstrand
12.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................175
12.1.1 The Many Faces of Weedy Rye...............................................................................176
12.1.2 Taxonomy of Rye and Its Relatives.........................................................................176
12.2 History of Domestication.....................................................................................................179
12.2.1 Distribution of Cultivated Rye in Eurasia...............................................................180
12.2.2 Wild and Weedy Rye in Eurasia..............................................................................180
12.2.3 Distribution of Rye and Weedy Rye in North America..........................................181
12.2.3.1 Rye in North America...............................................................................181
12.2.3.2 Weedy Rye in North America...................................................................184
12.2.4 Weedy Rye in the Western U.S................................................................................184
12.2.5 Introductions of Mountain Rye and Hybrid Michels Grass....................................185
12.3 The Case of Naturalized Feral Rye in the Western U.S.....................................................186
12.3.1 Genetic Analysis.......................................................................................................186
12.3.2 Ecological Comparison............................................................................................188
12.4 Summary and Discussion.....................................................................................................188
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................189
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................189
Questions and Answers..................................................................................................................191
Chapter 13 Can Feral Radishes Become Weeds?.......................................................................193
Allison A. Snow and Lesley G. Campbell
13.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................193
13.2 Early Domestication.............................................................................................................193
13.3 Modern Radish Varieties with Edible Roots........................................................................195
13.4 Dedomestication and Weed Evolution in Radishes.............................................................197
13.4.1 Characteristics of Weedy Raphanus raphanistrum..................................................197
13.4.2 Weedy Traits and Endoferality.................................................................................198
13.4.2.1 General Considerations.............................................................................198
13.4.2.2 Earlier Flowering and a Less Swollen Root............................................199
13.4.2.3 Early Abscission of Mature Fruits............................................................199
13.4.2.4 Thicker and Woodier Fruits......................................................................199
13.4.2.5 Segmented Fruit Capsules that Break into Single-Seeded Sections........199
13.4.2.6 Staggered Seed Germination....................................................................200
13.4.2.7 Resistance to Insect Herbivores and Pathogens.......................................200
13.4.2.8 Greater Genetic Diversity.........................................................................200
13.5 Exoferality via Crop-Weed Hybridization...........................................................................200
13.5.1 General Considerations............................................................................................200
13.5.2 Herbicide-Resistant Feral Raphanus sativus in Southern Brazil............................201
13.5.3 Crop-Weed Hybridization in California...................................................................202
13.5.4 Crop-Weed Hybridization in Experimental Populations in Michigan....................202
13.5.4.1 Overview of Experimental Populations....................................................202
13.5.4.2 Fitness of F, Weed-Crop Hybrids and Persistence of Crop Alleles........203
13.5.4.3 Persistence of Feral Populations...............................................................204
13.6 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................204
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................205
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................205
Chapter 14 Ferality — Risks of Gene Flow between Sunflower and Other Helianthus
Species......................................................................................................................209
Andre Berville, Marie-Helene Mutter, Bernard Poinso, and Herve Serieys
14.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................209
14.1.1 Botany and Economic Importance of Helianthus Species......................................209
14.1.2 Domestication and Breeding Sunflower and Jerusalem Artichoke.........................209
14.1.3 Where Did Helianthus Establish in the Wild Outside Its Native Area?.................210
14.1.3.1 Europe.......................................................................................................210
14.1.3.2 Other Continents.......................................................................................210
14.1.4 Why Do We Care about These Volunteer or Feral Populations?............................211
14.1.4.1 Gene Flow from Volunteers or Feral May Modify Sunflower Oil
Composition..............................................................................................211
14.1.4.2 Impact of Crop Alleles in the Wild..........................................................211
14.1.4.3 How Did These Introduced Helianthus Species Evolve from the
Native Forms?...........................................................................................211
14.1.4.4 Feral and Volunteers May Constitute Gene Reservoirs for Crop
Alleles and Become Invasive....................................................................212
14.2 Studies on Helianthus annuus..............................................................................................212
14.2.1 Escaped and Permanent Wild Sunflower Populations in Italy and Spain...............212
14.2.1.1 The Problem..............................................................................................212
14.2.1.2 Hypotheses on Their Origins....................................................................213
14.2.1.3 Planned Work............................................................................................213
14.2.2 A Case Study — Model of Wild Sunflower Establishment Near Montpellier.......213
14.2.2.1 Unwanted Sunflowers Become an Experimental Plot..............................213
14.2.2.2 Planned Work............................................................................................216
14.2.3 Existing Volunteer Populations — Record, Localization, Fate, and
Establishment............................................................................................................216
14.3 Studies on Jerusalem Artichoke...........................................................................................218
14.3.1 Hybridization Rate Efficiency with Sunflower.......................................................218
14.3.2 Feral Jerusalem Artichoke Populations....................................................................219
14.3.3 Studies on Jerusalem Artichoke Populations...........................................................220
14.4 Modeling the Impact of Gene Flow and Fate of Wild Relatives........................................221
14.4.1 Contact......................................................................................................................221
14.4.2 Modeling...................................................................................................................221
14.4.3 Sunflower..................................................................................................................222
14.4.4 Transgene Containment............................................................................................223
14.5 Weediness, Ferality, and Invasiveness in Helianthus..........................................................223
14.5.1 Major Risks of Crop-AUele Gene Flow in Europe.................................................223
14.5.1.1 Risk of Crop-Allele Escape......................................................................223
14.5.1.2 The Risk of Seed Volunteers Turning into Weedy Populations...............224
14.5.1.3 The Risk of Seed Volunteers Turning into Feral Populations.................224
14.5.1.4 The Risk of Gene Flow Back from Feral Populations to Crop...............224
14.5.1.5 Evolution of Weedy and Feral Populations toward Wild Sunflower.......224
14.5.2 Major Risk of Helianthus Gene Flow at Center of Origin.....................................225
14.5.3 Adaptation to Drought and Poor Soils.....................................................................225
14.6 Conclusion............................................................................................................................225
14.7 Synopsis of Materials and Methods.....................................................................................226
14.7.1 Interspecific Hybridization.......................................................................................226
14.7.2 Molecular Tools Available for Sunflower................................................................226
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................227
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................227
Questions and Answers..................................................................................................................229
Chapter 15 Issues of Ferality or Potential for Ferality in Oats, Olives, the Vigna Group,
Ryegrass Species, Safflower, and Sugarcane...........................................................231
Andre Berville, Catherine Breton, Ken Cunliffe, Henri Darmency, Allen G. Good,
Jonathan Gressel, Linda M. Hall, Marc A. McPherson, Frederic Medail,
Christian Pinatel, Duncan A. Vaughan, and Suzanne I. Warwick
15.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................231
15.2 Oats.......................................................................................................................................231
15.2.1 Cytogenetic Interrelationships and Crossability......................................................231
15.2.2 Origin of Fatuoids....................................................................................................232
15.3 Olives....................................................................................................................................233
15.4 Vigna in Asia........................................................................................................................235
15.4.1 Cowpea.....................................................................................................................235
15.4.2 Rice Bean..................................................................................................................235
15.4.3 AzukiBean...............................................................................................................235
15.4.4 Considerations for Transgenic Biosafety for Vigna Crops......................................236
15.5 The Ryegrass Complex........................................................................................................236
15.5.1 Taxonomy of the Lolium-Festuca Complex............................................................237
15.5.1.1 Lolium-Festuca Complex — A Taxonomic Problem..............................237
15.5.2 Ecogeographical Adaptation — Spatial Separation of the Species........................237
15.5.2.1 Phylogeography within the Genus Lolium...............................................237
15.5.2.2 Phylogeography of Lolium vs. Festuca....................................................238
15.5.3 Interfertility...............................................................................................................238
15.5.3.1 Self-Incompatibility and Self-Fertility......................................................238
15.5.3.2 Karyotype Fertility Barrier.......................................................................239
15.5.3.3 Interfertility between the Outcrossing Lolium Species............................239
15.5.3.4 Interfertility between Lolium perenne and the Inbreeding Lolium
Species.......................................................................................................239
15.5.3.5 Lolium-Festuca — Interfertility beyond the Genus Lolium....................240
15.5.4 Pollen Flow...............................................................................................................240
15.5.4.1 Amount and Timing..................................................................................240
15.5.4.2 Distance of Pollen Flow............................................................................241
15.5.4.3 Distribution of Pollen and Gene Flow over Distance..............................241
15.5.4.4 Pollen Viability and the Outer Limits of Gene Flow...............................241
15.5.5 The Control of Gene Flow Using Nonpaternally Inherited Transformation or
Male Sterility............................................................................................................242
15.5.6 Concluding Remarks................................................................................................242
15.6 Safflower — Ferality in a Plant-Made Pharmaceutical Platform........................................242
15.6.1 Platform for Plant-Made Pharmaceuticals...............................................................243
15.6.2 Safflower, Systematics, Biology, Biogeography......................................................243
15.6.2.1 Systematics and Hybridization Potential between Cultivated Safflower
and Its Wild Relatives...............................................................................243
15.6.2.2 Carthamus — Biology and Biogeography...............................................245
15.6.3 Domestication Traits in Safflower............................................................................245
15.6.4 Ferality of Safflower.................................................................................................246
15.6.5 Information Required to Improve Our Prediction for PMP Safflower Ferality......247
15.6.6 Conclusions...............................................................................................................247
15.7 Sugarcane..............................................................................................................................247
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................249
Chapter 16 Asian Rice and Weedy Rice — Evolutionary Perspectives....................................257
Duncan A. Vaughan, Paulino L. Sanchez, Jun Ushiki, Akito Kaga, and Norihiko Tomooka
16.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................257
16.1.1 The Genus Oryza in Relation to Rice.....................................................................257
16.1.1.1 The Antiquity of Oryza.............................................................................257
16.1.1.2 Oryza Genome and Species Diversity as It Relates to Rice....................258
16.1.1.3 The Perennial-Annual Axis of Diversity in the Primary Gene Pool of
Rice AA Genome (Axis 1).......................................................................258
16.1.1.4 Distribution of the Wild AA Genome Oryza Species..............................258
16.2 Rice Domestication..............................................................................................................260
16.2.1 Domestication Processes..........................................................................................260
16.2.1.1 The Wild Rice-Domesticated Rice Evolutionary Axis (Axis 2).............260
16.2.1.2 Indica-Japonica Evolutionary Axis (Axis 3)............................................260
16.2.2 Places of Domestication...........................................................................................262
16.2.3 Genetics of Domestication.......................................................................................263
16.2.3.1 Neutral Alleles and Domestication...........................................................263
16.2.3.2 Domestication Related Traits and Domestication....................................263
16.2.3.3 Gene Clusters (Closely Linked Genes)....................................................263
16.2.3.4 Gene Association (Unlinked Genes or Cryptic Linkage)........................263
16.3 Diversification of Rice..........................................................................................................264
16.3.1 Evolution of Weedy Rice.........................................................................................265
16.4 Case Studies.........................................................................................................................267
16.4.1 Gene Flow in the Rice Crop Complex....................................................................267
16.4.1.1 Introgression..............................................................................................267
16.4.1.2 Gene Dispersal and Hybrid Swarms........................................................267
16.4.2 Evolution of Weedy Rice in Rice Fields.................................................................270
16.4.2.1 Weedy Rice in Japan.................................................................................270
16.4.2.2 Weedy Rice in Malaysia...........................................................................271
16.5 Concluding Comments.........................................................................................................271
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................273
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................273
Questions and Answers..................................................................................................................276
Chapter 17 The Damage by Weedy Rice — Can Feral Rice Remain Undetected?..................279
Bernal E. Valverde
17.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................279
17.2 Distribution and Diversity of Weedy Rice...........................................................................279
17.2.1 Weedy Rice Species and Their Distribution............................................................279
17.2.2 Genetic Relationship and Diversity of Weedy and Cultivated Rice.......................280
17.3 Agronomic and Market Impact of Weedy Rice...................................................................280
17.3.1 Direct Competitive Effects of Weedy Rice..............................................................280
17.3.2 Indirect and Market Effects of Weedy Rice............................................................281
17.4 Field Management of Weedy Rice.......................................................................................281
17.4.1 Agronomic Practices and Weedy Rice Management...............................................281
17.4.2 Chemical Control and Herbicide-Resistant Rice.....................................................283
17.5 The Spread of Weedy Rice..................................................................................................284
17.5.1 Domestication and Weediness..................................................................................284
17.5.2 Contaminated Seed...................................................................................................285
17.5.3 Farmer Attitudes about Weedy Rice and Its Dissemination....................................286
17.6 Going Undetected.................................................................................................................287
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................289
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................289
Chapter 18 Properties of Rice Growing in Abandoned Paddies in Sri Lanka...........................295
Buddhi Marambe
18.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................295
18.1.1 Land Use in Rice Cultivation in Sri Lanka.............................................................295
18.1.2 Wild and Weedy Rices in Sri Lanka........................................................................296
18.2 Methodology.........................................................................................................................297
18.3 Results and Discussion.........................................................................................................298
18.3.1 Field Observations of Morphological Characteristics.............................................298
18.3.2 Germination and Seed Viability...............................................................................299
18.3.3 Plant Growth Characteristics under Greenhouse Conditions..................................299
18.4 Concluding Remarks............................................................................................................301
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................302
Chapter 19 Coexistence of Weedy Rice and Rice in Tropical America — Gene Flow and
Genetic Diversity......................................................................................................305
Zaida Lentini and Ana Mercedes Espinoza
19.1 Introduction and Dissemination of Rice in the Americas...................................................305
19.2 Oryza Species in Tropical America.....................................................................................306
19.2.1 Overview of Species Composition and Distribution...............................................306
19.2.2 Distributions and Genetic Diversity of Wild Oryza Species in Costa Rica...........308
19.2.3 Oryza glumaepatula, the AA Genome Wild Relative of Rice in Tropical
America.....................................................................................................................309
19.2.4 Is Gene Flow between Native Wild Oryza Species and Rice (O. sativa)
Possible in the Field?...............................................................................................310
19.3 Coexistence of Weedy Rice with Domestic Rice in Fields...............................................311
19.3.1 Costa Rican Weedy Rice.........................................................................................312
19.3.2 Colombian Weedy Rice...........................................................................................313
19.3.3 Weedy Rice Resemblance across Two Countries...................................................315
19.4 Rice-Weedy Rice Gene Flow in Tropical America...........................................................316
19.5 Conclusions.........................................................................................................................317
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................319
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................319
Chapter 20 Gene Movement between Rice (Oryza sativa) and Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa) —
a U.S. Temperate Rice Perspective..........................................................................323
David R. Gealy
20.1 Introduction to U.S. Temperate Rice Production...............................................................323
20.1.1 Localization and Production Practices....................................................................323
20.1.2 History of Cultivar Development............................................................................323
20.2 Weed Problems — The Red Rice Dilemma.......................................................................324
20.2.1 Introduction and Distribution in the U.S................................................................324
20.2.2 Economic and Agronomic Impacts of Red Rice....................................................325
20.2.3 Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Red Rice Populations......................326
20.2.4 Differential Herbicide Resistance in Red Rice Populations..................................327
20.3 Herbicide-Resistant Cultivars..............................................................................................328
20.3.1 Background..............................................................................................................328
20.3.2 IMI-Resistant Rice..................................................................................................328
20.3.3 Glufosinate-Resistant Rice......................................................................................330
20.3.4 Special Management Considerations......................................................................330
20.4 Outcrossing Causes, Rates, and Consequences..................................................................330
20.4.1 Biological Basis for Outcrossing in Oryza sativa..................................................330
20.4.2 Historic Estimates and Limits of Rice-Red Rice Outcrossing Rates....................331
20.4.3 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting Rice-Rice and Rice-Weedy Rice
Outcrossing Rates....................................................................................................331
20.4.4 Directionality of Outcrossing..................................................................................340
20.4.5 Average Outcrossing Estimates for Rice, Herbicide-Resistant Rice, and Weedy
Rice Combinations..................................................................................................341
20.4.6 Rice-Wild Rice Outcrossing Rates Are Relatively High........................................342
20.4.7 Introgression Rate Considerations..........................................................................342
20.5 Phenotypic Traits of Rice/Red Rice Hybrids in the U.S...................................................343
20.5.1 Key Traits in Ft Hybrids.........................................................................................343
20.5.2 Differentiating between F: and F2 Hybrids............................................................344
20.6 Backcrossing Considerations..............................................................................................344
20.7 Dormancy, Shattering, and Other Keys to Domestication/Dedomestication.....................345
20.7.1 Dormancy and Shattering........................................................................................345
20.7.2 Reproductive and Other Traits................................................................................346
20.8 Anecdotal Evidence of Gene Flow between Red Rice and Rice in the U.S.?..................346
20.8.1 Aroma Chemicals Detected in Red Rice Accessions at Low Frequencies............347
20.8.2 Blast Resistance Detected in Red Rice Accessions at Low Frequencies..............347
20.8.3 Short Stature, Short Awn Red Rice Plants Detected at Low Frequencies.............347
20.9 Prospects for Volunteerism..................................................................................................348
20.10 Concluding Remarks...........................................................................................................348
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................350
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................350
Questions and Answers..................................................................................................................354
Chapter 21 Modeling Population Dynamics to Overcome Feral Rice in Rice..........................355
Francesco Vidotto and Aldo Ferrero
21.1 Spread and Importance of Weedy Rice in Europe..............................................................355
21.2 Weedy Rice Biology in Relation to Population Dynamics.................................................356
21.2.1 Seed...........................................................................................................................357
21.2.2 Seedling Emergence.................................................................................................357
21.2.3 Seed Production and Dispersal................................................................................358
21.3 Modeling Weedy Rice Infestation Dynamics......................................................................358
21.4 Running the Model...............................................................................................................361
21.4.1 Validation..................................................................................................................361
21.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis — Singling Out Crucial Factors.............................................361
21.4.3 Simulation of Scenarios...........................................................................................363
21.5 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................366
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................367
Chapter 22 Molecular Containment and Mitigation of Genes within Crops — Prevention of
Gene Establishment in Volunteer Offspring and Feral Strains................................371
Jonathan Gressel and Hani Al-Ahmad
22.1 Introduction — Needs for Preventing Gene Flow and Overcoming Ferality.....................371
22.1.1 Molecular Tools to Prevent or Overcome Ferality in Traditionally Bred Crops....371
22.1.2 Molecular Tools Are Needed to Prevent or Overcome Ferality with Transgenic
Crops.........................................................................................................................372
22.2 Methods for Precluding Feral Traits from Becoming Predominant in Populations...........372
22.2.1 Containing Gene Flow.............................................................................................373
22.2.1.1 Containment by Targeting Genes to a Cytoplasmic Genome..................373
22.2.1.2 Male Sterility Coupled with Transplastomic Traits.................................373
22.2.1.3 Genetic Use Restriction Technologies and Recoverable Block of
Function.....................................................................................................374
22.2.1.4 Repressible Seed Lethal Technologies.....................................................374
22.2.2 Preventing Volunteer Establishment by Transgenic Mitigation...............................374
22.2.2.1 Demonstration of Transgenic Mitigation in Tobacco and Oilseed Rape ...376
22.2.2.2 Risk that Introgression of Transgenic Mitigation Traits Will Affect
Wild Relatives of the Crop.......................................................................378
22.2.2.3 Following Transgene Flow to Volunteers and Feral Forms.....................380
22.3 Special Cases Where Transgenic Mitigation Is Needed — Special Genes........................380
22.3.1 Transgenic Mitigation Genes for Crop-Produced Pharmaceuticals and Industrial
Products....................................................................................................................380
22.3.2 Mitigation for Biennial and Other Root Crops........................................................381
22.3.3 Mitigation of Ferality in Species Used for Phytoremediation................................381
223 A Mitigating Endo- and Exoferality by Rendering Crops Obligatively Vegetatively
Propagated................................................................................................................382
22.3.5 Tac-Tics for Eliminating Feral Forms of Pasture Grasses......................................382
22.3.5.1 The Use of Tac-Tics for Insect Control....................................................383
22.3.5.2 Modification of Tac-Tics for Preventing Ferality of Pasture Grasses......383
22.3.5.3 TM Genes for Use in Transposons for Pasture Grasses..........................384
22.3.5.4 Herbicide-Mimic, Lethal Kev Genes......................................................384
22.3.5.5 Chemically Induced Promoters for Kev Genes......................................385
22.3.5.6 Biosafety of Transposing Pasture Grasses with the DTs.......................385
22.4 Concluding Remarks...........................................................................................................385
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................385
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................386
Chapter 23 Assessing the Environmental Risks of Transgenic Volunteer Weeds......................389
Alan Raybould
23.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................389
23.2 What Is a Risk Assessment?...............................................................................................389
23.3 Tiered Testing and Risk Assessment..................................................................................390
23.4 General Requirements for Assessing Risks from Volunteer Trangenic Crops..................391
23.5 Assessment Endpoints.........................................................................................................392
23.5.1 Regulatory Obligations..........................................................................................392
23.5.2 Harmful Effects of Volunteer Crops......................................................................393
23.5.3 Do Volunteer Transgenic Crops Pose New Hazards?...........................................394
23.5.4 Making Assessment Endpoints Operational..........................................................394
23.6 Hazards, Exposure, and Risks of Volunteer Transgenic Crops..........................................395
23.7 Hazard Assessments............................................................................................................396
23.7.1 Abundance..............................................................................................................396
23.7.2 Composition...........................................................................................................397
23.8 Exposure Assessments.........................................................................................................398
23.9 Monitoring...........................................................................................................................399
23.10 Conclusions — Acceptable Risks and Trigger Values.......................................................399
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................400
Chapter 24 Regulation Should Be Based on Data, Not Just Models........................................403
Richard Roush
24.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................403
24.2 Trends in Regulation — Estimating Risk...........................................................................404
24.3 Types of Models..................................................................................................................405
24.3.1 Verbal Models........................................................................................................405
24.3.2 Statistical Models...................................................................................................406
24.3.3 Simulation Models.................................................................................................406
24.3.4 Analytical Models..................................................................................................407
24.4 Conclusions — What Models Can Do for Regulation and Research on Ferality.............407
Literature Cited..............................................................................................................................407
Chapter 25 Epilogue....................................................................................................................411
Ervin Baldzs
25.1 Good Agricultural Practice..................................................................................................411
25.2 Volunteerism........................................................................................................................411
25.3 Ferality.................................................................................................................................412
Index...............................................................................................................................................413
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2004 Bellagio gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2004 Bellagio |
| id | DE-604.BV019986981 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T18:20:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0849328950 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2004066419 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013308960 |
| oclc_num | 57063100 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | 422 S. Ill., grph. Darst. 26 cm |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Crop ferality and volunteerism Cultures - Génie génétique Plantes transgéniques Pollinisation Transgenic plants Crops Genetic engineering Pollination Nutzpflanzen (DE-588)4042838-2 gnd Domestikation (DE-588)4150403-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4042838-2 (DE-588)4150403-3 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Crop ferality and volunteerism |
| title_auth | Crop ferality and volunteerism |
| title_exact_search | Crop ferality and volunteerism |
| title_full | Crop ferality and volunteerism edited by Jonathan Gressel |
| title_fullStr | Crop ferality and volunteerism edited by Jonathan Gressel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Crop ferality and volunteerism edited by Jonathan Gressel |
| title_short | Crop ferality and volunteerism |
| title_sort | crop ferality and volunteerism |
| topic | Cultures - Génie génétique Plantes transgéniques Pollinisation Transgenic plants Crops Genetic engineering Pollination Nutzpflanzen (DE-588)4042838-2 gnd Domestikation (DE-588)4150403-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cultures - Génie génétique Plantes transgéniques Pollinisation Transgenic plants Crops Genetic engineering Pollination Nutzpflanzen Domestikation Konferenzschrift 2004 Bellagio |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013308960&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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