Analysis and detection by capillary electrophoresis

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adam_text Titel: Analysis and detection by capillary electrophoresis Autor: Marina, Maria Luisa Jahr: 2005 Contents Contributors to Vol XLV........................................................................vii Volumes in the Series............................................................................xi Series Editor s Preface..........................................................................xxv Preface.................................................xxvii Chapter 1. Fundamentals of capillary electrophoresis Maria Luisa Marina, Angel Rios, Miguel Valcarcel 1.1 Introduction........................................................................1 1.2 Basic Concepts....................................................................2 1.2.1 Electrophoretic mobility and electroosmotic flow 2 1.2.2 Migration time, efficiency, and resolution............4 1.2.3 Experimental variables affecting the electrophoretic resolution....................................6 1.3 Instrumentation..................................................................11 1.3.1 High-voltage power supply..................................12 1.3.2 Injection systems................................................12 1.3.3 Capillaries..........................................................14 1.3.4 Detection systems..............................................18 1.4 Separation Modes................................................................19 1.5 Hyphenated Capillary Electrophoretic Techniques................21 1.6 Field of Application and Trends..........................................23 1.6.1 Role of CE techniques with respect to the analytical potential of other separation techniques 23 1.6.2 Field of application of CE....................................24 1.6.3 Trends..............................................................27 References....................................................................................28 Chapter 2. Separation modes in capillary electrophoresis Maria Angeles Garcia, Maria Luisa Marina, Angel Rios, Miguel Valcarcel 2.1 Introduction........................................................................31 2.2 Separation Modes in CE Based on Pure Electrophoretic Principles............................................................................34 xv Contents 2.2.1 Capillary zone electrophoresis........-..........34 2.2.2 Capillary gel electrophoresis..............................45 2.2.3 Capillary isoelectric focusing..............................50 2.2.4 Capillary isotachophoresis..................................56 2.3 Separation Modes in CE Combining Electrophoretic and Chromatographic Principles................................................50 2.3.1 Electrokinetic chromatography..........................60 2.3.2 Capillary electrochromatography........................95 2.4 Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis..................................108 2.4.1 Introduction......................................................108 2.4.2 Electrolytic solutions..........................................110 2.4.3 Analyte-additive interactions..............................112 2.4.4 Methodological aspects........................................114 2.4.5 Applications........................................................116 2.5 Selection of the CE Mode and Separation Conditions............118 Acknowledgments..........................................................................118 References....................................................................................122 Chapter 3. On-line sample preconcentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis Hong Chen, Shigeru Terabe 3.1 Introduction.................................... 3.2 Sample Stacking Technique......................... *37 3.2.1 Basic principle of stacking................. 137 3.2.2 Normal stacking mode........................139 3.2.3 Large-volume sample stacking.............. 140 3.2.4 Electrokinetic injection................... 142 3.2.5 pH-mediated stacking.................... 143 3.2.6 Sample stacking of analytes in micellar electrokinetic chromatography.............. 143 3.2.7 Applications of sample stacking............. 147 3.3 ITP Preconcentration............................. 147 3.3.1 Principle of ITP......................... 147 3.3.2 Normal ITP-zone electrophoresis mode................................. 150 3.3.3 Transient ITP mode..........................153 3.3.4 Applications of ITP preconcentration technique.............................. 154 xvi Contents 3.4 Dynamic pH Junction Preconcentration..............................154 3.4.1 Principle of dynamic pH junction........................154 3.4.2 Applications of dynamic pH junction..................158 3.5 Sweeping..............................................................................159 3.5.1 Basic theory of sweeping....................................159 3.5.2 Selective exhaustive injection-sweeping..............163 3.5.3 Dynamic pH junction sweeping..........................164 3.5.4 Applications of sweeping....................................165 References....................................................................................166 Chapter 4. Coupling continuous flow systems to capillary electrophoresis Bartolome M. Simonet, Angel Rios, Miguel Valcarcel 4.1 Introduction........................................................................173 4.2 Role of CFSs........................................................................174 4.3 Interfaces for Coupling Flow Systems to CE........................175 4.3.1 CFSs to homemade CE arrangements................176 4.3.2 Coupling flow systems to commercial CE equipments........................................................179 4.3.3 Flow injection-CE integrated microchips............182 4.4 Sample Injection and On-line Preparation............................185 4.4.1 On-line clean-up and preconcentration................185 4.4.2 Online extraction/filtering..................................189 4.4.3 On-line dialysis..................................................190 4.4.4 On-line membrane and hollow fibre system .... 192 4.4.5 On-line gas extraction and gas diffusion..............194 4.4.6 On-line sample treatment and separations performed in auxiliary equipments....................194 4.5 Automatic Calibration in CE through CFS..........................200 4.6 Screening Flow Units-CE Analysis Arrangements ....................................................................204 4.7 Analytical Applications by CFS-CE......................................207 4.7.1 Biomedical and pharmaceutical analysis..............207 4.7.2 Environmental analysis......................................213 4.7.3 Food analysis......................................................216 4.8 Future Prospects..................................................................219 Acknowledgements........................................................................220 References....................................................................................220 xvii Contents Chapter 5. UV-Vis absorbance detection in capillary electrophoresis Antonio L. Crego, Maria Luisa Marina 5.1 Introduction........................................................................225 5.2 UV-Vis Absorbance Detection in CE....................................231 5.2.1 Basic principles..................................................231 5.2.2 Detector design..................................................232 5.2.3 Derivatization and complexation procedures..........................................................261 5.2.4 Indirect absorbance detection............................269 5.3 Thermooptical Detection in CE............................................278 5.3.1 Thermal lens detection......................................278 5.3.2 Photoacoustic detection......................................287 5.4 UV-Vis Absorbance Detection in Microchip electrophoresis . .................................................................291 Acknowledgments..............................................................296 References........................................................................296 Chapter 6. Fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis Maria Teresa Veledo, Pilar Lara-Quintanar, Mercedes de Frutos, Jose Carlos Diez-Masa 6.1 Introduction........................................................................205 6.1.1 Objectives and outline of this chapter..............................................................305 6.1.2 Basic concepts..........................................306 6.2 Instrumental Setup..............................................................307 6.2.1 Light sources..............................307 6.2.2 Optical train for LIF..........................................310 6.2.3 Light measuring devices for LIF........................314 6.3 Derivatization Methods........................................................320 6.3.1 Pre-capillary derivatization................................321 6.3.2 On-capillaiy derivatization..................................326 6.3.3 Post-capillary derivatization................................328 6.3.4 Protein detection with and without derivatization......................................................329 6.4 Miniaturized Fluorescence Detection for Microchips............................................................335 6.4.1 On-chip fluorescence detection............................340 6.4.2 Miniaturized fluorescence detection....................343 xvm Contents 6.5 Indirect Fluorescence Detection............................................347 6.5.1 Background concepts: transfer ratio (TR) and dynamic reserve (DR)........................................347 6.5.2 Choice of the background electrolyte (BGE): types of electrolyte additives used in indirect fluorescence detection........................................349 6.5.3 Direct versus indirect fluorescence detection . . . 351 6.5.4 Applications of indirect fluorescence detection . . 351 6.6 Conclusions and Future Trends............................................353 6.6.1 Multiphoton fluorescence detection....................357 6.6.2 Wavelength-resolved LIF detection....................359 6.6.3 Time-resolved LIF..............................................361 6.6.4 New approaches to fluorescent labeling of proteins at low concentrations..........................................363 6.7 Selected Applications............................................................363 Acknowledgments..........................................................................364 References....................................................................................364 Chapter 7. Novel optical detection techniques in CE based on phosphorescence or chemiluminescence Jacobus Kuijt, Freek Ariese, Cees Gooijer 7.1 Introduction........................................................................375 7.2 Phosphorescence Detection in CE........................................376 7.2.1 Introduction......................................................376 7.2.2 Basic features of phosphorescence......................377 7.2.3 Coupling of phosphorescence detection to CE..................................................................379 7.2.4 Applications of CE-phosphorescence..................380 7.2.5 Concluding remarks on CE-phosphorescence..........................................385 7.3 Chemiluminescence Detection in CE....................................388 7.3.1 Introduction......................................................388 7.3.2 Development of CL detection in CE....................388 7.3.3 CL reactions......................................................389 7.3.4 Post-capillary CL reactors..................................394 7.3.5 Applications of CE-CL........................................396 7.3.6 Concluding remarks on CE-CL..........................407 References....................................................................................408 xix Contents Chapter 8. Electrochemical detection in capillary electrophoresis Kim M. Hanson, Theron J. Pappas, Lisa A. Holland 8.1 Introduction..............................................413 8.2 Modes of EC Detection........................................................414 8.2.1 Amperometry......................................................414 8.2.2 Voltammetry......................................................419 8.2.3 Conductivity......................................................421 8.2.4 Potentiometry....................................................422 8.3 Decoupling..........................................................................422 8.4 Applications........................................................................424 8.4.1 Neurochemistry..................................................425 8.4.2 Biomarkers........................................................427 8.4.3 Physiological activity..........................................428 8.4.4 Environmental monitoring..................................428 8.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects........................................430 Acknowledgments..................................... 431 References.......................................... 431 C/iap(er 9. Mass spectrometry detection in capillary electrophoresis Carolina Simo, Alejandro Cifuentes 9.1 Introduction........................................................................441 9.2 Principles and Instrumentation............................................442 9.2.1 Electrospray ionization......................................443 9.2.2 Mass analyzers..................................................452 9.2.3 CE-MS compatibility..........................................453 9.2.4 Chip-based CE-MS............................................477 9.3 Applications........................................................................481 9.3.1 Proteins and peptides........................................481 9.3.2 Drugs and metabolites........................................487 9.3.3 Pesticides............................................................494 9.3.4 Other compounds..............................................498 9.4 Future Outlook....................................................................504 Acknowledgments.........................................................................505 References....................................................................................505 xx Contents Chapter 10. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for specific detection in capillary electrophoresis Gloria Alvarez Llamas, Ma del Rosario Fernandez de la Campa, Elisa Blanco Gonzalez, Alfredo Sanz Medel 10.1 The Inductively Coupled Plasma-mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) as a specific atomic detector................ 519 10.1.1 ICP-MS fundamentals................... 519 10.1.2 ICP-MS as detection system in hyphenated techniques............................ 522 10.2 Interfacing CE to ICP-MS: Potentials and Limitations.................................... 524 10.3 CE-ICP-MS Coupling via Nebulisation............... 525 10.3.1 The interface: key to success.............. 525 10.3.2 Considerations about sensitivity/detection limits in CE-ICP-MS......................... 529 10.3.3 The importance of the selected nebuliser in CE-ICP-MS couplings................... 530 10.4 CE-ICP-MS Coupling via Volatile Species generation..................................... 545 10.4.1 Advantages of volatile species generation in CE-ICP couplings...................... 546 10.4.2 Interface designs based on VSG............ 546 10.5 Strategies to Improve Sensitivity in CE-ICP-MS Coupling...................................... 548 10.6 Some Selected Contributions and Applications.......... 550 10.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects................... 552 References.......................................... 552 Chapter 11. Vibrational spectroscopic detection in capillary electrophoresis (CE) Stephen Kulka, Bernhard Lendl 11.1 Introduction................................... 557 11.2 IR Spectroscopy................................. 558 11.2.1 On-line MIR spectroscopic detection in CE................................ 558 11.2.2 FTIR spectroscopic detection in CE after solvent elimination........................... 563 xxi Contents 11.3 Raman Spectroscopy............................. 566 11.3.1 Raman scattering in CE.................. 567 11.3.2 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering in CE. . . . References 573 580 583 Chapter 12. Coupling nuclear magnetic resonance to capillary eletrophoresis Dimuthu A. Jayawickrama, Jonathan V. Sweedler 12.1 Introduction.................................. 12.1.1 NMR sensitivity improvements........................584 12.1.2 CE and NMR hyphenation................................585 12.2 CE-NMR Hyphenation......................................................586 12.2.1 The size-matched NMR probe..........................586 12.2.2 Interfacing CE to NMR....................................590 12.2.3 CE-NMR measurements..................................592 12.3 Applications........................................................................597 12.3.1 CZE-NMR........................................................598 12.3.2 Sample concentration methods..........................600 12.3.3 Diagnostic capabilities of CE/cITP-NMR..........607 12.4 Conclusions and Future Directions....................................613 References....................................................................................614 Chapter 13. Chiral analysis by capillary electrophoresis Carmen Garcia-Ruiz, Maria Luisa Marina 13.1 Introduction................................... 017 13.2 Separation Modes in CE for Chiral Analysis........... 022 13.2.1 Electrokinetic chromatography............. 023 13.2.2 Capillary electrochromatography........... 039 13.2.3 Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis....... 040 13.3 Improving the Detection Sensitivity for Chiral Analysis by CE................................. 645 13.3.1 On-line preconcentration techniques employed in chiral analysis by CE.................. 647 13.3.2 Alternative detection systems to on-line UV detection employed in chiral analysis xxii Contents 13.4 Applications of Chiral Analysis by CE.......................656 13.4.1 Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis............................................................656 13.4.2 Environmental analysis....................................668 13.4.3 Food analysis....................................................679 13.4.4 Other applications............................................686 13.5 Chiral Analysis by Microchip Electrophoresis....................687 13.6 Future Perspectives............................................................689 Acknowledgments..........................................................................692 References....................................................................................692 Chapter 14. Electrochemical detection in capillary electrophoresis on microchips Antonio Javier Blasco, Alberto Escarpa 14.1 Introduction......................................................................703 14.2 Principles and Designs of Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection Microsystems............................707 14.2.1 Materials and microfabrication techniques........................................................708 14.2.2 Fluids moving: principles of injection................713 14.2.3 Detection implementation................................716 14.2.4 Electrode materials..........................................730 14.2.5 Modes of detection............................................734 14.3 Selected Analytical Applications........................................741 14.3.1 Neurotransmitters and related compounds........................................................741 14.3.2 Bioanalytical and clinical..................................742 14.3.3 Environmental..................................................746 14.3.4 Conductimetry..................................................749 14.4 Conclusions and Future Direction......................................752 Acknowledgements........................................................................754 References....................................................................................754 List of Abbreviations....................................................................759 Subject Index................................................................................761 xxiii
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spelling Analysis and detection by capillary electrophoresis ed. by M. L. Marina...
1. ed.
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XXVIII, 767 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
txt rdacontent
n rdamedia
nc rdacarrier
Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry 45
Kapillarelektrophorese (DE-588)4290002-5 gnd rswk-swf
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spellingShingle Analysis and detection by capillary electrophoresis
Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry
Kapillarelektrophorese (DE-588)4290002-5 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4290002-5
title Analysis and detection by capillary electrophoresis
title_auth Analysis and detection by capillary electrophoresis
title_exact_search Analysis and detection by capillary electrophoresis
title_full Analysis and detection by capillary electrophoresis ed. by M. L. Marina...
title_fullStr Analysis and detection by capillary electrophoresis ed. by M. L. Marina...
title_full_unstemmed Analysis and detection by capillary electrophoresis ed. by M. L. Marina...
title_short Analysis and detection by capillary electrophoresis
title_sort analysis and detection by capillary electrophoresis
topic Kapillarelektrophorese (DE-588)4290002-5 gnd
topic_facet Kapillarelektrophorese
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013212420&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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