The carbon balance of forest biomes
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
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New York [u.a.]
Taylor & Francis
2005
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| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Experimental biology reviews
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The carbon balance of forest biomes |c ed. by Howard Griffiths ... |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Taylor & Francis |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 356 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Experimental biology reviews | |
| 500 | |a lt. Auskunft von Blackwell's erschienen als SEB Symposium Bd. 57 (Serie nicht im Buch!) | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Global environmental change | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Carbon |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Forests and forestry |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plants |x Effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide on | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Carbon dioxide mitigation | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Jarvis, Paul Gordon |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| DE-BY-TUM_call_number | 1002 FOR 180f 2005 A 3356 |
|---|---|
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| DE-BY-TUM_location | 10 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Contributors xiii
Abbreviations xvii
Preface xxi
1. The global imperative and policy for carbon sequestration 1
Robert T. Watson and Ian R. Noble
Introduction 1
Climate change 2
The carbon cycle 3
The Kyoto Protocol 4
Quantitative potential for LULUCF activities 6
The technical debate 8
Technical detail of processes and quantities 8
Methodological issues 8
Implementation issues 9
Criticisms of supposed failings and potential scams 9
Accounting options for sinks in later commitment periods 11
Indirect anthropogenic effects 11
Wall-to-wall accounting 12
Other options for sink accounting 13
Conclusions 14
References 15
2. Role of forest biomes in the global carbon balance 19
John Grace
Introduction: defining the questions about carbon sinks 19
How much carbon is extracted annually from the atmosphere by forests and other biomes? 20
Net primary productivity 20
Net ecosystem productivity 21
Net biome productivity 23
Where are the sinks? 23
Sinks at stand scale using forest inventory 23
Sinks at forest scale using eddy covanance 25
Sinks resulting from land-use change 26
Sinks at regional and global scales 26
What controls the strength of sinks? 28
Atmospheric CO, concentration 29
Temperature 29
Nitrogen 29
A simple model to estimate sink strength 29
Will the sinks endure? 30
Decomposition and global warming 31
Photosynthesis, CO, concentration, and nutrition 31
Lack of water 31
vi Contents
What observation networks are required to monitor the sinks? 32
Land-based: eddy covariance with forest inventory 32
Atmospheric models 32
Remote sensing of CO2 33
Remote sensing of the land surface 33
Remote sensing of biomass 33
An observation network 34
What are the feedbacks to the carbon cycle? 34
Emergent properties of forest ecosystems 34
Thinking about feedbacks 36
Is it feasible to manage forests as sinks? 37
The Kyoto charge 37
Clean development mechanism projects 38
Theoretical and possible sink capacities, and what cannot be counted 38
Concluding remarks 39
Acknowledgements 40
References 40
3. Carbon sequestration in European croplands 47
Pete Smith and Pete Falloon
Introduction 47
Fluxes of carbon from European croplands 47
Management options for carbon sequestration 48
Biological and realistically achievable potential for carbon sequestration for cropland
management options in Europe 48
Duration of soil carbon sequestration and permanence of soil carbon sinks 49
Measurement, monitoring, and verification of soil carbon sequestration 50
Carbon sequestration as part of integrated policies promoting sustainabihty: a
no regrets policy 51
Summary 52
Conclusions 53
Acknowledgements 53
References 53
4. Estimating forest and other terrestrial carbon fluxes at a national scale:
the UK experience 57
Ronnie Milne and Melvin G.R. Cannell
Introduction 57
Changes in forests and other woody biomass stocks 58
Methods used for UK national Greenhouse Gas Inventory 58
Fluxes associated with afforestation of deep peats 63
Wood products 67
Mapping of UK forest carbon uptake 67
Forest and grassland conversion (deforestation) 69
Other removals and emissions of CO, within the land-use change and forestry sector 70
Changes in soil carbon resulting from non-forest land-use change 71
Emissions of CO, resulting from liming agricultural soils 72
Emissions of CO, resulting from drainage of fenlands 72
Emissions of CO, from peat extracted for use as fuel and in horticulture 73
Changes in crop biomass resulting from agricultural management 73
Contents vii
Emissions of CO2 in other sectors and comparison with the Land-Use Change
and Forestry sector 73
Summary 74
Acknowledgements 75
References 75
5. Regional-scale estimates of forest CO2 and isotope flux based on
monthly CO2 budgets of the atmospheric boundary layer 77
Brent R. Helliker, Joseph A. Berry, Alan K. Betts, Peter S. Bakwin,
Kenneth J. Davis, James R. Ehleringer, Martha P. Butler and
Daniel M. Ricciuto
Introduction 77
Atmospheric boundary layer description, scalar dynamics and the equilibrium
assumption 78
Equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer CO, flux method 81
Isotopes in the equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer 84
Conclusions 87
References 88
6. Regional measurement and modelling of carbon balances 93
A.J. (Han) Dolman, Reinder Ronda, Franco Miglietta and Philippe Ciais
Introduction 93
Convective boundary layer budgeting 96
Eddy correlation flux aircraft 99
Regional mesoscale modelling 100
Discussion and conclusions 103
Acknowledgements 105
References 105
7. The potential for rising CO2 to account for the observed uptake of
carbon by tropical, temperate, and Boreal forest biomes 109
Philippe Ciais, Ivan Janssens, Anatoly Shvidenko, Christian Wirth,
Yadvinder Malhi, John Grace, E.-Detlef Schulze, Martin Heimann,
Oliver Phillips and A.J. (Han) Dolman
Introduction 109
Observations of net primary productivity HO
Net primary productivity from detailed site studies 110
Net primary productivity from spatially extensive forest biomass inventories 112
Estimation of net biome productivity 113
The problems 11
Estimation of net biome productivity using the ecosystem inventory approach 114
Estimation of net biome productivity using the atmospheric inversion approach 114
Comparing results from the inventory and inversion approaches 115
Modelled net primary productivity and net biome productivity 121
Linking net biome productivity to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration 122
A simple carbon cycle model 122
Results from Siberia 123
Results from Europe 125
Results from Amazonia 126
viii Contents
What are the uncertainties ? 126
Conclusions 128
Summary 129
Supplementary data 130
References 142
8. Measurement of CO2 exchange between Boreal forest and the
atmosphere 151
T. Andrew Black, David Gaumont-Guay, RachbpalS. Jassal, Brian D. Amiro,
Paul G. Jarvis, Stith T. Gower, Frank M. Kelliher, Allison Dunn and Steven C.
Wofiy
Introduction 151
Boreal landscape characteristics 152
Importance of eddy covariance measurements in Boreal carbon balance studies 154
Tower flux measurements 155
Short-term eddy covariance studies 156
Long-term eddy covariance studies 161
Ecophysiological stand-scale flux measurements 169
Chamber measurements 169
Biometrie carbon budgeting 170
Effects of disturbance 171
Upscaling eddy covariance measured fluxes to the biome scale 172
Aircraft-based eddy covariance fluxes 173
Estimating net biome productivity 174
Ecosystem process models 174
Convective boundary-layer budgeting approach 175
Stable isotope methods 175
Atmospheric inverse models 176
Conclusions 176
Achievements 176
Where next? 177
Summary 177
Acknowledgements 178
References 178
9. Carbon exchange of deciduous broadleaved forests in temperate and
Mediterranean regions 187
Dennis Baldoccbi and Liukang Xu
Introduction 187
Fundamental concepts 188
Geographic distribution 188
Composition, form, and function 189
Composition and form 189
Function 191
Stand-scale carbon fluxes 196
Temporal dynamics of net ecosystem CO, exchange 197
Temperate deciduous forests 197
Deciduous Mediterranean forests 201
Canopy photosynthesis 204
Contents ix
Ecosystem carbon balances 207
Future issues 208
Acknowledgements 208
References 208
10. The carbon balance of the tropical forest biome 217
Yadvinder Malhi
Tropical forests in the global carbon cycle 217
Deforestation and land-use change 218
The view from the atmosphere 221
A carbon sink away from the degradation? 224
Pulling it all together 226
Implications of a biosphere carbon sink for biodiversity 227
Future prospects 228
Acknowledgements 232
References 232
11. The carbon balance of forest soils: detectability of changes in soil
carbon stocks in temperate and Boreal forests 235
Frauz Conen, Argyro Zerva, Dominique Arrouays, Claude]olivet, Paul G
Jarvis, John Grace and Maurizio Mencuccini
Introduction to soil carbon stocks 235
Background to sites compared in this study 237
Perthshire, UK 237
Northumberland, UK 237
Les Landes, France 238
Previous studies on soil carbon content 239
Estimation of the mean and variance in soil carbon stocks across studies 239
Estimation of minimum detectable difference 240
Soil carbon stocks in temperate biomes 241
Sampling procedure 241
Scaling of variance with plot size 241
Factors affecting variance 243
Sampling intensity and related minimum detectable changes 246
Conclusions and summary 247
Acknowledgements 248
References 248
12. Fractional contributions by autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration
to soil-surface CO2 efflux in Boreal forests 251
Peter Högberg, Anders Nordgren, Mona N. Högberg,
Mikaell Ottosson-Löfvemus, Bhupinderpal-Singh, Per Olsson and
Sune Linder
Introduction 251
What is respiring: what is autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration in soils? 252
How do we separate autotrophic and heterotrophic soil activities? 255
Tree girdling: an alternative method to estimate autotrophic respiration 257
Effects of temperature on components of soil respiration 260
A new perspective on the debate about turnover rates of fine roots 261
K Contents
Summary and concluding remarks 262
Acknowledgements 262
References 263
13. Trace gas and CO2 contributions of northern peatlands to global 269
warming potential
Tuomas Laurila, Mika Aurela, Annalea Lohila and
Juha-Pekka Tuovinen
Introduction 269
Global emissions and radiative forcing 270
Northern peatlands 271
Carbon dynamics in pristine mires 273
Measurements of greenhouse gas fluxes 273
Natural bogs and fens 276
Peatlands drained for forestry 279
Peatlands in agricultural use 280
Afforested peatfields 283
Cut-away and restored peatlands 284
Climate change 285
Conclusions 286
Acknowledgements 287
References 287
14. Contribution of trace gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4)
to the atmospheric warming balance of forest biomes 293
Rainer Brumme, Louis V. Verchot, PerttiJ. Martikainen and Christopher S.
Potter
Introduction 293
Approaches to estimate the biome fluxes and data sources 294
Nitrous oxide emission 295
Methane uptake 298
Results and discussion 299
Nitrous oxide emission of forest biomes 299
Methane uptake of forest biomes 302
Contribution of CH4 and N2O to the atmospheric warming balance of forests biomes 309
Acknowledgements 310
References 310
15. Effects of reforestation, deforestation, and afforestation on
carbon storage in soils 319
Claudia I. Czimczik, Martina Mund, Ernst-Detlef Schulze and Christian Wirth
Introduction 319
Carbon storage in forest soils 320
Effects of harvest and natural regeneration or reforestation on soil organic carbon pools 322
Effects of deforestation on soil organic carbon pools 323
Restoring cultivation-induced soil organic carbon losses by afforestation 324
Conclusions 328
Summary 328
Acknowledgements 329
References 329
Contents xi
16. Carbon forestry : managing forests to conserve carbon 331
Paul G. Jarvis, Andreas Ibrom and Sune Linder
Multiple purpose forestry 331
Kyoto and two kinds of forest 332
What a forest does 332
Trees and soil 334
Carbon budgets of forests 334
Natural disturbance 335
Managerial disturbance 336
A case study 337
A model investigation of thinning 340
What can we do? 342
Minimize soil disturbance 342
Increase gross primary productivity 342
Lock the gate 345
The wider perspective 345
Conclusions 346
Acknowledgements 346
References 346
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| indexdate | 2024-12-23T18:16:18Z |
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| series2 | Experimental biology reviews |
| spellingShingle | The carbon balance of forest biomes Umwelt Global environmental change Carbon Environmental aspects Forests and forestry Environmental aspects Plants Effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide on Carbon dioxide mitigation Kohlenstoffhaushalt (DE-588)4476745-6 gnd Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Wald (DE-588)4064354-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4476745-6 (DE-588)4164552-2 (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4064354-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | The carbon balance of forest biomes |
| title_auth | The carbon balance of forest biomes |
| title_exact_search | The carbon balance of forest biomes |
| title_full | The carbon balance of forest biomes ed. by Howard Griffiths ... |
| title_fullStr | The carbon balance of forest biomes ed. by Howard Griffiths ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | The carbon balance of forest biomes ed. by Howard Griffiths ... |
| title_short | The carbon balance of forest biomes |
| title_sort | the carbon balance of forest biomes |
| topic | Umwelt Global environmental change Carbon Environmental aspects Forests and forestry Environmental aspects Plants Effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide on Carbon dioxide mitigation Kohlenstoffhaushalt (DE-588)4476745-6 gnd Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Wald (DE-588)4064354-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umwelt Global environmental change Carbon Environmental aspects Forests and forestry Environmental aspects Plants Effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide on Carbon dioxide mitigation Kohlenstoffhaushalt Kohlenstoffkreislauf Klimaänderung Wald Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip053/2004025748.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013137701&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT griffithshoward thecarbonbalanceofforestbiomes AT jarvispaulgordon thecarbonbalanceofforestbiomes |