Cosmology the origin and evolution of cosmic structure
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Cosmology |b the origin and evolution of cosmic structure |c Peter Coles ; Francesco Lucchin |
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| adam_text | Titel: Cosmology
Autor: Coles, Peter
Jahr: 2003
Cosmology
The Origin and Evolution
of Cosmic Structure
Second Edition
Peter Coles
School of Physics Astronomy,
University of Nottingham, UK
Francesco Lucchin
Dipartimento di Astronomia,
Universitd di Padova, Italy
JOHN WILEY a SONS, LTD
Contents
Preface to First Edition xi
Preface to Second Edition xix
PART 1 Cosmological Models
1 First Principles
1.1 The Cosmological Principle 3
1.2 Fundamentals of General Relativity 6
1.3 The Robertson-Walker Metric 9
1.4 The Hubble Law 13
1.5 Redshift 16
1.6 The Deceleration Parameter 17
1.7 Cosmological Distances 18
1.8 The m-z and N-z Relations 20
1.9 Olbers Paradox 22
1.10 The Friedmann Equations 23
1.11 A Newtonian Approach 24
1.12 The Cosmological Constant 26
1.13 Friedmann Models 29
2 The Friedmann Models 33
2.1 Perfect Fluid Models 33
2.2 Flat Models 36
2.3 Curved Models: General Properties 38
2.3.1 Open models 39
2.3.2 Closed models 40
2.4 Dust Models 40
2.4.1 Open models 41
2.4.2 Closed models 41
2.4.3 General properties 42
2.5 Radiative Models 43
2.5.1 Open models 43
2.5.2 Closed models 44
2.5.3 General properties 44
2.6 Evolution of the Density Parameter 44
2.7 Cosmological Horizons 45
2.8 Models with a Cosmological Constant 49
vi Contents
3 Alternative Cosmologies 51
3.1 Anisotropic and Inhomogeneous Cosmologies 52
3.1.1 The Bianchi models 52
3.1.2 Inhomogeneous models 55
3.2 The Steady-State Model 57
3.3 The Dirac Theory 59
3.4 Brans-Dicke Theory 61
3.5 Variable Constants 63
3.6 Hoyle-Narlikar (Conformal) Gravity 64
4 Observational Properties of the Universe 67
4.1 Introduction 67
4.1.1 Units 67
4.1.2 Galaxies 69
4.1.3 Active galaxies and quasars 70
4.1.4 Galaxy clustering 72
4.2 The Hubble Constant 75
4.3 The Distance Ladder 79
4.4 The Age of the Universe 83
4.4.1 Theory 83
4.4.2 Stellar and galactic ages 84
4.4.3 Nucleocosmochronology 84
4.5 The Density of the Umverse * 86
4.5.1 Contributions to the density parameter 86
4.5.2 Galaxies 88
4.5.3 Clusters of galaxies 89
4.6 Deviations from the Hubble Expansion 92
4.7 Classical Cosmology 94
4.7.1 Standard candles 95
4.7.2 Angular sizes 97
4.7.3 Number-counts 99
4.7.4 Summary 100
4.8 The Cosmic Microwave Background 100
PART 2 The Hot Big Bang Model 107
5 Thermal History of the Hot Big Bang Model 109
5.1 The Standard Hot Big Bang 109
5.2 Recombination and Decoupling 111
5.3 Matter-Radiation Equivalence 112
5.4 Thermal History of the Universe .113
5.5 Radiation Entropy per Baryon 115
5.6 Timescales in the Standard Model 116
6 The Very Early Universe 119
6.1 The Big Bang Singularity 119
6.2 The Planck Time 122
6.3 The Planck Era 123
6.4 Quantum Cosmology 126
6.5 String Cosmology 128
7 Phase Transitions and Inflation 131
7.1 The Hot Big Bang 131
7.2 Fundamental Interactions 133
7.3 Physics of Phase Transitions 136
7.4 Cosmological Phase Transitions 138
Contents vii
7.5 Problems of the Standard Model 141
7.6 The Monopole Problem 143
7.7 The Cosmological Constant Problem - 145
7.8 The Cosmological Horizon Problem 147
7.8.1 The problem 147
7.8.2 The inflationary solution 149
7.9 The Cosmological Flatness Problem 152
7.9.1 The problem 152
7.9.2 The inflationary solution 154
7.10 The Inflationary Umverse 156
7.11 Types of Inflation 160
7.11.1 Old inflation 160
7.11.2 New inflation 161
7.11.3 Chaotic inflation 161
7.11.4 Stochastic inflation 162
7.11.5 Open inflation 162
7.11.6 Other models 163
7.12 Successes and Problems of Inflation 163
7.13 The Anthropic Cosmological Principle 164
8 The Lepton Era 167
8.1 The Quark-Hadron Transition 167
8.2 Chemical Potentials 168
8.3 The Lepton Era 171
8.4 Neutrino Decoupling 172
8.5 The Cosmic Neutrino Background 173
8.6 Cosmological Nucleosynthesis 176
8.6.1 General considerations 176
8.6.2 The standard nucleosynthesis model 177
8.6.3 The neutron-proton ratio 178
8.6.4 Nucleosynthesis of Helium 179
8.6.5 Other elements 181
8.6.6 Observations: Helium 4 182
8.6.7 Observations: Deuterium 183
8.6.8 Helium 3 184;
8.6.9 Lithium 7 185
8.6.10 Observations versus theory 185
8.7 Non-standard Nucleosynthesis 186
9 The Plasma Era 191
. 9.1 The Radiative Era 191
9.2 The Plasma Epoch 192
9.3 Hydrogen Recombination 194
9.4 The Matter Era 195
9.5 Evolution of the CMB Spectrum 197
PART 3 Theory of Structure Formation 203
10 Introduction to Jeans Theory 205
10.1 Gravitational Instability 205
10.2 Jeans Theory for Collisional Fluids 206
10.3 Jeans Instability in Collisionless Fluids 210
10.4 History of Jeans Theory in Cosmology 212
10.5 The Effect of Expansion: an Approximate Analysis 213
10.6 Newtonian Theory in a Dust Universe 215
10.7 Solutions for the Flat Dust Case 218
10.8 The Growth Factor 219
viii Contents
10.9 Solution for Radiation-Dominated Universes 221
10.10 The Method of Autosolution 223
10.11 The Meszaros Effect 225-
10.12 Relativistic Solutions 227
11 Gravitational Instability of Baryonic Matter 229
11.1 Introduction 229
11.2 Adiabatic and Isothermal Perturbations 230
11.3 Evolution of the Sound Speed and Jeans Mass 231
11.4 Evolution of the Horizon Mass 233
11.5 Dissipation of Acoustic Waves 234
11.6 Dissipation of Adiabatic Perturbations 237
11.7 Radiation Drag 240
11.8 A Two-Fluid Model 241
11.9 The Kinetic Approach 244
11.10 Summary 248
12 Non-baryonic Matter 251
12.1 Introduction 251
12.2 The Boltzmann Equation for Cosmic Relics 252
12.3 Hot Thermal Relics 253
12.4 Cold Thermal Relics , 255
12.5 The Jeans Mass 256
12.6 Implications 259
12.6.1 Hot Dark Matter 260
12.6.2 Cold Dark Matter 261
12.6.3 Summary 262
13 Cosmological Perturbations 263
13.1 Introduction 263
13.2 The Perturbation Spectrum 264
13.3 The Mass Variance 266
13.3.1 Mass scales and filtering 266
13.3.2 · Properties of the filtered field 268
13.3.3 Problems with filters 270
13.4 Types of Primordial Spectra 271
13.5 Spectra at Horizon Crossing 275
13.6 Fluctuations from Inflation 276
13.7 Gaussian Density Perturbations 279
13.8 Covariance Functions 281
13.9 Non-Gaussian Fluctuations? , 284
14 Nonlinear Evolution 287
14.1 The Spherical Top-Hat Collapse 287
14.2 The Zel dovich Approximation 290
14.3 The Adhesion Model 294
14.4 Self-similar Evolution 296
14.4.1 A simple model 296
14.4.2 Stable clustering 299
14.4.3 Scaling of the power spectrum 300
14.4.4 Comments 301
14.5 The Mass Function 301
14.6 N-Body Simulations 304
14.6.1 Direct summation 305
14.6.2 Particle-mesh techniques 306
14.6.3 Tree codes 309
14.6.4 Initial conditions and boundary effects 309
Contents ix
14.7 Gas Physics 310
14.7.1 Cooling 310
14.7.2 Numerical hydrodynamics _ 312
14.8 Biased Galaxy Formation 314
14.9 Galaxy Formation 318
14.10 Comments 321
15 Models of Structure Formation 323
15.1 Introduction 323
15.2 Historical Prelude 324
15.3 Gravitational Instability in Brief 326
15.4 Primordial Density Fluctuations 327
15.5 The Transfer Function 328
15.6 Beyond Linear Theory 330
15.7 Recipes for Structure Formation 331
15.8 Comments 334
PART 4 Observational Tests 335
16 Statistics of Galaxy Clustering 337
16.1 Introduction 337
16.2 Correlation Functions 339
16.3 The Umber Equation 342
16.4 Correlation Functions: Results 344
16.4.1 Two-point correlations 344
16.5 The Hierarchical Model 346
16.5.1 Comments 348
16.6 Cluster Correlations and Biasing 350
16.7 Counts in Cells 352
16.8 The Power Spectrum 355
16.9 Polyspectra 356
16.10 Percolation Analysis 359
16.11 Topology 361
16.12 Comments 365
17 The Cosmic Microwave Background 367
17.1 Introduction 367
17.2 The Angular Power Spectrum 368
17.3 The CMB Dipole 371
17.4 Large Angular Scales 374
17.4.1 The Sachs-Wolfe effect 374
17.4.2 The COBE DMR experiment 377
17.4.3 Interpretation of the COBE results 379
17.5 Intermediate Scales 380
17.6 Smaller Scales: Extrinsic Effects 385
17.7 The Sunyaev-Zel dovich Effect 389
17.8 Current Status 391
18 Peculiar Motions of Galaxies 393
18.1 Velocity Perturbations 393
18.2 Velocity Correlations 396
18.3 Bulk Flows 398
18.4 Velocity-Density Reconstruction 400
18.5 Redshift-Space Distortions 402
18.6 Implications for OQ 405
x Contents
19 Gravitational Lensing 409
19.1 Historical Prelude 409^
19.2 Basic Gravitational Optics 412
19.3 More Complicated Systems 415
19.4 Applications 418
19.4.1 Microlensing 418
19.4.2 Multiple images 419
19.4.3 Arcs, arclets and cluster masses 420
19.4.4 Weak lensing by large-scale structure 421
19.4.5 The Hubble constant 422
19.5 Comments 423
20 The High-Redshift Universe 425
20.1 Introduction 425
20.2 Quasars 426
20.3 The Intergalactic Medium (IGM) 428
20.3.1 Quasar spectra 428
20.3.2 The Gunn-Peterson test 428
20.3.3 Absorption line systems 430
20.3.4 X-ray gas in clusters 432
20.3.5 Spectral distortions of the CMB 432
20.3.6 The X-ray background # 433
20.4 The Infrared Background and Dust 434
20.5 Number-counts Revisited 437
20.6 Star and Galaxy Formation 438
20.7 Concluding Remarks 444
21 A Forward Look 447
21.1 Introduction 447
21.2 General Observations 448
21.3 X-rays and the Hot Universe 449
21.4 The Apotheosis of Astrometry: GALA 450
21.5 The Next Generation Space Telescope: NGST 452
21.6 Extremely Large Telescopes 453
21.7 Far-IR and Submillimetre Views of the Early Universe 454
21.8 The Cosmic Microwave Background 456
21.9 The Square Kilometre Array 456
21.10 Gravitational Waves 458
21.11 Sociology, Politics and Economics 460
21.12 Conclusions 461
Appendix A. Physical Constants 463
Appendix B. Useful Astronomical Quantities 465
Appendix C. Particle Properties 467
References 469
Index 485
|
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| classification_rvk | US 2000 |
| classification_tum | PHY 980f |
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| discipline | Physik |
| edition | 2. ed., reprint. |
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| id | DE-604.BV019780050 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-03T16:57:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471489093 |
| language | English |
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| spellingShingle | Coles, Peter Lucchin, Francesco Cosmology the origin and evolution of cosmic structure Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd Urknall (DE-588)4187224-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4114294-9 (DE-588)4187224-1 |
| title | Cosmology the origin and evolution of cosmic structure |
| title_auth | Cosmology the origin and evolution of cosmic structure |
| title_exact_search | Cosmology the origin and evolution of cosmic structure |
| title_full | Cosmology the origin and evolution of cosmic structure Peter Coles ; Francesco Lucchin |
| title_fullStr | Cosmology the origin and evolution of cosmic structure Peter Coles ; Francesco Lucchin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cosmology the origin and evolution of cosmic structure Peter Coles ; Francesco Lucchin |
| title_short | Cosmology |
| title_sort | cosmology the origin and evolution of cosmic structure |
| title_sub | the origin and evolution of cosmic structure |
| topic | Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd Urknall (DE-588)4187224-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kosmologie Urknall |
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