Genetic aspects of the reproductive system of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Genetic aspects of the reproductive system of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia |c by Iskandar Zulkarnaen Siregar |
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Titel: Genetic aspects of the reproductive system of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia
Autor: Siregar, Iskandar Zulkarnaen
Jahr: 2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES.v
LIST OF FIGURES.ix
LIST OF APPENDICES.xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.xii
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION.1
1.1. Background and rationales.1
1.2. Research strategies and objectives.2
1.3. Research locations.3
CHAPTER 2
Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese IN INDONESIA.6
2.1. Taxonomy and physiognomy.6
2.2. Natural distribution and ecology.6
2.3. Conservation, cultivation and breeding.7
2.4. Economic and ecological significance.9
CHAPTER 3
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF GENETIC VARIATION AND
MATING PREFERENCES.10
3.1. Introduction.10
3.2. Characterisation of genetic structures and variation.11
3.2.1. Measurement of basic genetic parameters.11
3.2.2. Measurement of genetic structure and variation within populations.13
3.2.3. Measurement of genetic structure and variation among populations.15
3.2.4. Statistical tests.17
3.3. Concepts of mating preferences.18
3.3.1. Single tree progeny.18
3.3.2. Population progeny.19
CHAPTER 4
INHERITANCE STUDIES.21
4.1. Introduction.21
4.2. Literature review.21
4.2.1. Biochemical basis of isoenzymes.21
4.2.2. Isoenzymes as genetic markers.22
4.2.3. P. merkusii experiences.24
4.3. Materials and methods.24
4.3.1. Seeds.Z!ZZZ"ZZZZZZZ!25
4.3.2. Electrophoresis.25
4.3.3. Statistical methods.26
4.4. Results. 29
4.4.1. Electrophoresis and isozyme polymorphisms.29
4.4.2. Description and segregation of isozyme banding patterns.30
4.4.2.1. Monomorphic loci.30
4.4.2.2. Polymorphic loci.33
4.4.2.3. Pooled data.45
4.4.3. Linkage relationships.45
4.4.4. Segregation distortion.47
4.5. Discussion.50
4.5.1. Segregation analysis.51
4.5.2. Linkage.52
4.5.3. Segregation distortion.54
CHAPTERS
GENETIC STRUCTURE AND VARIATION.56
5.1. Introduction.56
5.2. Literature review.56
5.2.1. The genetic system.56
5.2.2. Genetic variation of tropical trees.57
5.2.3. P. merkusii experiences.58
5.3. Materials and methods.59
5.3.1. Seeds.59
5.3.2. Electrophoresis.59
5.3.3. Measures of variability.60
5.4. Results.60
5.4.1. Genetic variability of seed trees and progenies within populations.60
5.4.2. Allelic structure among seed trees, embryos and pollen contributions.61
5.4.3. Allelic diversities of seed trees, embryos and pollen contributions.62
5.4.4. Genetic distances between populations.63
5.4.5. Genetic differentiation among populations.64
5.5. Discussion.67
5.5.1. Genetic variation and differentiation.67
5.5.2. Absence of genetic variation.67
5.5.3. Genetic distance and gene flow.68
CHAPTER 6
HETEROGENEITY OF POLLEN ALLELE FREQUENCIES AND
ESTIMATION OF MATING SYSTEM PARAMETERS.70
6.1. Introduction.70
6.2. Literature review.71
6.2.1. Reproduction on P. merkusii.71
6.2.2. Reproductive system and mating system.71
6.2.3. Random mating and its deviation.73
6.2.4. Estimation of mating system parameters.74
6.2.5. P. merkusii experiences.76
6.3. Materials and methods.76
6.3.1. Seeds.76
6.3.2. Electrophoresis.78
6.3.3. Data analysis.79
6.4. Results.80
6.4.1. Allelic diversity1 of effective pollen clouds.80
6.4.2. Differentiation among single tree pollen clouds (sitpocs).80
6.4.3. Estimation of outcrossing rates and its relation to seed production.83
6.5. Discussion.87
6.5.1. Heterogeneity of single tree pollen clouds.87
6.5.2. Outcrossing rates, mating system and seed production.89
CHAPTER 7
CHARACTERISATION OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN THE SEEDLING
SEED ORCHARD.94
7.1. Introduction.94
7.2. Literature review.95
7.2.1. Reference structures for the analysis of reproductive system.95
7.2.2. Analysis of mating system.96
7.2.3. P. merkusii experiences.96
7.3. Materials and methods.97
6.3.1. Seeds.97
6.3.2. Electrophoresis.97
6.3.3. Data analysis.97
7.4. Results.98
7.4.1. Comparison between the observed genetic structures and reference
structures.98
7.4.2. Estimation of mating preferences in single tree progeny.100
7.4.3. Estimation of mating preferences(C/) assortative mating (£/*) and
inbreeding coefficients (F,,) in population progeny.101
7.5. Discussion.104
7.5.1. Mating system components of single tree progeny.105
7.5.2. Mating system components of single tree progeny.1°7
CHAPTER8
INTEGRATED DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.109
8.1. Integrated discussion.109
8.2. Conclusions.114
SUMMARY.117
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG.120
REFERENCES.124
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1
Table 1-1. Geographic origin of the P. merkusii populations sampled
for electrophoresis and the number of trees sampled together
with their seeds.4
CHAPTER 4
Tabie 4-1. List of the results of inheritance studies in P. merkusii.24
Table 4-2. Number of family and total seed used in the inheritance
studies.25
Table 4-3. Running buffers and conditions of starch gel electrophoresis
for P. merkusii isoenzymes.29
Table 4-4. Enzyme (enzyme commission nusmbers), their abbreviations,
buffer systems used, number of loci and alleles, and their
level of variations.30
Table 4-5a. Observed segregation of allozymes from megagametophytes
of P. merkusii trees at gene loci of GOT and goodness of fit
to the 1:1 expected ratio.35
Table 4-5b. Test of progeny segregation of heterozygous seed trees at
gene loci of GOT (GnxET and Hattemer, 1989; GnXET,
1999).36
Table 4-6a. Observed segregation of allozymes from megagametophytes
of P. merkusii trees at gene loci of PGM and goodness of fit
to the 1:1 expected ratio.38
Table 4-6b. Test of progeny segregation of heterozygous seed trees at
gene loci of PGM (GEXET and HATTEMER, 1989; GlLtET,
1999).39
Table 4-7a. Observed segregation of allozymes from megagametophytes
of P. merkusii trees at the gene locus SKDH-A and goodness
of fit to the 1:1 expected ratio.40
Table 4-7b. Test of progeny segregation of heterozygous seed trees at
gene locus SKDH-A (Gexet and Hattemer, 1989; Giluet,
1999).41
Table 4-8a. Observed segregation of allozymes from megagametophytes
of P. merkusii trees at the gene locus NDH-A and goodness
of fit to the 1:1 expected ratio.42
Tabie 4~8b. Test of progeny segregation of heterozygous seed trees at
gene locus NDH-A (Gdxet and Hattemer, 1989; Gillet,
1999).43
Table 4-9a. Observed segregation of allozymes from megagametophytes
of P. merkusii trees at the gene locus FDH-A and goodness
of fit to the 1:1 expected ratio.44
Table 4-9b. Test of progeny segregation of heterozygous seed trees at
gene locus FDH-A (GnXET and HATTEMER, 1989; GnxET,
1999).+*
Table 4-10. Observed ailelic segregation in the endosperm of putarjveiy
heterozygous P. merkusii seed trees (pooled data).45
Table 4-11. Number of tree analysed for linkage for each pair of loci
(upper right half) and results of statistical tests for linkage
(lower left half).46
Table 4-12. Pairs of loci for which significant levels of linkage were
detected in at least one tree.47
Table 4-13. Genotypic frequency and test of product structure from trees
showing significant segregation distortion at gene loci of
GOT-C.48
Tabel 4-14. Genotypic frequency and test of product structure from trees
showing significant segregation distortion at gene loci of
GOT-D.48
Tabel 4-15. Genotypic frequency and test of product structure from trees
showing significant segregation distortion at gene locus
PGM-B.49
Tabel 4-16. Genotypic frequency and test of product structure from trees
showing significant segregation distortion at gene locus
SKDH-A.49
Tabel 4-17. Genotypic frequency and test of product structure from trees
showing significant segregation distortion at gene locus
NDH-A.50
Tabel 4-18. Genotypic frequency and test of product structure from trees
showing significant segregation distortion at gene locus
FDH-A.50
CHAPTERS
Table 5-1. Genetic variation measures of seed trees and progenies in the
investigated populations of P. merkusii based on a survey of
10 enzyme gene loci.60
Table 5-2. Allelic structures of seed trees, their embryos and pollen
contributions at the polymorphic gene loci in the investigated
populations of P. merkusii.62
Table 5-3. Allelic diversity of seed trees, their progeny (embryos) and
their effective pollen clouds in the investigated populations.63
Table 5-4. Matrix of average gene pool distances (do) according to
GREGORIUS (1974, below diagonal) and genetic distances
according to Nm (1972, above diagonal) .65
Table 5-5. Allelic differentiation (Dj) and their average (8) among
population samples of P. merkusii (GREGORIUS and
Roberds, 1986) and fixation index Fst(Wright, 1965). In a
log likelihood ratio test of homogeneity (G» test) the allelic
frequency distributions were all significant at the 0.1% level
of significance.65
CHAPTER 6
Table 6-1.
Table 6-2.
Table 6-3.
Table 6-4.
Table 6-5.
Table 6-6.
Table 6-7.
CHAPTER 7
Table 7-1.
Table 7-2.
Table 7-3.
Outcrossing (%) estimates in Pinus as tabulated from many
studies by Ledig(1998) (modified).
Allelic diversity (v) of single tree pollen clouds (sitpocs) and
of the pooled pollen cloud in a Pinus merkusii seedling seed
orchard in Java. Asterisk refers to the allelic diversity of
effective pollen clouds in this orchard (see Table 5-3, Chapter
5). Seeds were sampled in five open-pollinated families. (N)
refers to the number of seeds per tree.
Allelic diversity (v) of clumped and isolated tree pollen
clouds, of their pooled pollen clouds, and of the total pollen
cloud of the conservation stand of Aceh. Asterisk refers to the
diversity of pollen cloud in this stand (see Table 5-3, Chapter
5). (N) refers to the number of seeds per tree.
Differentiation Dj and fixation index Fsr among single tree
pollen clouds (sitpocs) in a P. merkusii seedling seed
orchard of Java. (N) refers to the number of seeds per tree.
Significant levels are NS (not significant), 0.05 (*), 0.01 (**)
and 0.001 (***).
Differentiation Dj and fixation Fst among single clumped
and isolated tree pollen clouds (sitpocs) in a natural stand of
P. merkusii at Aceh (Sumatra). (N) refers to the number of
seeds per tree. Significant levels are NS (not significant),
0.05 (*), and 0.01 (**).
Multilocus estimates (rm) of single-tree outcrossing rates,
multi- (tm) and average single locus (t/) estimates of
population outcrossing rates together with their standard
deviation. Estimation followed the method of RrTLAND and
Jain (1981). In the right-most column, the respective
proportions were derived by the paternity exclusion method.
The percentages of filled seed are presented for comparison.
The sample sizes are shown in Table 6-2 (Java) and Table 6-3
(Aceh), respectively.
Multilocus estimates (tm) of single-cone outcrossing rates.
Estimation followed the method of RrTLAND and Jain (1981).
In the right-most column, the respective proportions were
derived by the paternity exclusion method. The percentages
of filled seed are presented for comparison.
.73
.81
.81
.82
.86
.87
Summary of statistical comparison (G-test) between the
observed genotypic structures and each reference structures.
Significant level is 0.05 (•).99
Fixation index for each homozygote (Fa) and each hetero-
zygote (Fi}) at the gene loci GOT-C, PGM-B and SKDH-A.100
Mating preferences of individual seed trees for male gametes
measured at gene loci GOT-C and PGM-B. R, refers to seed
tree population (N=30) as mating references.101
Table 7-4. Summary of statistical (G-tests) comparison between the
observed genotypic structures and each reference structure.
Significant levels are 0.05 (*), 0.01(**) and 0.001 (***).102
Table 7-5. Mating references qi and mating success ht'= / ; 9/qt of female
and hf- pf/qi of male gametes at three gene loci in a sample
of 681 seeds of the seedling seed orchard.102
Table 7-6. Allelic preference parameters U and V* for all genotypes at
the gene loci GOT-B, PGM-B, SKDH-A based on the
observed frequency of ordered geneotypes among progeny
and the allele frequencies in the parental and in the progeny
of the seedling seed orchard.103
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1
Figure 1-1.
CHAPTER4
Figure 4-1.
Figure 4-2.
Figure 4-3.
Figure 4-4.
Figure 4-5.
CHAPTER 5
Figure 5-1.
Figure 5-2.
Figure 5-3.
CHAPTER 6
Figure 6-1.
Figure 6-2.
Geographic distribution of P. merkusii natural populations
in Sumatra and plantations in Java. Sampled populations are
marked with A=Aceh, K=Kerinci and J=Java (Source:
Critchheld and Little, 1966; Anonymous, 1998).4
GOT banding patterns of megagametophytes (in) and their
corresponding embryos (2n). The schematic patterns refers
to the photograph above .34
PGM banding patterns of megagamettophytes (In) and their
corresponding embryos (2ri). The schematic pattern refers to
the photograph above.37
SKDH banding patterns of megagamettophytes (in) and
their corresponding embryos (2n). The schematic pattern
refers to the photograph above .40
NDH banding patterns of megagamettophytes (In) and their
corresponding embryos (2n). In zymograms of putative
heterozygotes the individual isozyme bands are not visible.
These zymograms are denoted by#.41
FDH banding patterns of megagamettophytes (In) and their
corresponding embryos (2«).43
Evolutionary factors and their influence on the phenotypic
structure of a population (Hattemer and Muller-Starck,
1990).57
Correlation between average gene pool distances (do)
according to GREGORIUS (1974) and genetic distances
according to NH (1972). Note: (*) symbol refers to the
genetic distances between populations Java and Aceh and (•)
symbol refers to the genetic distances between populations
Kerinci and Java as well as populations Kerinci and Aceh.63
Allelic differentiation (Dj) among populations as shown by
snail diagrams. The length of the radii denotes Dj and the
radius of the circle is equal to 8. Tree refers to seed trees,
Emb refers to embryos and Pol refers to effective pollen.66
Map showing the distribution of the trees studied in the
conservation stand of Aceh. (o) refers to the trees from which
seed samples were collected.77
Map showing the distribution of the trees in the seedling seed
orchard of Java. (•) refers to the trees from which seed
samples were collected.78
Figure 6-3. Correlation between average differentiation 8 and fixation
index Fsr among sitpocs within the seed orchard (•) and
within the conservation stand (?).83
Figure 6^. Regression analysis between outcrossing rates and
percentages of filled seed. The graph on the left refers to
average soutcrossing rates estimated by MLTR of Ritland
(1994), while the one on the right hand side refers to
minimum outcrossing according to the paternity exclusion
method.85
APPENDICES
Appendix 4-1. Enzyme staining recipes for polymorphic enzyme systems.140
Appendix 6-1. Number of seeds per cone and percentage of filled seed
collected from the conservation stand of Aceh.141
Appendix 6-2. Number of seeds per cone and percentage of filled seeds
collected from the national park of Kerinci.142
Appendix 6-3. Number of seeds per cone and percentage of filled seeds
collected from the seedling seed orchard of Java.143
Appendix 6-4. Allelic diversity (v) of single-cone pollen clouds and the
genetic distance (do) to their seed trees.146
Appendix 6-5. Differentiation among single-cone pollen clouds in a P.
merkusii seedling seed orchard.i46
Appendix 7-1. Breakdown of 30 family sizes (n) which were mixed as bulk
seed from P. merkusii seedling seed orchard.147 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Siregar, Iskandar Zulkarnaen 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)122295978 |
| author_facet | Siregar, Iskandar Zulkarnaen 1966- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Siregar, Iskandar Zulkarnaen 1966- |
| author_variant | i z s iz izs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV019541534 |
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| callnumber-label | DD253 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)50052027 (DE-599)BVBBV019541534 |
| edition | 1. Aufl. |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Deutschland Germany Politics and government 1933-1945 Indonesien (DE-588)4026761-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Deutschland Germany Politics and government 1933-1945 Indonesien |
| id | DE-604.BV019541534 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T18:34:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3897128888 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012909863 |
| oclc_num | 50052027 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-Eb1 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-Eb1 |
| physical | XII, 147 S. graph. Darst., Kt. : 21 cm |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | Cuvillier |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Siregar, Iskandar Zulkarnaen 1966- Genetic aspects of the reproductive system of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei Politik Propaganda, German Genetische Variabilität (DE-588)4264352-1 gnd Pinus merkusii (DE-588)4601286-2 gnd Markierungsgen (DE-588)4168918-5 gnd Isoenzym (DE-588)4125489-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4264352-1 (DE-588)4601286-2 (DE-588)4168918-5 (DE-588)4125489-2 (DE-588)4026761-1 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Genetic aspects of the reproductive system of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia |
| title_auth | Genetic aspects of the reproductive system of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia |
| title_exact_search | Genetic aspects of the reproductive system of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia |
| title_full | Genetic aspects of the reproductive system of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia by Iskandar Zulkarnaen Siregar |
| title_fullStr | Genetic aspects of the reproductive system of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia by Iskandar Zulkarnaen Siregar |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic aspects of the reproductive system of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia by Iskandar Zulkarnaen Siregar |
| title_short | Genetic aspects of the reproductive system of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia |
| title_sort | genetic aspects of the reproductive system of pinus merkusii jungh et de vriese in indonesia |
| topic | Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei Politik Propaganda, German Genetische Variabilität (DE-588)4264352-1 gnd Pinus merkusii (DE-588)4601286-2 gnd Markierungsgen (DE-588)4168918-5 gnd Isoenzym (DE-588)4125489-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei Politik Propaganda, German Genetische Variabilität Pinus merkusii Markierungsgen Isoenzym Deutschland Germany Politics and government 1933-1945 Indonesien Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012909863&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT siregariskandarzulkarnaen geneticaspectsofthereproductivesystemofpinusmerkusiijunghetdevrieseinindonesia |