Novel vaccination strategies
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Novel vaccination strategies |c ed. by Stefan H. E. Kaufmann |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XLII, 628 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Immuunreacties |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Vaccinatie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Wetenschappelijke technieken |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vaccines | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vaccines |x Synthesis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vaccines |x chemical synthesis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vaccines, Attenuated |x immunology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vaccines, Subunit |x immunology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vaccines, Synthetic |x immunology | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Forschung |0 (DE-588)4017894-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Impfstoff |0 (DE-588)4026655-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Forschung |0 (DE-588)4017894-8 |D s |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Kaufmann, Stefan H. E. |d 1948- |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)112059252 |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010429833&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010429833 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804130144872300547 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Colour Plates
XXXIII
Partì
1
Challenges for the Vaccine Developer, including Correlates of Protection
Gustav
J.
V. Nossal
1.1
Introduction
3
1.2
Mechanisms of Protection within the Immune System
4
1.3
Protection against Viruses
5
1.4
HIV/AIDS as an Example of a Persisting Virus
S
1.5
Protection against Extracellular Bacteria
9
1.6
Protection against Intracellular Bacteria
11
1.7
Protection against Parasites
12
1.8
Conclusions
14
References
15
Part II Vaccination and Immune Response
2
Shaping Adaptive Immunity against Pathogens: The Contribution of Innate
Immune Responses
19
Stefan Ehlers and Silvia Bulfone-Paus
2.1
Introduction
19
2.2
Activation of Innate Immunity: Sensing the Enemy
20
2.2.1
Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns
21
2.2.2
Host Cellular Sensors
24
2.2.2.1
Dendritic Cells
24
2.2.2.2
Mast Cells
25
2.2.3
Nonpeptide
MHC Ligands Triggering Invariant
Т
-cell
Receptors
26
2.3
Translating Innate Immune Activation into Regulatory Circuits: Molecular
Pathways Shaping Adaptive Immunity
27
2.3.1
TLR-initiated Signaling Cascades
27
VI
Contents
2.3.2
Molecules Involved in Recruiting Effector Cells
28
2.3.2.1
Defensins
28
2.3.2.2
Chemokines
30
2.3.3
Molecules Involved in
Tand
В
Cell Differentiation
31
2.3.3.1
Thl-inducing Cytokines
32
2.3.3.2
Tłu-inducing
Cytokines
35
2.4
Implications for Vaccine Development
36
References
38
3
Adjuvant-induced Th2- and Thl-dominated Immune Responses
in Vaccination
53
James M. Brewer and Kevin G. J. Pollock
3.1
Introduction
52
3.2
The Two-Signal Model of Adjuvant-induced Immune Activation
53
3.3
Thl and Th2 Induction by Vaccine Adjuvants
56
3.4
Antigen Dose Effects
57
3.5
The Three-signal Model of Adjuvant-induced Immune Activation
58
3.6
Th2 Induction by Adjuvants
61
3.7
Differential Activation of DCs
63
3.8
Inappropriate Thl/Th2 Responses to Vaccines
64
3.9
Human Th2 vaccines
65
3.10
Human Thl Vaccines
65
3.11
Conclusion
66
References
67
4
Memory
73
Alexander Ploss and Eric G. Pamer
4.1
Introduction
73
4.2
Characteristics of Memory Cells
74
4.3
CD8+
Τ
Cell Memory
75
4.3.1
Phenoryping Memory CD8+
Τ
Cells
75
4.3.2
Enhanced Responsiveness of Memory CD8+ Tcells
:
Potential Mechanisms
76
4.3.3
Generation of Memory CD8+
Τ
Cells
76
4.3.4
Maintaining CD8+
Τ
Cell Memory
78
4.3.5
Models of CD8+
Τ
cell Memory Generation
79
4.4
CD4+
Τ
Cell Memory
82
АЛЛ
Differentiation of Effector and Memory CD4+
Τ
Cells
82
4.4.2
Phenotype of Memory CD4+
Τ
Cells
83
4.4.3
Memory Generation and Maintenance
83
4.4.4
Trafficking of Memory CD4+
Τ
Cells
84
4.5
В
cell Memory
84
4.5.1
Generation of
В
Cell Memory
84
4.5.2
Maintenance of
В
Cell Memory
85
4.6
Conclusions
86
Contents
VM
Acknowledgements
86
References
86
5
T
Cell-based Vaccines
89
Katharina
M.
Huster,
Kristen
M.
Kerksiek, and Dirk H.
Busch
Summary
89
5.1
Introduction
89
5.2
Ex-vivo Detection of Antigen-specific
T
Cells
91
5.3
In-vivo Kinetics of Antigen-specific
T
Cell Responses
95
5.4
Effector Function and Subtypes of Effector
T
Cells
97
5.5
T
Cell Receptor Repertoire, Avidity Maturation, and Epitope
Competition
99
5.6
Functional Heterogeneity of
T
Cell Memory
101
5.7
Vaccination Strategies and Their Efficacy for
T
Cell-based
Vaccination
203
5.8
Concluding Remarks
106
References
107
Part III Adjuvants
6
Microbial Adjuvants
115
Klaus Heeg, Steean Zimmermann,
and Alexander Dalpke
6.1
Introduction
115
6.2
Microbial Danger Signals
117
6.2.1
Toxins (CTand IT)
117
6.2.2
Toll-like Receptor-dependent Microbial Adjuvants
118
6.2.2.1
Lipopolysaccharide and
Lipid
A Derivatives
118
6.2.2.2
Peptidoglycan and Lipoteichoic Acid
119
6.2.2.3
Other Microbial Components (Lipopeptides, Flagellin)
119
6.2.2
A Bacterial
DNA 119
6.2.3
Toll-like Receptor-dependent Synthetic Compounds
121
6.2.3.1
Synthetic CpG
DNA 121
6.2.3.2
Other Synthetic TLR ligands
123
6.2.3.3
Low Molecular Weight TLR Agonists
124
6.3
Conclusion
125
References
126
7
Host-derived Adjuvants
129
Norbert Hilf, Markus
Radsak, and
Hansjörg Schild
7.1
Introduction
129
7.2
Heat Shock Proteins in Immunology
130
7.2.1
General Remarks
130
7.2.2
Heat Shock Proteins Are Immunogenic
131
7.2.3
Heat Shock Proteins Bind Peptides
131
VIII Contents
7.2.4
Receptor-mediated
Uptake of HSPs
133
7.2.5
Cross-presentation Pathways for HSP-Peptide Complexes
135
7.2.6
Danger Signals -The Importance of the Second Signal
137
7.2.7
Heat Shock Proteins as Danger Signals
137
7.2.8
Heat Shock Proteins as Endogenous Adjuvants
139
7.2.9
Clinical Use of Heat Shock Proteins
140
7.3
Cytokines as Adjuvants
141
7.4
Concluding Remarks
142
References
142
8
Micropartides as vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems
147
Derek T. O Hagan and Manmohan Singh
8.1
Introduction
147
8.2
The Role of Adjuvants in Vaccine Development
148
8.3
Immunostimulatory Adjuvants
150
8.3.1
MPL
150
8.3.2
CpG
150
8.3.3
QS21
150
8.3.4
Cytokines
151
8.4
Particulate Vaccine Delivery Systems
151
8.4.1
Lipid-based Particles as Adjuvants
152
8.4.2
The Adjuvant Effect of Synthetic Particles
153
8.4.3
Uptake of Micropartides into APC
153
8.4.4
Micropartides as Adjuvants for Antibody Induction
153
8.4.5
The Induction of Cell-mediated Immunity with Micropartides
155
8.4.6
Micropartides as Delivery Systems for
DNA
Vaccines
155
8.4.7
Micropartides as Delivery Systems for Adjuvants
157
8.4.8
Micropartides as Single-dose Vaccines
157
8.4.9
Alternative Particulate Delivery Systems
159
8.5
Alternative Routes of Immunization
159
8.5.1
Mucosal Immunization with Micropartides
160
8.5.2
Micropartides as Delivery Systems for Mucosal Adjuvants
160
8.6
Adjuvant for Therapeutic Vaccines
162
8.7
Future Developments in Vaccine Adjuvants
162
Acknowledgments
163
References
163
9
Liposomes
and ISCOMs
173
Gideon
Kersten,
Debbie Drane, Martin Pearse,Wim Jiskoot, and
Alan Coulter
9.1
Introduction
173
9.2
liposomes
and Related Structures
176
9.2.1
Composition, Characteristics, and Preparation Methods
of
Liposomes
176
9.2.1.1
Composition and Characteristics of
liposomes
176
Contents
IX
Liposomes
176
Transfersomes
276
Niosomes
177
Virosomes
177
Proteosomes
and Outer Membrane Vesicles
178
Archaeosomes
179
Cochleates
179
9.2.1.2
Preparation Methods of
Liposomes
179
9.2.2
Mechanisms of
Action
of
Liposomes
180
9.2.2.1
Protection, Stabilization, and Mimicry
181
9.2.2.2
Targeting
182
9.2.2.3
Enhanced or Controlled Processing
182
9.2.3
Liposome
Performance and Products
183
9.3
ISCOMs
184
9.3.1
Composition, Characteristics, and Preparation Methods of ISCOMs
184
9.3.1.1
Composition
184
9.3.1.2
Characteristics of ISCOMs
185
9.3.1.3
Preparation of ISCOMs
186
9.3.2
Immunology and Mode of Action of ISCOM Vaccines
187
9.3.2.1
Immune Responses to ISCOM Vaccines
187
Parenteral Immunization of Mice
287
Parenteral Immunization of Nonhuman Primates
288
Mucosal Immunization
189
Effective Immunization with ISCOM Vaccines in the Presence
of Preexisting Antibody
189
9.3.2.2
Mode of Action of ISCOM Vaccines
189
9.3.3
Performance and Products
191
9.3.3.1
Protection Afforded by ISCOM Vaccines in Animal Models
191
9.3.3.2
Human Clinical Trials with ISCOMs
191
9.4
Perspectives
193
References
194
10
Virosomal Technology and Mucosal Adjuvants
297
Jean-François Viret,
Christian
Moser, Faiza
Rharbaoui,
Ian C. Metcalfe, and Carlos A. Guzman
10.1
Overview
197
10.2
Mucosal Adjuvants
200
10.2.1
Introduction
200
10.2.2
Families of Mucosal Adjuvants
200
10.2.3
Administration Strategies
204
10.2.3.1
Direct Admixing of Antigen and Adjuvants
204
10.2.3.2
Covalent Linkage of the Adjuvant and Antigen or Adjuvant Incorporation
into other Mucosal Delivery Systems
205
10.2.3.3
Adjuvant in Prime-Boost Vaccination Strategies
205
10.2.4
Interaction of Mucosal Adjuvants with the Innate Immune System
206
X
Contents
10.2.5
Conclusion
207
10.3 Virosomal
Technology
208
10.3.1
Introduction
208
10.3.2
Adjuvant
Properties of Virosomes
209
10.3.2.1
Virosome Structure and Immunopotentiation
209
10.3.2.2
Depot Effect
210
10.3.2.3
The Pivotal Role of Fusion-active Virosomal Hemagglutinin
210
10.3.2.4
Effect of Pre-existing Immunity to Influenza Virus
211
10.3.3
Validation of the Virosomal Vaccine Concept
212
10.3.4
Conclusion
213
References
214
Part IV Classical and Novel Vaccination Strategies: A Comparison
Ί Ί
Classical Bacterial Vaccines
221
Thomas Ebensen, Claudia Link, and Carlos A. Guzman
11.1
Bacterial Vaccines: Introductory Remarks
221
11.2
Inactivated Vaccines
223
11.2.1
Methods of Inactivation
223
11.2.2
Advantages and Limitations of Inactivated Vaccines
223
11.3
Live Vaccines
224
11.3.1
Attenuation
225
11.3.2
Advantages and Limitations of Live Bacterial Vaccines
225
11.4
Vaccines for Human Bacterial Diseases
226
11.4.1
Anthrax
(
Bacillus anthracis)
226
11.4.2
Cholera
f
Vibrio chohrae)
227
11.4.3
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia
coli
228
11.4.4
Plague (Yersinia
pestis)
229
11.4.5
Shigellosis (Shigelh species
) 229
11.4.6
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
230
11.4.7
Typhoid Fever (Salmonella
enterica serovar
Typhi)
231
11.4.8
Tularemia
(Francisella tularensis) 232
11.4.9
Whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis)
232
11.5
Veterinary Bacterial Vaccines
233
11.5.1
Infections Caused by Bordetella and
Pasteurella
Species
234
11.5.2
Brucellosis (Brucella spp.)
235
11.5.3
Porcine
Pleuropneumonia (Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae)
237
11.5.4
Diseases Caused by Mycoplasma spp.
237
11.5.5
Salmonellosis
in Animals
238
11.5.6
Leptospirosis (teptospira spp.)
239
11.5.7
Other Commercially Relevant Animal Diseases
239
11.6
Conclusions
240
Acknowledgements
240
References
240
Contents
XI
12
Subunit Vaccines
and Toxoids
243
Maria Lattanzi, Giuseppe Del Giudice,
and
Riño Rappuoli
12.1
Introduction
243
12.2
Toxoids
243
12.3
Subunit Vaccines
:
Conventional Vaccinology Approach
244
12.3.1
Polysaccharide Vaccines
244
12.3.2
Recombinant
DNA
Technology for
Subunit
Vaccines
245
12.3.2.1
HBV Vaccine
246
12.3.2.2
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine
246
12.3.2.3
Lyme Disease Vaccine
247
12
A The Future of Subunit Vaccine Development: The Genomic
Approach
248
12.4.1
When Theory Becomes Reality: The MenB Example
248
12.4.2
Further Applications of the Genomic Approach to Vaccine
Development
253
12.4.2.1
Streptococcus pneumoniae
253
12.4.2.2
Staphylococcus aureus
254
12.4.2.3
Porphyromonas gingivalis
254
12.4.2.4
Streptococcus agalactiae
254
12.4.2.5
Chlamydia pneumoniae
255
12.4.3
The Genomic Approach to Parasite Vaccines
255
12.4.4
The Genomic Approach to Viral Vaccines
256
References
258
13
Engineering Virus Vectors for Subunit Vaccines
265
Joseph Patrick Nkoloia and
Tomas
Hanke
13.1
Introduction
265
13.2
Adenoviruses
266
13.2.1
Replication Incompetent Adenoviruses
266
13.2.2
Replication-selective Adenoviruses
267
13.3
Adeno-associated Viruses
269
13.4
Poxviruses
269
13.4.1
Mammalian Poxviruses
271
13.4.2
Avipoxvirus Vectors
272
13.5
Herpes Simplex Viruses
272
13.5.1
Recombinant
HSV
Vectors
273
13.5.2
Amplicon Vectors
273
13.5.3
Disabled Infectious Single-cycle
HSV 275
13.6
Retrovimses
275
13.7
Alphaviruses
276
13.7.1
Full-length Infectious Clones
277
13.7.2
RNA Replicons
277
13.7.3 DNA Plasmid
Replicons
277
13.7
A Partide-based Replicons
279
13.8
Poliovirases
279
XII
I Contents
13.9
Rhabdovirus Vectors
281
13.10
Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination Strategies
282
13.11
Cell Lines Acceptable for Growing Human
Recombinant
Subunit
Vaccines
282
13.11.1
History and General Characteristics of the Cell Line
283
13.11.2
The Cell Bank System
283
13.11.3
Quality Control Testing
283
13.12
Conclusion
284
References
284
14
Update on antiviral
DNA
vaccine research
(2000-2003) 289
Daniel
Franke, Jovan
Pavlovic,
Tillmann
S.
Utesch, Max von
Klust,
Jan Schultz, Guenter Dollenmaier, and Karin Moeixing
Summary
289
14.1
Effect of Antiviral
DNA
Vaccines in Mice
289
14.2
Effect of Antiviral
DNA
Vaccines in Larger Species
301
14.3
Genetic Adjuvants
302
14.4
CTL-Epitope Immunization
3 03
14.5
Targeting
DNA
Vaccines to Cellular Compartments or the Cell
Surface
304
14.6 DNA
for Chimeric Antigens
304
14.7
DNA-prime-Protein/Viral-boost Immunization
305
14.8
Age-dependent Effectiveness of
DNA
Vaccines
306
References
307
15
Live
Recombinant
Bacterial Vaccines
319
Simon Clare and Gordon Dougan
Summary
319
15.1
Introduction
319
15.2
Early Efforts to Generate
Recombinant
Live Bacterial Vaccines
322
15.3
Clinical Studies Involving the Development of Live
Recombinant
Vaccines
325
15.3.1
Live
Recombinant
Salmonella Vaccines
325
15.3.2
Live Cholera Vaccines
328
15.3.3
Live Shigetta Vaccines
329
15.4
Expression of Heterologous Antigens in Live Bacterial Vectors
330
15.5
The Future
333
Acknowledgements
334
References
334
16
Mucosal Vaccination
343
Wiesława
Olszewska and Peter J. M. Openshaw
Summary
343
16.1
Introduction
343
16.2
Goals of Mucosal Vaccination
344
Contents XIII
16.3
Benefits of
Mucosal
Vaccination
345
16.3.1
Main Features of the Common Mucosal Immune System
345
16.3.2
Distinctive Characteristics of Mucosal Immunity
346
16.3.3
Multivalent Mucosal Vaccines
347
16.3.4
Edible Vaccines
347
16.3.5
Overcoming Preexisting Immunity or Tolerance
348
16.4
Challenges for Mucosal Immunization
349
16.4.1
Mucosal Delivery Systems
349
16.4.1.1
Live Bacterial Vectors
349
Commensal Flora as Expression Vectors
349
Pathogens as Expression Vectors
349
16.4.1.2
Virosomes
350
16.4.1.3
Mucosal
DNA
Vaccines
350
16.4.2
Mucosal Adjuvants
351
16.4.2.1
Biodegradable Polymeric Particles
351
16.4.2.2
Bacterial Toxins
351
16.4.2.3
CpG Oligodinucleotides
352
16.4.2.4
Cytokines and Chemokines
353
16.4.2.5
Saponins
353
16.4.2.6
Immune Stimulating Complexes (ISCOMS)
353
16.4.2.7
MF59
355
16.5
Vaccination via the Respiratory Tract
355
16.5.1
Applications of Nasal Vaccination
355
16.6
Oral Vaccines
357
16.7
Conclusions
357
Acknowledgements
357
Reference List
359
17
Passive Vaccination and Antidotes: A Novel Strategy for Generation of
Wide-spectrum Protective Antibodies
365
Antonio Cassone
and Luciano Polonelli
17.1
Introduction and Definitions
365
17.2
Emergence of New Agents of Disease
367
17.3
Passive Vaccination and Antidotes: Advantages
and Disadvantages
368
17.4
Passive Vaccination: Implementation and Obstacles
370
17.5
A Novel Strategy for Passive Vaccination: Concept and Relevance of Killer
Antibodies
371
17.6
Fungi and Fungal Infections
372
17.7
A Novel Approach to Passive Vaccination through the Merging of Killer
Phenomenon and Idiotypic Network
373
17.7.1
The Killer Phenomenon
373
17.7.2
Antibodies and the Idiotypic Network
374
17.7.3
Yeast Killer Toxin Anti-idiotypes
375
17.8
Microbicidal IdAb: Consequences and Extensions
377
XIV Contents
17.9
Passive Vaccination with Single-chain Variable-fragment Antibodies
Carried or Secreted by a Mucosal Live Bacterial Vector
378
17.10
Antibody
Peptide
Fragments as Wide-spectrum Anti-infectives
380
17.11
Conclusions and Perspectives
382
Acknowledgements
383
References
383
18
Plant-based Oral Vaccines
387
Kan Wang, Rachel Chikwamba, and Joan Cunnick
18.1
Introduction
387
18.2
Mucosal Immunization
387
18.2.1
Vaccination Strategies for Infectious Diseases
388
18.2.2
Mucosal Immunization vs. Parenteral Immunization
389
18.2.3
Mucosal Immunization and Adjuvants
390
18.3
Plant-derived Edible Vaccines
391
18.3.1
Advantages of the Plant-based System
391
18.3.2
Transient and Stable Systems for Production of Plant-derived
Proteins
392
18.3.3
Choice of Plants and Plant Tissues
393
18.4
Plant-expression Systems for Antigen Production
394
18.4.1
Transcriptional Level
396
18.4.1.1
Choice of Promoters
396
18.4.1.2
Transcriptional Gene Silencing
396
18.4.2
Post-transcriptional Level
397
18.4.2.1
Introns
397
18.4.2.2
mRNA Stability and
3
Terminator
397
18.4.2.3
An Optimal Start Context and 5 -end Enhancer for Translation
398
18.4.2.4
Codon Usage
398
18.4.3
Post-translational Level and Beyond
399
18.4.3.1
Targeting and Retention Signals
399
18.4.3.2
Stability of Gene Expression and Transmission of the
Transgene
400
18.5
Maize as Production and Delivery System
400
18.5.1
Antigen Production in Endosperm Tissue of Maize Seed
402
18.5.2
Antigen Production in Embryo (Germ) Tissue of Maize Seed
403
18.5.3
Pharmaceutical Crop Production and Containment
405
18.6
Concluding Remarks
406
References
407
19
Virus-like Particles: Combining Innate and Adaptive Immunity for Effective
Vaccination
415
Martin F. Bachmann
and Gary T. Jennings
Summary
415
19.1
Immunology of Vaccines
415
19.2
Immunology of VLPs
416
19.2.1
В
Cell Responses
416
Contents
XV
19.2.2
Τ
Cell Responses
417
19.3
VLPs as Viral Vaccines
419
19.4
VLPs as Carriers of
В
and/or
Τ
Cell Epitopes
420
19.4.1
Fused Epitopes
420
19.4.2
Coupled Epitopes
422
19.4.3
Targeting Self Molecules by using VLPs
424
19.5
Clinical Development
425
19.5.1
Hepatitis
В
Virus VLP Vaccine
425
19.5.2
Human Papilloma VLP Vaccines
426
19.5.3
Norwalk Virus VLP Vaccines
428
19.5.4
VLPs Presenting Foreign Epitopes
429
References
430
PartV Vaccines for Specific Targets
20
Helicobacter pylori
435
Paolo Ruggiero, Rino Rappuoli, and
Giuseppe Del Giudice
20.1
Introduction
435
20.2
Epidemiology of H. pylori Infection
436
20.3
H. pylori-related Diseases
436
20.4
H. pylori Antigens
Relevantin
Virulence and Pathogenesis
437
20.5
Eradication of H. pylori: the Pros and Cons
439
20.6
Current Therapies against H. pylori: Efficacy and Limits
439
20.7
Why Develop a Vaccine against H. pylori
440
20.8
Animal Models of H. pylori Infection
441
20.8.1
Mice and Other Rodents
441
20.8.2
Ferrets
442
20.8.3
Gnotobiotic Piglets
442
20.8.4
Monkeys
443
20.8.5
Dogs
443
20.9
The feasibility of Vaccination in Animal Models
443
20.10
The Mechanisms of Protective Immunity against H. pylori
444
20.11
Vaccination against H. pylori in Humans
446
20.11.1
Vaccination with Purified
Recombinant
Urease
446
20.11.2
Salmonella-vectored
Urease
447
20.11.3
InactivatedWhole-cell Vaccines
448
20.11.4
Parenteral Multi-component Vaccines
449
20.12
Conclusions
450
References
451
21
Novel Vaccination Strategies against Tuberculosis
463
Stefan
H. E.
Kaufmann
21.1
Introduction
463
21.2
Mechanisms underlying Infection and Immunity
464
XVI Contents
21.3 Rational
Vaccine
Design: Basic
Considerations
469
21.4
Protective Antigens and
Knockout Targets 469
21.5
The Major Strategies:
Subunit,
Attenuated, and Combination
Vaccines
471
21.5.1
Subunit
Vaccines
471
21.5.2
Attenuated Vaccines
472
21.5.3
Combination Vaccines
474
21.6
Concluding Remarks
474
Acknowledgements
474
References
475
22
Rationale for Malaria Vaccine Development
479
Allan Saul,Victor Nussenzweig, and Ruth S. Nussenzweig
22.1
Introduction
479
22.2
Preerythrocytic Vaccines
481
22.2.1
Rationale for Vaccines that Elicit Antibody-mediated Protection
481
22.2.2
Rationale for Vaccines that Elicit Cell-mediated Immunity
482
22.2.3
Human Vaccine Trials
485
22.3
Asexual Stage Vaccines
488
22.3.1
Red Cell Surface Antigens
490
22.3.2
Antigens Eliciting Antibody-dependent Cellular Inhibition
491
22.3.3
Antitoxin Vaccines
492
22.3.4
Antibody-independent Mechanisms
493
22.4
Mosquito-stage Vaccines
494
22.4.1
Targets of Transmission-blocking Vaccines
495
22.4.1.1
The 6-Cys Malaria Gamete Surface Antigens
495
22.4.1.2
The P25 and P28 EGF Domain
Zygote,
Ookinete, and Oocyst
Antigens
496
22.4.1.3
Chitinase
497
22.5
Conclusion
497
References
498
23
Vaccine for Specific Targets:
HIV 505
R. Kay, Edmund G.-T. Wee, and Andrew J. McMichael
23.1
Introduction
505
23.2
Antibody Vaccines
506
23.3
The
Τ
Cell Response
509
23.3.1
CTL-inducing Vaccines
510
23.3.2
Studies in Humans
511
23.3.3
CD4+
Τ
Cell Help
512
23.3.4
The Dynamics of the CD8+
Τ
Cell Response
513
23.4
Innate Immunity
513
23.5
Mucosal Immunity
515
23.6
Vaccine Design
516
23.6.1
Attenuated and Killed Vaccines
516
Contents
XVII
23.6.2
Subunit
Vaccines
527
23.6.2.1 DNA 517
23.6.2.2
Viral and Bacterial Vectors
517
23.6.2.3
Delivery: Prime-Boost Regimen
517
23.6.2.4
Whole Protein-based or Epitope-based Vaccines
518
23.6.2.5
Clades
518
23.6.3
Measurement of CTL Responses
520
23.6.4
Phase
1
and
2
Trials
521
23.6.5
Phase
3
Trials
521
23.7
Conclusion
522
Acknowledgements
522
References
522
24
Vaccines against
Bioterror
Agents
529
Karen L. Elkins, Drusilla
L
Burns, Michael P.
Schmitt,
and
Jerry P. Weir
24.1
Introduction and Overview
529
24.2
Vaccination against Smallpox
531
24.3
Vaccination against Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
532
24
A Vaccination against Anthrax
533
24.5
Vaccination against Plague
536
24.6
Vaccination against
Tularemia
538
24.7
Vaccination against Botulinum Toxin
540
24.8
Vaccination against Category
В
and
С
Pathogens
542
24.9
Vaccine Development and Regulation for Low-incidence Pathogens,
including
Bioterror
Pathogens and Emerging Diseases
542
24.10
Perspectives
543
Acknowledgements
544
References
544
Part VI Vaccines in the Real World
:
Safety, Cost Efficiency and Impact of Vaccination
25
Imperfect Vaccines and the Evolution of Pathogen Virulence
549
Paul W.
Ewald
25.1
Introduction
549
25.2
Virulence-antigen Vaccines against Bacteria
551
25.2.1
Corynebacteriwn diphtheriae
551
25.2.2
Bordetella pertussis
553
25.2.3
Hemophilus
influenzáé
555
25.3
Virulence-antigen Vaccines against Viruses
556
25.4
Circumventing Social Barriers to Vaccination
558
25.5
A Call for Field Experiments
559
References
560
XVIII
Contents
26
Cost-Effectiveness
of
Vaccinations
567
Thomas
D.
Szucs
26.1
Introduction
567
26.2
Differences between
Vaccines
and Medicines
570
26.3
Analytic Methods
570
26.3.1
Elements of an Economic Evaluation
570
26.3.2
The Input
570
26.3.3
Direct Medical Costs
571
26.3.4
Direct
Nonmedicai
Costs
571
26.3.5
Indirect Costs
572
26.3.6
The Output: Consequences and Outcomes
573
26.3.7
Economic Evaluation Methodology
573
26.4
Cost-of-Illness Studies
574
26.4.1
Cost-minimization Analyses
574
26.4.2
Cost-Benefit Analyses
575
26.4.3
Cost-effectiveness Analyses
575
26.4.4
Cost-Utility Analyses
576
26.4.5
The Importance of the Perspective
576
26.4.6
The Use of Models
577
26.4.7
Why Discounting?
578
26.4.8
Dealing with Uncertainty
578
26.4.9
Target Populations
578
26.4.10
The Timing of Economic Studies
579
26.4.11
Collecting Economic Data during a Clinical Trial
580
26.4.12
Post-marketing Studies and Pharmacoeconomics
580
26.5
Areas of Controversy
581
26.5.1
Measuring Indirect Costs
581
26.5.2
Externalities
582
26.5.3 Methodologie
Quality
582
26.6
Challenges of the Future
583
26.6.1
Limitations and Ethical Issues
584
26.6.2
Strategic Outlook for the Vaccine Industry
584
26.7
Case Study for Illustration and Education: Economic Evaluation of
Vaccination of Children Against Hepatitis A and Hepatitis
В
in Germany
585
26.7.1
Objective
585
26.7.2
Methodology
585
26.7.2.1
Determination of Costs
585
26.7.2.2
Determination of Effectiveness
586
26.7.2.3
Determination of Cost-effectiveness
586
26.7.3
Results
586
26.7.3.1
Costs
586
26.7.3.2
Effectiveness
586
26.7.3.3
Cost-effectiveness
587
26.7.3.4
Which Strategy Saves the Most Money?
589
Contents
XIX
26.7.3.5
Which Strategy is the Most Effective in Terms of Disease Prevention?
589
26.7.4
Discussion
590
26.7.4.1
Limitations of the Study
591
References
592
27
Immunological Safety of Vaccines: Facts, Hypotheses and Allegations
595
Michel Goldman and Paul-Henri Lambert
27.1
Introduction
595
27.2
Recognized Adverse Effects of Vaccines: a Brief Overview
596
27.3
Autoimmunity Triggered by Infection or Immunization: an Increasing
Concern
598
27.3.1
Mechanisms of Autoimmunity Induction
598
27.3.1.1
Molecular Mimicry
598
27.3.1.2
Enhanced Presentation of Self-antigens
599
27.3.1.3
Bystander Activation
599
27.3.1.4
Polyclonal
В
Cell Activation
599
27.3.1.5
Antibodies
599
27.3.1.6
Regulatory
Τ
Cells
600
27.3.2
Autoimmune Pathology in the Course of Infectious Diseases
600
27.3.3
The Risk of Vaccine-associated Autoimmunity
601
27.3.3.1
Vaccine-attributable Autoimmune Diseases
601
Guillain-Barré
Syndrome and Influenza Vaccine
601
Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Thrombocytopenia
602
27.3.3.2
Vaccine-related Allegations of Autoimmune Adverse Effects
602
Hepatitis
В
and Multiple Sclerosis
602
Vaccination and Diabetes
603
27.3.3.3
New-generation Vaccines and Autoimmunity: Approaches to Early Risk
Assessment
604
27.4
Other Unsubstantiated Allegations
605
27
A.I Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism
606
27.4.2
Thiomersal and Neurological Disorders
606
27.4.3
Aluminum and Macrophagic Myofasciitis
606
27.4.4
Multiple Vaccinations and Allergies
607
27.5
Concluding Remarks
607
References
607
Index
613
|
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| id | DE-604.BV017303775 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:16:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3527305238 9783527305230 |
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| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010429833 |
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| spelling | Novel vaccination strategies ed. by Stefan H. E. Kaufmann Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2004 XLII, 628 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Immuunreacties gtt Vaccinatie gtt Wetenschappelijke technieken gtt Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten Vaccines Vaccines Synthesis Vaccines chemical synthesis Vaccines, Attenuated immunology Vaccines, Subunit immunology Vaccines, Synthetic immunology Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd rswk-swf Impfstoff (DE-588)4026655-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Impfstoff (DE-588)4026655-2 s Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 s DE-604 Kaufmann, Stefan H. E. 1948- Sonstige (DE-588)112059252 oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010429833&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Novel vaccination strategies Immuunreacties gtt Vaccinatie gtt Wetenschappelijke technieken gtt Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten Vaccines Vaccines Synthesis Vaccines chemical synthesis Vaccines, Attenuated immunology Vaccines, Subunit immunology Vaccines, Synthetic immunology Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd Impfstoff (DE-588)4026655-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4017894-8 (DE-588)4026655-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Novel vaccination strategies |
| title_auth | Novel vaccination strategies |
| title_exact_search | Novel vaccination strategies |
| title_full | Novel vaccination strategies ed. by Stefan H. E. Kaufmann |
| title_fullStr | Novel vaccination strategies ed. by Stefan H. E. Kaufmann |
| title_full_unstemmed | Novel vaccination strategies ed. by Stefan H. E. Kaufmann |
| title_short | Novel vaccination strategies |
| title_sort | novel vaccination strategies |
| topic | Immuunreacties gtt Vaccinatie gtt Wetenschappelijke technieken gtt Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten Vaccines Vaccines Synthesis Vaccines chemical synthesis Vaccines, Attenuated immunology Vaccines, Subunit immunology Vaccines, Synthetic immunology Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd Impfstoff (DE-588)4026655-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Immuunreacties Vaccinatie Wetenschappelijke technieken Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten Vaccines Vaccines Synthesis Vaccines chemical synthesis Vaccines, Attenuated immunology Vaccines, Subunit immunology Vaccines, Synthetic immunology Forschung Impfstoff Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010429833&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kaufmannstefanhe novelvaccinationstrategies |