Mycorrhizal ecology with 16 tables

Plants, fungi, carbon, nutrients, arbuscular, global change, biodiversity, interaction, soil, host.

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Pa Springer 2003
Ausgabe:	1. ed., 2. printing
Schriftenreihe:	Ecological studies 157
Schlagworte:	Mykorrhiza - Ökologie - Aufsatzsammlung Terrestrisches Ökosystem - Mykorrhizapilze - Aufsatzsammlung Mykorrhizapilze Mykorrhiza Terrestrisches Ökosystem Ökologie Aufsatzsammlung
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245	1	0	\|a Mycorrhizal ecology \|b with 16 tables \|c M. G. A. van der Heijden ; I. R. Sanders (ed.)
250			\|a 1. ed., 2. printing
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500			\|a Literaturangaben
520	3		\|a Plants, fungi, carbon, nutrients, arbuscular, global change, biodiversity, interaction, soil, host.
650		4	\|a Mykorrhiza - Ökologie - Aufsatzsammlung
650		4	\|a Terrestrisches Ökosystem - Mykorrhizapilze - Aufsatzsammlung
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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1819699520980647936
adam_text	CONTENTS SECTION A: INTRODUCTION 1 TOWARDS ECOLOGICAL RELEVANCE * PROGRESS AND PITFALLS IN THE PATH TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNCTIONS IN NATURE . . . 3 D.J. READ 1.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 THE PLATFORM PROVIDED BY REDUCTIONIST APPROACHES . . . . . 4 1.4 APPROACHES TO EXAMINATION OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNCTION AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.4.1 THE MICROCOSM APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4.2 THE FIELD APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.5 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 SECTION B: ECOPHYSIOLOGY, ECOSYSTEMS EFFECTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE 2 CARBON AND NUTRIENT FLUXES WITHIN AND BETWEEN MYCORRHIZAL PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 S.W. SIMARD , D. DURALL , M. JONES 2.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3 ECTO-MYCORRHIZA AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.3.1 QUANTITATIVE EFFECTS OF ECTO-MYCORRHIZA ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.3.2 MECHANISMS OF INCREASED NUTRIENT UPTAKE . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.3.3 TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS WITHIN THE ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL MYCELIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.4 CARBON FLUX IN ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.4.1 MECHANISM OF CARBON EXCHANGE BETWEEN SYMBIONTS . . . . 44 2.4.2 QUANTIFICATION OF BELOWGROUND C PARTITIONING . . . . . . . . 45 2.4.3 BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS ON BELOWGROUND CARBON PARTITIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.5 CARBON AND NUTRIENT TRANSFERS BETWEEN PLANTS . . . . . . . 47 2.5.1 HYPHAL LINKS BETWEEN PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.5.2 CARBON AND NUTRIENT TRANSFER BETWEEN PLANTS . . . . . . . . 50 2.5.3 FACTORS REGULATING CARBON AND NUTRIENT TRANSFER . . . . . . 55 2.6 CONCLUSIONS ON THE ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERPLANT TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3 FUNCTION AND DIVERSITY OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE IN CARBON AND MINERAL NUTRITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 I. JAKOBSEN , S.E. SMITH , F.A. SMITH 3.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2 CARBON NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF THE FUNGUS . . . . . . . . . 76 3.3 MINERAL NUTRITION OF THE FUNGUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.4 NUTRITION OF THE PLANT: THE AUTOTROPHIC SYMBIONT . . . . . . 82 3.5 MYCORRHIZAL RESPONSIVENESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3.6 FROM INDIVIDUAL SYMBIOSES TO PLANT COMMUNITIES . . . . . 87 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4 FORAGING AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION STRATEGIES OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN A PATCHY ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . 93 P.A. OLSSON , I. JAKOBSEN , H. WALLANDER 4.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4.3 THE MYCORRHIZAL MYCELIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4.3.1 STRUCTURES AND GROWTH RATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4.3.2 DENSITY OF THE MYCELIUM FRONT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.3.3 ENERGY STORAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.4 FORAGING OF THE ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL MYCELIUM . . . . . . . . . 100 4.4.1 RESPONSE TO INORGANIC NUTRIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.4.2 RESPONSE TO ORGANIC NUTRIENT SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.4.3 RESPONSE TO PLANT ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.5 FORAGING OF THE ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL MYCELIUM . . . . . 102 4.5.1 RESPONSE TO INORGANIC NUTRIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 CONTENTS X 4.5.2 RESPONSE TO ORGANIC MATERIAL AND COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . 103 4.5.3 RESPONSE TO PLANT ROOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.6 DIFFERENCES IN FORAGING STRATEGIES BETWEEN ARBUSCULAR MYCORHIZAL AND ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI . . . . 104 4.7 MODELS AND THEORIES ON THE FORAGING OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI 105 4.8 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5 THE ROLE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN NUTRIENT CYCLING AND PLANT COMPETITION . . . . . . . . . . 117 R. AERTS 5.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 5.3 SOIL NUTRIENT SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.4 DIFFERENT MYCORRHIZAL TYPES CAN TAP DIFFERENT SOIL NUTRIENT SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5.5 VASCULAR PLANT 15N NATURAL ABUNDANCE AS AN INDICATOR FOR THE TYPE OF MYCORRHIZA-MEDIATED PLANT NUTRITION? . . . 124 5.6 A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR MYCORRHIZAL IMPACTS ON PLANT COMPETITION AND COEXISTENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.7 EFFECTS OF INCREASED NITROGEN DEPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5.8 PLANT-SOIL FEEDBACKS: MINERALIZATION OR ORGANICISATION? . . 129 5.9 FUTURE CHALLENGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6 GLOBAL CHANGE AND MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 M. RILLIG , K.K. TRESEDER , M.F. ALLEN 6.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 6.2.1 WHAT IS GLOBAL CHANGE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 6.2.2 RATIONALE FOR CONSIDERING MYCORRHIZAE IN GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 6.3 GLOBAL CHANGE: MULTIPLE FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.3.1 ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.3.2 NITROGEN DEPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 6.3.3 ALTERED PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6.3.4 OZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6.3.5 UV RADIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.4 GLOBAL CHANGE FACTOR INTERACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 CONTENTS XI 6.5 LONG-TERM VERSUS SHORT-TERM RESPONSES . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.6 GLOBAL CHANGE AND EFFECTS ON SYMBIONTS . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.7 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 SECTION C: BIODIVERSITY, PLANT AND FUNGAL COMMUNITIES 7 DIVERSITY OF ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES IN RELATION TO THE ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 S. ERLAND , A.F.S. TAYLOR 7.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 7.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7.3 NATURAL ABIOTIC FACTORS INFLUENCING ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 7.3.1 EDAPHIC FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 7.3.2 SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY . . . . . . . . 173 7.3.3 MOISTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 7.3.4 PH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 7.3.5 TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 7.3.6 WILDFIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 7.4 EFFECTS OF POLLUTION AND FOREST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES . . . . . . . . . . 179 7.4.1 ELEVATED CO 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 7.4.2 OZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 7.4.3 HEAVY METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 7.4.4 N-DEPOSITION AND FERTILISATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 7.4.5 ACIDIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 7.4.6 LIMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 7.4.7 WOOD ASH APPLICATION AND VITALITY FERTILISATION . . . . . . . 186 7.5 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 7.6 FUTURE PROGRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 CONTENTS XII 8 GENETIC STUDIES OF THE STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES . . . . . . 201 J.P. CLAPP , T. HELGASON , T.J. DANIELL , J.P.W. YOUNG 8.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.2.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.2.2 MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI . 203 8.3 STRATEGIES FOR IDENTIFYING ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI USING MOLECULAR MARKERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.3.1 METHODS AVAILABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.3.2 PRIMERS DEVELOPED FOR ANALYSIS OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL RIBOSOMAL GENES: A SHORT HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . 206 8.4 INVESTIGATIONS OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 8.4.1 PRIMERS THAT TARGET SINGLE FAMILIES OR SPECIES . . . . . . . . 208 8.4.2 PRIMERS INTENDED TO TARGET ALL GLOMALEAN FUNGI . . . . . . . 209 8.4.3 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 8.5 COMPARISON OF MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL DATA . . . . . 212 8.5.1 PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 8.5.2 FIELD DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 8.6 THE GENETIC ORGANISATION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI 215 8.6.1 HETEROGENEOUS SEQUENCES IN SPORES AND CULTURES . . . . . . 215 8.6.2 CONTAMINANT SEQUENCES IN SPORES AND CULTURES . . . . . . 217 8.6.3 HOW IS THE SEQUENCE HETEROGENEITY ORGANISED? . . . . . . . 218 8.6.4 HOW IS SEQUENCE HETEROGENEITY MAINTAINED? . . . . . . . . . 219 8.6.5 HOW DOES THIS AFFECT ANALYSIS OF FIELD SEQUENCES? . . . . . 220 8.7 FUTURE PROSPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 9 DIVERSITY OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 M. HART , J.N. KLIRONOMOS 9.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 9.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 9.3 LINKING BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION . . . . . . . . 227 9.4 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL DIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 9.4.1 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL NETWORKS . . . . . . . . . . 229 CONTENTS XIII 9.4.2 FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 9.4.3 DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 9.4.4 COMMUNITY EFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 9.5 SUCCESSION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI . . . . . . . . . 237 9.6 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 10 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AS A DETERMINANT OF PLANT DIVERSITY: IN SEARCH FOR UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 M.G.A. VAN DER HEIJDEN 10.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 10.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 10.3 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AS A DETERMINANT OF PLANT DIVERSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 10.3.1 IMPORTANCE OF PLANT SPECIES COMPOSITION AND NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 10.3.2 MYCORRHIZAL DEPENDENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 10.3.3 UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND EXPLAINING MODELS . . . . . . . 252 10.4 ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL DIVERSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 10.4.1 INFLUENCE ON PLANTS AND PLANT COMMUNITIES . . . . . . . . . 255 10.4.2 THOUGHTS ON UNDERLYING MECHANISMS . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 10.4.3 MYCORRHIZAL SPECIES SENSITIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 10.5 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 11 DYNAMICS WITHIN THE PLANT * ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL MUTUALISM: TESTING THE NATURE OF COMMUNITY FEEDBACK . . . . . . . . . 267 J.D. BEVER , A. PRINGLE , P.A. SCHULTZ 11.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 11.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 11.3 MUTUAL INTERDEPENDENCE OF PLANT AND ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL GROWTH RATES CAUSE FEEDBACK DYNAMICS . . . . . . . 270 11.3.1 POSITIVE FEEDBACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 11.3.2 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 11.4 IDENTIFYING POSITIVE VERSUS NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: COMPLIMENTARY APPROACHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 CONTENTS XIV 11.4.1 INTERDEPENDENCE OF PLANT AND FUNGAL POPULATION GROWTH RATES: A MECHANISTIC APPROACH . . . . . 274 11.4.2 PLANT RESPONSE TO MANIPULATED ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH . . . . 275 11.5 EVIDENCE FOR INTERDEPENDENCE OF PLANT AND FUNGAL POPULATION GROWTH RATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 11.5.1 SPECIFICITY OF PLANT RESPONSE TO ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL SPECIES . . . . . . . . . . 277 11.5.2 SPECIFICITY OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL RESPONSE TO PLANT SPECIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 11.6 TESTING FEEDBACK BETWEEN PLANT AND ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES . . . . . . 279 11.6.1 EVALUATION OF FEEDBACK USING THE MECHANISTIC APPROACH . . 279 11.6.2 EVALUATION OF FEEDBACK USING THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 11.6.3 A COMPARISON OF MECHANISTIC AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO TESTING FEEDBACK . . 285 11.7 IMPLICATIONS AND AN EXTENSION OF THE FEEDBACK FRAMEWORK 286 11.7.1 NEGATIVE FEEDBACKS AND THE EVOLUTIONARY MAINTENANCE OF MUTUALISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 11.7.2 SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND THE DYNAMICS OF FEEDBACK . . . . . . 288 11.8 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 SECTION D: MULTITROPHIC INTERACTIONS 12 MYCORRHIZAE-HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS: POPULATION AND COMMUNITY CONSEQUENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 G.A. GEHRING , T.G. WHITHAM 12.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 12.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 12.3 EFFECTS OF ABOVEGROUND HERBIVORY ON MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI . . 297 12.3.1 POPULATION LEVEL RESPONSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 12.3.2 COMMUNITY LEVEL RESPONSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 12.3.3 CARBON LIMITATION AS A MECHANISM OF HERBIVORE IMPACTS ON MYCORRHIZAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 12.3.4 CONDITIONALITY IN MYCORRHIZAL RESPONSES TO HERBIVORY . . . 302 12.4 EFFECTS OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HERBIVORES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 CONTENTS XV 12.4.1 PATTERNS OF INTERACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 12.4.2 MECHANISMS OF MYCORRHIZAL IMPACTS ON HERBIVORES . . . . . 307 12.4.3 NOT ALL MYCORRHIZAE ARE EQUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 12.5 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 311 12.5.1 HERBIVORE EFFECTS ON MYCORRHIZAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 12.5.2 MYCORRHIZAE EFFECTS ON HERBIVORES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 12.5.3 COMBINED EFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 12.6 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 13 ACTIONS AND INTERACTIONS OF SOIL INVERTEBRATES AND ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN AFFECTING THE STRUCTURE OF PLANT COMMUNITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 A.C. GANGE , V.K. BROWN 13.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 13.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 13.3 SOIL INVERTEBRATE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 13.3.1 EARTHWORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 13.3.2 NEMATODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 13.3.3 MITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 13.3.4 INSECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 13.3.5 OTHER INVERTEBRATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 13.4 FIELD STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 13.5 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 14 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND SAPROTROPHIC FUNGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 J.R. LEAKE , D.P. DONNELLY , L. BODDY 14.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 14.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 14.2.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL AND SAPROTROPHIC FUNGI IN FOREST SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 14.2.2 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MYCELIA OF SAPROTROPHIC AND ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI . . . . 348 14.3 COMPETITION FOR NUTRIENTS BETWEEN ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL AND SAPROTROPHIC FUNGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 CONTENTS XVI 14.3.1 EVIDENCE OF SAPROTROPHIC NUTRIENT MOBILISING ACTIVITIES OF ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 14.3.2 THE EFFECT OF SHORT-CIRCUITING OF THE N AND P CYCLES BY ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON THE ACTIVITIES OF SAPROTROPHIC FUNGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 14.4 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL AND SAPROTROPHIC FUNGI OBSERVED IN MICROCOSMS CONTAINING NATURAL SOIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 14.4.1 TRANSFERS OF P BETWEEN INTERACTING MYCELIA OF ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL AND SAPROTROPHIC FUNGI . . . . . . . . . 359 14.4.2 THE EFFECT OF INTERACTION WITH SAPROTROPHIC FUNGI ON GROWTH AND CARBON ALLOCATION IN ECTO-MYCORHIZAL MYCELIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 14.4.3 THE EFFECT OF INTERACTION WITH ECTO-MYCORRHIZAL MYCELIUM ON THE GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY OF MYCELIAL CORDS OF THE SAPROTROPHIC FUNGUS PHANEROCHAETE VELUTINA . . . . . 364 14.5 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 SECTION E: HOST SPECIFICITY AND CO-EVOLUTION 15 MYCORRHIZAL SPECIFICITY AND FUNCTION IN MYCO-HETEROTROPHIC PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 D.L. TAYLOR , T.D. BRUNS , J.R. LEAKE , D.J. READ 15.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 15.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 15.3 EVIDENCE FOR SPECIFICITY IN MYCO-HETEROTROPHS . . . . . . . . 377 15.3.1 OVERVIEW OF SPECIFICITY IN THE ORCHIDACEAE . . . . . . . . . . 378 15.3.2 OVERVIEW OF SPECIFICITY IN THE MONOTROPOIDEAE . . . . . . . 393 15.4 INFLUENCES ON SPECIFICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 15.4.1 LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF FUNGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 15.4.2 HABITAT AND GENETIC INFLUENCES ON SPECIFICITY . . . . . . . . 396 15.4.3 ONTOGENETIC INFLUENCES ON SPECIFICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 15.5 EVOLUTION OF SPECIFICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 15.6 FUNGAL TROPHIC NICHES AND MYCORRHIZAL CARBON DYNAMICS . 399 15.7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE GOALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 CONTENTS XVII 16 SPECIFICITY IN THE ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS . . . . 415 I.R. SANDERS 16.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 16.2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 16.3 DEFINITIONS OF SPECIFICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 16.4 WHY IS SPECIFICITY IN THE MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS ECOLOGICALLY INTERESTING? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 16.5 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION OF SPECIFICITY IN MUTUALISTIC SYMBIOSES . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 16.6 WHY DO WE NOT ALREADY KNOW WHETHER SPECIFICITY EXISTS? . 421 16.7 EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A LACK OF SPECIFICITY . . . . . . . . . . 423 16.7.1 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI HAVE A BROAD HOST RANGE . . 423 16.7.2 A SYSTEMATIC PERSPECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 16.7.3 REPEATABLE PATTERNS OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 16.7.4 PHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 16.8 EVIDENCE SUPPORTING SPECIFICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 16.8.1 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL EFFECTS ON PLANT FITNESS . . 425 16.8.2 PLANT SPECIES EFFECTS ON FUNGAL FITNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 16.9 WHAT INFORMATION IS MISSING AND WHICH EXPERIMENTS ARE NEEDED? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 16.9.1 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL BENEFIT FROM SPECIFIC HOSTS 428 16.9.2 RECIPROCAL BENEFIT BETWEEN PLANT SPECIES AND FUNGAL SPECIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 16.9.3 A GENETIC BASIS FOR SPECIFICITY IN PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 16.9.4 A GENETIC BASIS FOR SPECIFICITY IN ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 16.9.5 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HYPHAL NETWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING SPECIFICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 16.10 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 SECTION F: CONCLUSIONS 17 MYCORRHIZAL ECOLOGY: SYNTHESIS AND PERSPECTIVES . . . . . . 441 M.G.A. VAN DER HEIJDEN , I.R. SANDERS 17.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 17.2 ECOPHYSIOLOGY, ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE . . . . 442 CONTENTS XVIII 17.3 BIODIVERSITY, PLANT AND FUNGAL COMMUNITIES . . . . . . . . . 446 17.4 MULTITROPHIC INTERACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 17.5 HOST SPECIFICITY AND CO-EVOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 17.6 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 SUBJECT INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 TAXONOMIC INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 CONTENTS XIX
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indexdate	2024-12-23T16:10:03Z
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isbn	3540002049
language	English
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physical	XXIV, 469 S. Ill., graph. Darst. : 24 cm
publishDate	2003
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publisher	Springer
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series	Ecological studies
series2	Ecological studies
spellingShingle	Mycorrhizal ecology with 16 tables Ecological studies Mykorrhiza - Ökologie - Aufsatzsammlung Terrestrisches Ökosystem - Mykorrhizapilze - Aufsatzsammlung Mykorrhizapilze (DE-588)4170929-9 gnd Mykorrhiza (DE-588)4040983-1 gnd Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4170929-9 (DE-588)4040983-1 (DE-588)4309007-2 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	Mycorrhizal ecology with 16 tables
title_auth	Mycorrhizal ecology with 16 tables
title_exact_search	Mycorrhizal ecology with 16 tables
title_full	Mycorrhizal ecology with 16 tables M. G. A. van der Heijden ; I. R. Sanders (ed.)
title_fullStr	Mycorrhizal ecology with 16 tables M. G. A. van der Heijden ; I. R. Sanders (ed.)
title_full_unstemmed	Mycorrhizal ecology with 16 tables M. G. A. van der Heijden ; I. R. Sanders (ed.)
title_short	Mycorrhizal ecology
title_sort	mycorrhizal ecology with 16 tables
title_sub	with 16 tables
topic	Mykorrhiza - Ökologie - Aufsatzsammlung Terrestrisches Ökosystem - Mykorrhizapilze - Aufsatzsammlung Mykorrhizapilze (DE-588)4170929-9 gnd Mykorrhiza (DE-588)4040983-1 gnd Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd
topic_facet	Mykorrhiza - Ökologie - Aufsatzsammlung Terrestrisches Ökosystem - Mykorrhizapilze - Aufsatzsammlung Mykorrhizapilze Mykorrhiza Terrestrisches Ökosystem Ökologie Aufsatzsammlung
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volume_link	(DE-604)BV000004586
work_keys_str_mv	AT heijdenmarcelgavander mycorrhizalecologywith16tables

Mycorrhizal ecology with 16 tables

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