Jim Crow's children the broken promise of the Brown decision
In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court sounded the death knell for school segregation with its decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. However, Peter Irons writes that today many of our schools are even more segregated than they were on the day when Brown was decided. In this groundbreaking lega...
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| 100 | 1 | |a Irons, Peter H. |d 1940- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)123984262 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Jim Crow's children |b the broken promise of the Brown decision |c Peter Irons |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Viking |c 2002 | |
| 300 | |a xix, 376 p. |b 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 349-364) and index | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court sounded the death knell for school segregation with its decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. However, Peter Irons writes that today many of our schools are even more segregated than they were on the day when Brown was decided. In this groundbreaking legal history, Irons explores the 150-year struggle against Jim Crow education, showing how the great victory over segregation was won, then lost again. The author of several award-winning books, Irons ranges from 1849 to the present as he describes a battle that has stretched across most of American history. He skillfully weaves a gripping legal drama out of the stories of brave, now-forgotten men and women, of luminaries such as Thurgood Marshall and Earl Warren, and explores the impact of the Brown decision on the communities actually involved in the case. Perceptive, fascinating, and devastating, Jim Crow's children is a major contribution to the national debate over race and its implications for the American educational system. | |
| 600 | 1 | 4 | |a Brown, Oliver <1918-1961> |x Trials, litigation, etc |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1954-2002 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Segregation in education |x Law and legislation |z United States |x History | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Schule |0 (DE-588)4053474-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Rassenintegration |0 (DE-588)4226416-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a USA | |
| 651 | 7 | |a USA |0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a USA |0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Schule |0 (DE-588)4053474-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Rassenintegration |0 (DE-588)4226416-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1954-2002 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010061490&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 370.9 |e 22/bsb |f 0904 |g 73 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010061490 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819679510771007488 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Index
Aaron, John, 184
Acheson, Dean, 136—67
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union),
271,273, 281
Alabama, 33, 34, 174
Alexander v. Holmes County Board of
Education, 205—6, 207, 208, 216,
220
Almond, J. Lindsay, Jr., 89—90, 158
American Council on Education, 33—35,
36-37
American Dilemma, An (Myrdahl), 173
Arkansas, 200, 203
Little Rock, xii, xiv, 180—87, 188, 244,
329
Ashmore, Harry, 183
Atlanta Constitution, 165
Auld, Hugh, 4-5
Baker, Georgia, 1
Baker, Russell, 185
Bakkecase, 199
Baltimore, Md., 39, 166, 177, 298
Bastian, Walter M., 104—5
Bates, Daisy, 181
Bell, Mary, 2—3
Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein and Murray),
300
Belton, Ethel, 106
Belton, Ethel Louise, 106, 117, 319
Belton v. Gebhart, 106—7
See also Gebhart v. Belton and Gebhart
v. Bulah (Delaware cases)
Benjamin, Sarah, 1
Birmingham, Ala., 39, 192, 195-96
Bishop, Gardner, 95-97, 99, 102, 103,
323
Bishop, Judine, 95—96, 97
Black, Hugo, 78, 147-49, 155, 156,
169, 193-94,205,220, 241
Blackmun, Harry, 199, 217, 220, 241,
242, 269, 276-78, 281-82
Black-White Test Score Gap, The (Jencks
and Phillips, eds.), 342—43
Bledsoe, Charles, 125, 128
Bohanon, Luther L., 260—61, 265, 269,
270
Bolejack, Richard, 317, 319
Bolling, Spottswood T., Jr., 103, 105,
144, 323, 325, 326
Bolling v. Sharpe (District of Columbia
case), xi, 103—5, 144—45, 163—64
Bond, Horace Mann, 33
Bork, Robert, 263
Boston, Mass., xvi—xvii, 249—58, 298
busing in, 249, 252—58
Roberts v. City of Boston, 14-16, 17,
18, 19,21,23, 27, 120, 250
school committee in, 257—58
school enrollment in, 257
Boulware, Harold, 49—50, 51, 58-59,
60
Bradley, Ronald and Verda, 237
Brennan, William, Jr., 201, 203, 204,
244, 259-60, 263, 264, 265, 273
Breyer, Stephen, 281—82, 283, 286
Briggs, Eliza, 59
Briggs, Harry, 59, 60, 330
Briggs, Harry, Jr., 59, 174, 330
Briggs v. Elliott, 60, 63—79, 85, 89, 94,
112, 115, 140, 143, 174-76,
196-97, 330-31,333, 335
Broomfeld, William, 227
Brown, Henry B., 25—27
Brown, John R., 195, 205
366 · Index
Brown, Linda Carol, x, 118—19, 126,
128, 137, 138, 139, 139, 313-16,
317, 326
Brown, Minniejean, 183
Brown, Oliver, 118—19, 125, 128
Browne Junior High School, 96—97, 99,
100
Brownell, Herbert, 154—55, 182
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,
Kansas, x, xi—xii, xiii—xiv, xvii—xviii,
xix, 119, 125-71, 193, 200, 242,
244, 278, 279, 331, 333, 340,
342
“all deliberate speed” formula in, 137,
159, 160, 161, 173, 174, 176-77,
187, 189, 204, 208, 331,340
Courts ruling in, 162—65, 172, 188,
189, 223
fulfillment of, 260, 315—19
implementation of, 164—71, 172—87;
see also busing
Little Rock and, xii, xiv, 180—87, 188,
244
Oklahoma City v. Dowell and, 269—70,
271
Southern Manifesto and, 178
Swann and, 218—19
Thomas on, 285
Brunson v. Clarendon County, 331
Bryan, Albert V., 88, 93—94
Bulah, Sarah, 105—6, 113
Bulah, Shirley, 105-6, 113, 115, 117
Bulah v. Gebhart 106—7
See also Gebhart v. Belton and Gebhart
v. Bulah (Delaware cases)
Burger, Warren Earl, 207—8, 259,
261-62
in Milliken case, 241, 242—45
in Swann case, 216, 217, 220-22,
225, 241
Burnett, McKinley, 123—24, 125
Burton, Harold, 141-Î2, 147, 148, 149,
150, 151, 154, 155, 170, 200
Bush, George, 259, 263, 264, 274
busing, xii, xviii, 209, 210—33, 234,
249-51, 252-58, 287, 338, 345,
346
in Boston, 249, 252—58
in DeKaib County, 273, 277
in Detroit, 238-41, 242, 249, 284
Finger Plan and, 215—16, 261
Nixon and, xii, 223-25, 228-29 2an
232-33,241,253 * ’
in Oklahoma City, 267, 270-71
Swann and, 210, 213-14, 216-23
224, 225, 231, 233, 234, 239, 241
266, 289
bus transportation, availability of 48
49-50,77, 105-6,113,115, 123,
127-28
Butler, Richard, 185, 186
Buttonwood, Del., xiv
Butzner, John, Jr., 200
Byrd, Harry, 88, 172
Byrnes, James, 74, 79, 140, 165, 172
Caldwell, Harrison, 123
California, 292, 305
Los Angeles, 39, 235—36
Ward v. Flood, 17—18
Carper, Katherine, 127—28
Carper, Lena Mae, 127
Carrigan, H. C., 59
Carrv. Coming, 99-102, 103, 104
Carswell, Harrold, 217
Carter, Jimmy, 183, 272, 281, 282
Carter, Robert, 19—20
Carter, Robert L., xi, 57, 102
in Briggs case, 64, 67—68, 69
in Brown case, 124, 125, 126, 12
128-30, 137-39, 140, 141,
159
in Davis case, 88, 91, 92
in Griffin case, 193
Carter v. West Feliciana Parish School
Board, 207—8
Carvel, Elbert, 105—6
Celler, Emanuel, 231—32
Chambers, Julius, 212—14, 218—19,
266-67, 268
Charlotte, N.C., xii, 210
Swann case, see Swann v. Charlotte՝-
Mecklenburg Board of Education
Chein, Isador, 91, 163
Chicago, III, 38, 39, 298
Chinese Americans, 53—54
citizenship, 7, 47
Civil Rights Act (1964), 192-93,
291
Civil Rights Project, Harvard
290-94, 341-42
Index · 367
Clarendon County, S.C., x—xi, 43—51,
58-79, 134, 140, 141, 143, 158,
168, 172, 174-76, 189, 196-97,
330-37
Clarendon Hall, 331, 333, 335-36
Clark, Kenneth B., 62—63, 183
in Briggs case, 63—65, 69—70, 71—72,
75, 76, 89-90, 112, 142-43
in Brown case, 129, 130, 138, 142-43,
163, 285
in Davis case, 89, 90—92
in Delaware cases, 112—13
Clark, Ramsey, 201
Clark, Russell G., 279, 280, 281, 282,
283-84, 285, 286, 287
Clark, Tom, 148, 150-51, 155, 161-62,
194, 201
Claymont High School, 106, 114, 117
Clement, Frank, 179
Cleveland, Ohio, 39, 298
Clinton, Bill, 281
Clinton, Tenn., 178-79
Coleman, William, 166
college education, 13, 32, 40, 296, 297,
307
Colmer, William, 231
communism, 136, 173
Conner, Eugene “Bull,” 195
Constitution, xi, xii, 93, 196, 225, 231,
255
adoption of, 4, 107
Article Six of, 20
Brown cases and, 137, 142, 147, 160,
165, 170, 175, 178, 180, 182,
186-87, 188
as color-blind, 28-29, 198-99, 263
Fifth Amendment to, 103-4, 144,
163-64
Fourteenth Amendment to, see
Fourteenth Amendment
Oklahoma City v. Dowell and, 265,
268
Plessy and, 24, 55, 57, 63-64, 70, 71
slavery and, 73
Thirteenth Amendment to, 7, 28
YickWo and, 53, 54, 55
Cooper, William, 184
Cooper v. Aaron, 180, 184—86, 188, 244
Cory, Samuel, 20
Cory u Carter, 19-20
Counts, Dorothy, 210, 211—12, 213
Counts, Herman, 211,212
Cox, William H., 195
Crandall, Prudence, 5—6
Craven, Braxton, 213, 214, 216
Creoles, 25
Croner, Dorothy, 191
Croner, Mary, 81, 85
Cumming v. Richmond County, 29—30
Curry, J.L.M., 32
Davenport, Inez, 80
Davidson, T. Whitfield, 189
Davis, Dorothy, 87
Davis, John W, xi, 140, 141-44, 146,
157-58, 163, 168
Davis v. Prince Edward County, 87—94,
144
Day, Ronald L., 264—66
DeKalb County, Ga., 271-73, 275-78
DeLaine, Joseph A., 48-49, 50, 58, 77,
330
Delaney, Hubert, 76
Delaware, 105-17, 159, 165, 170,
287
Buttonwood, xiv
Gebhart v. Belton and Gebhart v.
Bulah, xi, 106-7, 145-46
integration in, 177
New Castle County, 134, 177
Parker v. University of Delaware,
110-11
test scores in, 320—21
Wilmington, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
112, 114, 177, 287,319-23
Delaware State College for Negroes, 109,
111
Dellums, Ronald V., 228
Depression, Great, 38—39, 46
Detroit, Mich., xii, 38, 39, 224, 227,
232, 234-49, 298
busing in, 238^bl, 242, 249, 284
female-headed households in, 248
income in, 248
“missing” black men in, 248—49
riots in, 236
test scores in, 246^17
Dewey, Thomas, 154
Dickinson, John, 107
Diversity and Legal Education (Orfield
and Whitla), 341
З68 · Index
Dobie, Armistead, 79, 87-88, 92, 175
Douglas, William O., 78, 150, 162, 244,
261,262
Douglass, Frederick, 4—5
Dowell, Robert L., 260, 261
Dred Scott case, 3, 29, 145՜, 147—48, 159,
331
DuBois, WE.B., xiii
Dulles, John Foster, 154
DuPont corporation, 107, 108, 109, 320
Eastland, James, 165, 173
Eccles, Jacquelynne, 309
Eckford, Elizabeth, 181-82 |
Edgerton, Henry, 101—2, 104
education:
and blaming students for doing poorly,
342
college, 13, 32, 40, 296, 297, 307
environment and, see environment
levels of, 296-97, 298, 311
tests and, see tests and test scores
see also literacy; schools
Eisenhower, Dwight, 153—55, 167,
182-83, 195, 201,345
Eliot Junior High School, 96
Elliott, Joseph, 335—36
Elliott, Roderick M., 60, 67, 330, 335
Elman, Philip, 135-36, 137, 145, 159
environment, 342-43
at home, 300; see also female-headed
households
and oppositional culture, 304—6
stressful, 302, 303, 304
total, 301-2, 344-45
see also income
Equal Educational Opportunities Act,
228, 232
Equal Protection clause, see Fourteenth
Amendment
Equal Rights Amendment, 230
Evers, Medgar, 192, 206
farmers, 10, 31, 35, 37-38, 44, 68, 85
Farmville, Va., 191
Moton High School in, 80—94, 144,
191,327
Farmville High School, 82, 89
Fatzer, Harold, 139
Faubus, Orval, 180-81, 182, 183-85,
186-87, 188, 345
Federal Writers’ Project, 3
female-headed households, 297—98, 299,
300, 301, 302-4, 325, 345
in Detroit, 248
Ferguson, John, 25
Figg, Robert M., 60, 65—66, 67, 68,
69-70, 78, 89-90
Finch, Robert, 205—6
Finger, Robert, 215—16, 261
Finger Plan, 215—16, 261
Flannery, J. Harold, 240
Flood, Noah F„, 18
Florida, 36
Ford, Gerald, 253, 262
Fortas, Abe, 201, 217
Fourteenth Amendment, 19, 27, 53,
100-101, 110, 120-21
Bolling v. Sharpe and, 103, 104, 144
Briggs v. Elliott and, 71, 72, 73
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,
Kansas and, 131, 138, 141-44, 150,
152, 153, 156, 157, 159-62, 168,
175, 186
Cory v. Carter and, 20
Davis v. Prince Edward County and, 93
Kingv. Gallagher and, 21, 22
Lehew v. Brummell and, 23
Lent’s proposal and, 231
Plessy v. Ferguson and, 26, 28
ratification of, 7,16
Roberts v. City of Boston and, 16, 17,
18, 19, 27
Frankfurter, Felix, xi, 52—53, 155, 167,
200-201, 345
in Brown cases, 138, 139, 141, 142,
145, 149-53, 156, 159-61
Freedmen’s Bureau, 7—8, 11
Freeman, Robert, 271
Freeman v. Pius, 273, 275—78, 285, 289
See also Pius v. Freeman
Gaines, Lloyd, 55
Gaines v. Canada, 55, 56
Gallagher, John, 20—21
Gåringer, Elmer, 210—11
Garrett, Henry, 91—92, 93
Garrìty, W. Arthur, 250, 251—53,
254—55, 256, 258
Index · 369
Gebhart, Francis B., 106
Gebhart V,. Beiton and Gebhart v. Bulah
(Delaware cases), xi, 145—46
See aho Belton v. Geb hart; BuLth v.
Gebhart (Delaware cases)
Georgia, 8, 32, 33, 36, 40, 172, 174
Gumming v. Richmond County,
29-30
DeKalb County, 271-73, 275-78
Geyer, Glenda, 179
Gibson, Annie and James, 45, 64, 78
Gibson, Annie Martin, 43—44, 46
Ginsburg, Douglas, 263
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 281, 282, 283,
286, 287-88
GongLum v. Rice, 53—54
Goodell, Lester, 126, 127, 128, 130
Gore, Albert, 178
Gould, Ark, 200, 203
Gragston, Arnold, 1
Gravatt, J. Segar, 193
Gray, Frederick T., 202, 203
Great Migration, 37-39, 95, 235, 247
Green, Charles C,, 200
Green, Edith, 227—28, 232
Green, Ernest, 183
Greenberg, Jack, xi, 110, 111—12, 113,
204, 206, 208, 212-13, 219
in Brown oases, 126, 128—29, 137,
140, 144, 145-46, 153, 156-57,
158, 159
Greensboro, N.C., 173
Green v: New Kent County Virginia, xi,
199-205, 206, 214, 220, 265, 266,
273
Griffin, Leslie Francis, 191
Griffin, L. Francis, 84, 85, 86—87, 88,
191
Griffin, Marvin, 172, 181
Griffin v. Prince Edward County, 191—94,
220
Gross, Susan, 309—10
Growing Up in the Black Belt report,
34-35, 36-37
Grundy County, Mo., 22—23
Hansen, Christopher, 275—76
Harding High School, 210, 211, 212
Harlan, John Marshall, 28—30, 167, 198,
310, 339
Harlan, John Marshall, II, 167—68, 194,
219-20, 241
Harris, Hugh, 303
Harris, Sarah, 5
Harvard University Civil Rights Project,
290-94,341-42
Hatchett, Joseph W., 272-73, 277
Hayes, George, 164
Hayes, Rutherford, 11, 28
Haynesworth, Clement, 217
Herrnstein, Richard, 300
Hicks, Louise Day, 254, 255, 256,
257
Hill, Anita, 275
Hill, Delmas Carl, 126—27
Hill, Oliver, xi, 85, 87, 88
Hill, Shirley A., 302-3
Hinton, James, 48
Hirabayashi case, 138—39, 141
Hockessin, Del, 114, 115, 117
Hodges, Luther, 172—73
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 141
Holt, Louisa, 129—30, 132, 138, 163
home environment, 300
see also female-headed households
Hoover, Herbert, 64
Horack, Benjamin, 217
Houston, Charles H., 52, 99, 102
Howard High School, 106, 114, 319—20,
321
Hughes, Charles Evans, 55, 155
Hutcheson, Sterling, 88
Huxman, Walter, 126—27, 128, 130,
131-32, 137, 139, 163
Illinois, 39, 292, 303-4
illiteracy, see literacy
income, 39-40, 295-96, 297, 298, 299,
301, 302, 306, 309
in Detroit, 248
poverty, 293-94, 296, 297, 302, 304,
309, 323
Innis, Leslie, 343—44
integration:
benefits of, 341, 343
Brown and implementation of,
164-71, 172-87
busing and, see busing
failure of, 338-39, 340-41, 343-44,
345
3 70 * index
integration (cont.)
freedom of choice plans and, 176,
189, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202,
204, 208,213,219, 331
Green cases and, 199—205, 206
Marshall on backlash against, 245—46
minority-to-majority plans and, 189,
213
pupil placement laws and, 189, 194,
197, 198
violent resistance to, 178—80, 181—83,
185, 186, 187, 188, 217, 225-26
white flight” in response to, see
suburbs, “white flight” to
Wisdom on, 197—99
IQ, 300, 308 *
Irvin, Edward, 255—56
Jackson, Robert, 141, 148, 150, 151,
155, 160, 161, 167,242
Jackson, Tenn., 200
James, Albert, 110
Japanese Americans, 155
Jencks, Christopher, 342
Jenkins, Kaiima, ix, 278
Jenkins, Kenneth W., 346
Jim Crow system, 12, 13, 27, 289, 345,
346
origin of term, 12
Thomas on, 285—86
see also segregation
jobs, 296, 305, 307, 342
Johns, Barbara Rose, 80—87, 191, 327
Johns, Vernon, 87
Johnson, Carter, 2
Johnson, Lyndon, 178, 192, 201, 250
Johnson, William, 2
Jones, Boyd, 82—83, 86
Jones, Mandy, 2, 4
Jones, Nathaniel, 240—41
Journal of Negro Education, 40
Judson, Andrew, 5—6
Jussim, Lee, 309
Kansas, 119-20, 134
Topeka, see Topeka, Kans.
Kasper, John, 178—79
Kefauver, Estes, 178
Keith, Damon, 224
Kelley, Frank, 239-40
Kennedy, Anthony, 263, 265-66, 268
276-77, 283
Kennedy, Edward “Ted,” 254, 282
Kennedy, John E, 201,213, 237, 250,
267
Kentucky, 8, 19
integration in, 165-66, 177, 179
King, Martin Luther, Jr., xvi, 87, 326
King, Theresa, 20—22
King V. Gallagher, 20—22
Klineberg, Otto, 112
Kluger, Richard, xvii, 157
Korman, Milton, 145, 159—60
Kurleander, Michael, 341
Landsmark, Theodore, xvi, 256, 257
Large, Maurice, 84, 190
Lee, Rex E., 275
Lehew V. Brummell, 22—23
Lemley, Harry, 183, 184, 186
Lent, Norman, 230—31
Leonard, Jerris, 205—6
Levy, Moses, Jr., 332—33, 334
Lewis, Oren, 191—92, 194
Life, 41-42
Light, Robert V., 203
literacy, 9, 10, 11, 40, 44
1992 survey on, 312—13
rates of, 32
of slaves, 1—5, 11
Little Rock, Ark., xii, xiv, 180—87, 188,
244, 329
Los Angeles, Calif., 39
Watts riots in, 235—36
Louisiana, 13, 18—19, 32, 36, 288
Plessy case in, see Plessy v. Ferguson
Lum, Gong, 53—54
Lum, Martha, 53
McCann, John, 16—17
McCants, Elijah, 336—37
McClary, David, 59
McCleery, James, 8
McClory, Robert, 231
McCord, L. B., 49, 66—67, 189
McFarland, Kenneth, 122, 123, 130—31
McGovern, George, 233
McGranery, James, 135, 136
Index · 371
Mcllwaine, T. J., 84, 88—89
McLaurin, George, 57, 58, 157
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 57,
58, 74-75, 111, 131, 135, 147, 157
McMillan, James, 214—15, 216, 219,
220, 221, 224
Madon, Stephanie, 309
Mann, Horace, 14
Mann, Woodrow, 183
Mansfield, Tex., 179
Margold, Nathan, 52—53, 54
Margold Report, 54, 55
Marshall, John, 155
Marshall, Thurgood, x—xi, xii, xviii, 14,
15,42, 54-58, 85, 88, 99, 102,
110, 116, 140, 201,213,217-18,
273-74, 298-99, 341-42
background of, 51—52
in Briggs (Clarendon County) case,
50-51, 58-61, 63-67, 71, 76-79,
85, 140, 330-31,337
in Brown cases, 124, 126, 137,
140^1, 143-44, 146, 156-59,
161, 163, 164, 166, 168
integration process and, 166, 168,
170-71, 172, 174
Little Rock and, 185—86, 244, 329
in Milliken case, 243—46, 271, 346—47
in Oklahoma City v. Dowell case,
264-65, 266, 267, 269-70
retirement of, 274
Scott and, 124—25
Thomas and, 286
Maryland, 52
integration in, 165—66, 177
Massachusetts, ix, 13, 14
Boston, see Boston, Mass.
Racial Imbalance Act in, 250, 251,
252, 254
mathematics, 10, 340
Mays, Benjamin E., 40—41
Mellon, Arthur, 126—27
Michigan, 292
Detroit, see Detroit, Mich.
Milliken v. Bradley, xii—xiii, 237^46,
249, 251, 259-61, 267, 268, 271,
282, 284, 287, 345-47
Pontiac, xii, 224, 225—26, 234
Michigan Educational Assessment
Program (MEAP), 246-47
Miles, Robert, 226
Milford High School, 165
Miller, George, 113—14
Miller, John E., 181
Milliken, William, 237, 240
Milliken v. Bradley, xii—xiii, 237^46, 249,
251, 259-61, 267, 268, 271, 282,
284, 287, 345-47
Minton, Sherman, 151, 155
Mississippi, 7, 9, 33, 34, 36, 40, 172,
174, 192, 205-6
Missouri, 288
Gaines v. Canada, 55, 56
integration in, 177
Lehew v. Brummell, 22—23
Missouri v. Jenkins, ix, 278—81,
282-88, 289
Monroe School, 118, 126, 128, 138, 315
Moore, Justin, 90—91, 92, 144, 146
Morgan, Tallulah, 250
Morgan v. Hennigan, 250, 251, 254,
257
Morris, Hugh H., 109-10
Moton, Robert R., 82
Moton High School, 80—94, 144, 191,
327
Munich, John R., 282—83
Murphy, Carl, 170-71
Murray, Charles, 300
Murray, Donald, 52
Myrdahl, Gunnar, 173
NAACP (National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People), x,
xv, 14, 30, 42, 48, 52-57, 76, 84,
94, 102, 109, 117, 165, 171, 174,
189, 192, 201, 207, 216, 225, 260,
346
in Boston, 250
in Briggs (Clarendon County) case,
50-51, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 76, 331
in Brown cases, 119, 125—31, 138—41,
143, 144, 153, 156, 159, 163, 166,
168, 169, 171
Detroit and, 237, 239, 240
in Green cases, 200, 203, 204—5
Little Rock and, 181-82, 184, 187
Mississippi and, 205—6
in Mo ton High School case, 84—85,
191
Prince Edward County and, 190, 193
з 72 * Index
NAACP (National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People)
{cont.)
psychological and social burdens of
segregation as concern of, 88, 89,
92, 93, 129-30, 270
Topeka and, 123, 124,-125
Nab rit, James, 102, 103—5, 144—45, 160,
164
Nanti, Prohanda, 303
National Assessment of Educational
Progress (NEAP), 340
National Association for the
Advancement of White People, 165
National Household Education Survey, 299
New Castle County, Del., 134, 17f
New Orleans, La., 18-19, 24-25, 39-40
Newsweek՝, 42
New York, 39,71, 113, 292
King V. Gallagher, 20—22
New York City, 38, 39, 112, 290, 298
New York Times, 28, 185, 345
Nisbett, Richard, 300
Nixon, Richard, 203-4, 205, 207, 217,
242, 262
busing and, xii, 223—25, 228—29, 230,
232-33, 241, 253
Nixon V. Herndon, 141
North Carolina, 36, 172, 173, 226
Swann case, see Swann v. Charlotte-
Mecklenburg Board of Education
Noyes Academy, 6
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 262, 266, 267,
268, 276, 281,283
Ogbu, John, 304-7, 308
O’Hara, James G., 227—28, 232
Ohio, 16, 39, 71
State V. McCann, 16—17
Wyoming, xiv—XV
О’Kelley, William C., 272, 273, 278
Oklahoma, 42, 276
integration in, 177
McLaurin V. Oklahoma State Regents,
57, 58,74-75, 111, 131, 135, 147,
157
Oklahoma City v. Dowell, 258, 260—61,
262, 264-71, 273, 276, 289
Sipuel V. Oklahoma Board of Regents,
55-56
oppositional culture, 304—6
Orfield, Gary, 290-91, 292, 294, 341
Parker, John J., 64-67, 70-75, 77-79,
93-94, 174-77, 196-97
Parker v. University of Delaware, 110—11
Payzant, Thomas, 258
Pearson, Levi, 49, 50, 51, 58
Perry, Annie, 3
Pervall, J. B., 85-86
Philadelphia, Pa., 38, 39, 290, 298
Phillips, Meredith, 342
Pitts, Vivian, 271
Pitts, Willie Eugene, 271, 275
Pitts v. Freeman, 271—73
See also Freeman v. Pitts
Plessy, Homer, 24—26
Plessy v. Ferguson, x, 24-30, 32, 70, 71,
74-76, 90, 120, 132, 167, 174,
198, 270,310,331
Brown and, 139, 140, 141, 151, 153,
159, 162
Rehnquist on, 242
“separate but equal” doctrine of, 14,
49, 50, 51, 53-55, 57, 63-64, 76,
93, 98, 100, 104, 110-11, 116,
127, 131, 138, 140, 147
Poe, William E., 215
Poleet, Richard, xvi, 256—57
Pontiac, Mich., xii, 224, 225—26, 234
population, 294—95
poverty, 293-94, 296, 297, 302, 304,
309, 323
Powell, Lewis E, Jr., 241—42, 262, 263
Presidents Committee on Civil Rights,
135-36
Prettyman, Barrett, Jr., 161
Prettyman, E. Barrett, 100—101, 104,
161
Prince Edward County, Va., 80—94, 134,
158, 327-30
schools closed in, 190—94
railroads, 24—27, 49, 71, 75
Rankin, J. Lee, 159, 160
Reagan, Ronald, 262, 263, 266
Reconstruction, 7—11, 13, 18, 44
Redding, Louis, 106—7, 109—10, 111,
113-14, 145
Index * 3 73
Reed, Stanley, 148, 149, 151, 156, 157,
160-61,200
Rehnquist, WilUam H., xiii, 241, 242,
259, 262, 263, 268-69, 273-74,
276
in Missouri VՀ Jenkins, 281, 283—85,
286
Reilinger, Elizabeth, 257—58
Resegregation in American Schools, 292—93
Reynolds, William, 120—21
Reynolds v. Board ofEducation ofTopeka,
120-21
Rice, Russell, 202—3
Rice, Spotswood, 2—3
Rice, Thomas “Daddy,” 12
Richardson, Elliot, 229
riots, of 1960s, 235—36
Rives, Richard T, 195
Roberts, Benjamin, ix, 14—15
Roberts, Owen, 150
Roberts, Sarah, ix, 14—15
Robertson, Archibald, 90
Roberts v. City of Boston, 14—16, 17, 18,
19,21,23, 27, 120, 250
Robinson, Spottswood, III, xi, 84—86,
87, 88, 102, 144, 156-57, 166
Roe v. Wade, 168, 263, 281
Rogers, S. Emory, 59, 60, 67, 168—69
Roosevelt, Franklin, 65, 126, 147, 149,
150, 167
Roth, Stephen J., 227, 232, 237-38,
239^0, 241, 243, 244, 245, 249
St. Louis, Mo., 39, 298
Sargent, Francis, 254
Saxton, William, 240
Scalia, Antonín, 262—63, 266—67, 268,
283
Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT),
300-301, 307, 308, 321, 324-25,
328, 334, 340
schools:
curriculum in, 13, 31, 32
handicaps faced by black students in,
299, 302; see also environment
integrated, see integration
Jim Crow, legacy of, 294—314, 339,
342-43
news reports on, 41^42
poverty levels of, 293—94
and ratio of black students to black
residents, 290
reform proposals for, 344—45
secondary, 36, 40
segregated, see segregation
spending on, 33, 51, 66, 280—81, 282,
283
teachers in, 33, 34, 35-36, 40, 197,
294, 309-10
see also education
Schools More Separate: Comequences of a
Decade of Resegregation, 290—92,
293-94, 341
Scott, Charles, 125
Scott, Elisha, 124—25
Scott, John, 125, 127—28
Scott s Branch schools, 43, 45—46, 48,
49, 62-63, 67, 69, 79, 332-37
segregation, 12, 13, 345
as affecting both races equally, 18
cases calling for lifting of desegregation
orders, 260-88, 289, 345
Clarks doll studies and, 62—63, 69,
70, 75, 112-13, 143, 285
de jure and de facto, 219, 225, 238,
323
Harvard studies on, 290—94, 341—42
poverty and, 293—94
psychological and social effects of, 63,
69, 75,88, 89,91-93, 112-13,
115, 129-30, 132, 139, 140, 143,
162-63, 270, 285
resegregation, xiii, 258, 260, 275,
276-78, 286, 289-94, 340, 342
Thomas on, 285—86
U.S. foreign relations and, 136—37
see also integration; Jim Crow system
Seitz, Collins Jacques, 110—11, 113,
114-16, 145
Sharpe, C. Melvin, 103
Shaw, Lemuel, 15-16, 17, 18, 19, 23
Shaw, L. L, 47-48
Shaw, Theodore M., 283, 346
Shaw Junior High School, 103, 104,
105, 323, 324, 325-27
Simple Justice (Kluger), xvii, 157
single mothers, see female-headed
households
Sipuel, Ada Lois, 55—56, 57
Sipuel v. Oklahoma Board of Regents,
55-56
3 74 · Index
slavery, 1-7, 11, 12, 15,44, 73, 158,
288, 345, 346
Sobeloff, Simon, 169, 331
Sousa Junior High School, 103, 104,
323, 324, 325
Souter, David, 263—64, 268, 276, 282,
286-87
South Carolina, 7, 8, 13? 33, 36, 40, 42,
47, 48, 119, 149, 156, 157, 172
Clarendon County, x—xi, 43—51,
58-79, 134, 140, 141, 143, 158,
168, 172, 174-76, 189, 196-97
Southern Manifesto, 178
Springfield, 111., 303—4
Standards of Learning (SOL) test, 328
Stanford Achievement Test, 33, 324
Stanley, Thomas, 165, 172 j
Starr, Kenneth, 266, 275
State v. McCann, 16—17
Steele, Claude, 307—8
Stennis, John, 205
Stephens, Alexander H., 1
Stern, Robert, 135
Stevens, John Paul, 262, 269, 276, 286
Stevenson, Adlai, 154
Stewart, Potter, 201, 207, 242, 261,
262
Stockton, Calif., 305
Stokes, Carrie, 80, 84—85
Stokes, John, 80—81
Stone, Harlan Fiske, 138—39, 155
Strayer, George, 101
Student Transportation Moratorium Act,
228, 232
suburbs, 292-93, 298-99
suburbs, “white flight” to, xii, xiii, xvi,
38, 197, 249, 277, 289, 290, 346
in Detroit, 236, 237, 238, 245, 246
in Kansas City, 279, 286, 287
Summerton, S.C., 43, 45—46, 48—49,
58-61, 62, 77, 330-32
Sumner, Charles, 15, 16
Sumner School, 118, 126, 128
Supreme Court, U.S., xi, xviii, 24, 42,
104, 261-64, 281, 294, 338-39,
340, 342
Alexander v. Holmes County Board of
Education, 205—6, 207, 208, 216,
220
Bolling v. Sharpe (District of Columbia
case), xi, 105, 163—64
Briggs V. Elliott, 66, 76, 77-79, 115,
140, 143, 196—97, 330-31, 333
Brown v. Board ofEducation, see
Brown v. Board ofEducation of
Topeka, Kansas
Carter v. West Feliciana Parish School
Board, 207—8
in cases calling for lifting of
desegregation Orders, 260—88, 289,
345
Cooper v. Aaron, 180, 184—86, 188, 244
Davis v: Prince Edward County, 88, 89,
94
DredScott, 3, 29, 145, 147^18, 159,
331
Freeman v. Pitts, 271—73, 275—78,
285, 289
Gaines v. Canada, 55, 56
Gong Lum v. Rice, 53—54
Green v. New Kent County, Virginia, xi,
199-205, 206, 214, 220, 265, 266,
273
Griffin v. Prince Edward County,
193-94,220
Milliken v. Bradley, xii—xiii, 237—46,
249, 251, 259-61, 267, 268, 271,
282, 284, 287, 345-47
Missouri v. Jenkins, ix, 278—81,
282-88, 289
Nixon v. Herndon, 141
Oklahoma City v. Dowell, 258,
260-61, 262, 264-71, 273, 276,
289
Plessy v. Ferguson, see Plessy v. Ferguson
Sipuel v. Oklahoma Board ofRegents,
55-56
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board
ofEducation, 210, 213—14, 216—23,
224, 225, 231, 233, 234, 239,241,
266, 289
in Sweatt and McLaurin cases, 57, 58,
74-75, 111, 131, 135, 147, 157
United States v. Jejferson County Board
ofEducation, 195—96, 199
Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 53, 54, 55
Sutherland, Joe, 2
Swann, Darius, 212, 213
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of
Education, 210, 213—14, 216—23,
224, 225, 231, 233, 234, 239, 241,
266, 289
Index · 375
Sweatt, Heman, 56, 57, 58
Sweatt V. Painter, 57, 58, 74—75, 111,
131, 135, 147
Taft, Robert, 154
Talmadge, Herman, 165
Tennessee, 178—79, 200, 234
tests and test scores, 297, 299—301, 306,
307-8, 311, 320-21, 336-37, 340,
345
MEAP, 246-47
SAT, 300-301, 307, 308, 321,
324-25, 328, 334, 340
SOL, 328
Stanford Achievement, 33, 324
Texas, 8, 42, 189
integration in, 177, 179
Nixon v. Herndon, 141
Sweatt v. Painter, 57, 58, 74—75, 111,
131, 135
textbooks, 10
Thomas, Clarence, 274—75, 276, 283,
285-86
Thornberry, Homer, 195, 198
Thurmond, Strom, 74, 77, 178
Tilden, Samuel, 11
Time, 253
Timmerman, George B., 64—65, 70, 71,
72, 175
Topeka, Kans., 120, 121-25, 134, 159,
315-16
Brown case, see Brown v. Board of
Education of Topeka, Kansas
Reynolds v. Board of Education of
Topeka, 120—21
Topeka High School, 122-23, 316-19
Totenberg, Nina, 219—20
Truman, Harry, 56, 77, 135, 147, 150,
151
Turner, Nat, 5
Tuskegee Institute, 30—31, 32, 82
Tuttle, Elbert R, 195
United States v; Fordice, 285
United States v. Jefferson County Board of
Education, 195—96, 199
University of Delaware, 109—10, 111
University of Maryland Law School, 55
University of Missouri, 55
University of Oklahoma, 56—57, 58
University of Texas Law School, 56, 58
Vesey, Denmark, 5
Vinson, Carl, 58, 77—78
Vinson, Fred, xi, 133, 146, 147, 148,
151, 153, 154, 156
Virginia, xii, 156, 172
Green v. New Kent County, Virginia, xi,
199-205, 206, 214, 220, 265, 266,
273
integration in, 167, 177
Prince Edward County, 80-94, 134,
158,327-30
Moton High School in, 80—94, 144,
191,327
schools closed in, 190—94
Waggoner, William, 217-18
Wall, J. Barrye, 190
Wallace, George, 222, 223
Ward, Harriet, 17-18
Ward, Mary Frances, 17—18
Ward v. Flood, 17-18
Waring, J. Waties, 48, 60-65, 67, 70,
72-76, 78, 87, 115
Warren, Earl, xi, 154-56, 193, 201, 202,
207-8, 259
in Brownease, 160, 161, 162—64,
168-71
Little Rock and, 184—85
Warren Project, xvii
Washington, Booker X, 30—31, 82
Washington, D.C., xv-xvi, 39, 97—99,
102-3, 134,153, 159, 298, 323-24
Bishop in, 95-97, 99, 102, 103, 323
Bolling v. Sharpe, xi, 103—5, 144—45,
163-64
Carr v. Corning, 99—102, 103, 104
Presidents Committee report on,
135-36
test scores in, 324—25
Washington Post, 97
Watts riots, 235-36
Wertham, Frederic, 113, 115
West Virginia, 177
White, Byron, 201, 202, 244, 267, 268,
275, 281
White, Kevin, 256
376 * Index
White, Walter, 124
“white flight,” ^suburbs, “white flight”
to
Whitehead, Matthew, 67-68,69,76
Whiteside, Charles, 11
Whitla, Dean, 341
Wilkens, Ann, 340
Wilkinson, Doris Y., 343
Williams, Mamie, 125
Wilmington, Del., 105,106,107,108,
109,112,114,287,319-23
integration in, 177
Wilmington, N.G, 226
Wilson, Paul, 139^0,159
Wisdom, John Minor, 195-99
Woods, William B., 19
Woodward, C. Vann, 153
Woodward, Isaac, 47-48
World War II, 38, 39,46-47,48, 55,
235
Wright, Fielding, 172
Wyoming, Ohio, xiv-xv
Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 53, 54, 55
Young, H. Albert, 107,113,
145
Yun, John, 341
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Irons, Peter H. 1940- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)123984262 |
| author_facet | Irons, Peter H. 1940- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Irons, Peter H. 1940- |
| author_variant | p h i ph phi |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV014878489 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KF4155 |
| callnumber-raw | KF4155 LC212.52 |
| callnumber-search | KF4155 LC212.52 |
| callnumber-sort | KF 44155 |
| callnumber-subject | KF - United States |
| classification_rvk | DO 9002 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)50651208 (DE-599)BVBBV014878489 |
| dewey-full | 344.73/0798 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 344 - Labor, social, education & cultural law |
| dewey-raw | 344.73/0798 |
| dewey-search | 344.73/0798 |
| dewey-sort | 3344.73 3798 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft Pädagogik |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| era | Geschichte 1954-2002 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1954-2002 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>03102nam a2200565zc 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV014878489</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20151102 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">021112s2002 xxu|||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="010" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2002019843</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0670889180</subfield><subfield code="9">0-670-88918-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)50651208</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV014878489</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">aacr</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-384</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">KF4155</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">LC212.52</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">344.73/0798</subfield><subfield code="2">21</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DO 9002</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)19769:763</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">5,3</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Irons, Peter H.</subfield><subfield code="d">1940-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)123984262</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Jim Crow's children</subfield><subfield code="b">the broken promise of the Brown decision</subfield><subfield code="c">Peter Irons</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1. publ.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York</subfield><subfield code="b">Viking</subfield><subfield code="c">2002</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xix, 376 p.</subfield><subfield code="b">24 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references (p. 349-364) and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court sounded the death knell for school segregation with its decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. However, Peter Irons writes that today many of our schools are even more segregated than they were on the day when Brown was decided. In this groundbreaking legal history, Irons explores the 150-year struggle against Jim Crow education, showing how the great victory over segregation was won, then lost again. The author of several award-winning books, Irons ranges from 1849 to the present as he describes a battle that has stretched across most of American history. He skillfully weaves a gripping legal drama out of the stories of brave, now-forgotten men and women, of luminaries such as Thurgood Marshall and Earl Warren, and explores the impact of the Brown decision on the communities actually involved in the case. 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| geographic | USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | USA |
| id | DE-604.BV014878489 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T16:04:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0670889180 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2002019843 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010061490 |
| oclc_num | 50651208 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-29 DE-188 DE-384 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29 DE-188 DE-384 |
| physical | xix, 376 p. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2002 |
| publishDateSearch | 2002 |
| publishDateSort | 2002 |
| publisher | Viking |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Irons, Peter H. 1940- Jim Crow's children the broken promise of the Brown decision Brown, Oliver <1918-1961> Trials, litigation, etc Geschichte Recht Segregation in education Law and legislation United States History Schule (DE-588)4053474-1 gnd Rassenintegration (DE-588)4226416-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4053474-1 (DE-588)4226416-9 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | Jim Crow's children the broken promise of the Brown decision |
| title_auth | Jim Crow's children the broken promise of the Brown decision |
| title_exact_search | Jim Crow's children the broken promise of the Brown decision |
| title_full | Jim Crow's children the broken promise of the Brown decision Peter Irons |
| title_fullStr | Jim Crow's children the broken promise of the Brown decision Peter Irons |
| title_full_unstemmed | Jim Crow's children the broken promise of the Brown decision Peter Irons |
| title_short | Jim Crow's children |
| title_sort | jim crow s children the broken promise of the brown decision |
| title_sub | the broken promise of the Brown decision |
| topic | Brown, Oliver <1918-1961> Trials, litigation, etc Geschichte Recht Segregation in education Law and legislation United States History Schule (DE-588)4053474-1 gnd Rassenintegration (DE-588)4226416-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Brown, Oliver <1918-1961> Trials, litigation, etc Geschichte Recht Segregation in education Law and legislation United States History Schule Rassenintegration USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010061490&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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