Asthma and the environment
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
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Philadelphia [u.a.]
Saunders
2002
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| Schriftenreihe: | Immunology and allergy clinics of North America
22,4 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Asthma and the environment |c Patricia W. Finn, guest ed. |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Immunology and allergy clinics of North America |v 22,4 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Asthma |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Allergisches Asthma |0 (DE-588)4275602-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface xi
Patricia W. Finn
Worldwide Asthma Epidemic 701
Erika von Mutius
Overall, an increasing trend has been reported in the prevalence of
asthma in recent decades; however, large variations in the preva¬
lence of childhood and adult asthma have been reported.
Prevalences are generally higher in affluent countries than in poorer
countries. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain
these trends. These theories most often relate to sodoeconomic
status, family size, early childhood infections and hygiene, aller¬
gen exposure, diet and obesity, perinatal risk factors, and environ¬
mental pollution.
Development of the Early Immune System: Impact on
Allergic Diseases 713
Christian H. Schroeter, Fiona K. Gibbons, and Patricia W. Finn
The advent of molecular tools, transgenic models, and genomic
approaches has resulted in an explosive increase in the under¬
standing of the immune system. This article considers how
advances in the understanding of innate and adaptive immunity
have crafted the knowledge of the fetal immune system, this
system s interaction with the maternal environment, and the
impact on the development of allergic diseases. Future examina¬
tion of these pathways, their intersection with environmental
exposure, and the interactions between the innate and adaptive
immune systems may provide attractive therapeutic approaches
for the treatment and prevention of allergic diseases.
VOLUME 22. NUMBER 4 .NOVEMBER 2002 v
Inner City Asthma 737
Megan Sandel and George O Connor
Asthma differs from region to region, from neighborhood to neigh¬
borhood, and even from block to block within inner cities.
Understanding the disproportionate burden of asthma in inner
cities may provide insight into the roots of the asthma epidemic.
Potential contributing factors can be classified broadly as health¬
care related, environmental, socioeconomic, and genetic. Many of
these factors may act together to induce development of asthma
instead of acting alone.
Gender and Asthma 753
Anne L. Fuhlbrigge, Benita Jackson, and Rosalind J. Wright
To understand the influence of gender on asthma, the interaction
of gender with the natural history of asthma should be examined.
The authors discuss how selected factors influence the biologic
susceptibility to disease, triggering of preexisting asthma, and the
management of disease. Examination of the factors that are known
to influence asthma leads to the conclusion that gender can influ¬
ence most of these relationships and can help clarify and expand
the existing knowledge of the natural history of disease.
Diagnosis and Management of Occupational Asthma 791
Susan R. Sama, David C. Christiani, and Donald K. Milton
Occupational asthma (OA) remains the most prevalent occupa¬
tional lung disease in developed countries. Nonsensitizing toxins
can induce irritant asthma and reactive airways dysfunction
syndrome and are in widespread use in many occupational set¬
tings. The pathophysiology and natural history of the disease are
better understood. Although knowledge of OA has increased
dramatically over the past several years and continues to improve,
much remains to be learned. Efforts must be focused on the ability
to quickly recognize OA and the ever increasing list of causal
agents because this informs individual prognosis and require¬
ments for general prevention.
Neuroimmunologic Control of Asthma 807
Kathleen J. Haley and Mary E. Sunday
Traditionally, the neural and immune systems are believed to
have completely separate roles in asthma. Recent evidence
suggests that these systems have extensive reciprocal interac¬
tions and that the pulmonary responses to allergens and irritants
that are observed in asthma are neuroimmune responses. This
vi CONTENTS
synthetic view of asthma has important implications for the
development of novel therapeutic approaches for this disease.
This article summarizes the evidence that supports the idea of
asthma as a neuroimmune syndrome.
Role of Prostaglandins in Asthma 827
R. Stokes Peebles Jr. and J.R. Sheller
Prostanoids are cyclooxygenase derived metabolites of arachidonic
acid and consist of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), PGF2(X, PGD2, PGE2,
and thromboxane A2, which have potential roles in asthma. Acute
inhibition of cyclooxygenase has few effects in atopic asthmatics,
but triggers dramatic bronchoconstriction in patients with aspirin
intolerant asthma. PGD2 is linked to eosinophil recruitment and
bronchoconstriction. PGE2, in contrast, has anti inflammatory
effects in patients with asthma.
Lessons from Allergic Rhinitis Versus Asthma Pathogenesis
and Treatment 845
Mitchell H. Grayson and Michael J. Holtzman
The clinical overlap of allergic rhinitis and asthma has led to the
proposal that the two entities share common pathogenic mecha¬
nisms, especially T cell dependent, IgE mediated airway inflam¬
mation. The inflammation has been ascribed to an imbalance in the
response of T helper cells, such that T helper type 2 (TH2) products
predominate over TH1 cytokine production in both diseases. This
scheme, however, does not fully explain the primary roles of the
epithelial barrier or respiratory viruses in the development of acute
and chronic pathophysiology of these upper and lower airway
diseases. This article reviews the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis,
focusing on the role of the antigen presenting cell and the conse¬
quent downstream events. A new scheme, called the Epi Vir All
paradigm, is presented that more fully addresses the roles of the
airway epithelium, respiratory viruses, and allergy in inflammatory
airway disease.
Transcription Regulation, Allergic Responses, and Asthma 871
Mark Boothby and Mark Aronica
Development and maintenance of the asthmatic phenotype involve
a complex interplay between genetic factors, which remain to be
elucidated or understood, and environmental influences, which
can lead to disease in susceptible individuals. Substantial progress
has been made in understanding the cellular and molecular mech¬
anisms that have a role in asthma. The intensive use of mouse
models has allowed great progress involving forms of asthma
related to an allergic disease state, which collectively can be
referred to as atopic asthma. In general, development of asthma is
CONTENTS vii
associated with changes in gene expression. This article focuses on
recent findings related to allergic lung disease and the function of
key transcription factors.
Functional Genomics of Immune Responses 891
Kenneth Christopher, Charlotte M. McKee, Thomas F. Mueller,
and David L. Perkins
The development of DNA microarray technology enables investi¬
gation of the complete transcriptome of expressed genes during
allograft rejection. The goal of the global analysis of gene expres¬
sion is to determine the molecular mechanisms of immunity and
to discover new biologic targets for pharmaceutical agents and
diagnostics. Paradigms of transplantation in lung and other solid
organs indicate that the rejection response involves hundreds of
genes that are controlled by complex regulatory networks.
Functional genomics provides a powerful tool for the study of the
networks involved in transplantation rejection. This article
addresses the immunology of lung transplantation, microarray
technology, data analysis and conformation, microarray studies
of transplantation, and the global approach to the study of trans¬
plant rejection.
Fatal Asthma and the Environment 911
Christopher H. Fanta
Fatal asthma is not a unique, biologically predetermined form of
asthma. It is a disastrous and, for the most part, preventable
outcome of a very severe asthmatic attack. Factors affecting the
severity of an attack include the degree of underlying hyperre
sponsiveness of the airways and the intensity of the stimulus that
triggers the attack. These factors are influenced by environmental
exposures. A systematic program of regular medications and close
medical follow up, combined with rapid intervention in the face of
deteriorating lung function, can reduce the frequency and severity
of severe asthmatic attacks, even among an impoverished popula¬
tion of inner city residents at highest risk for fatal asthma.
Cumulative Index 2002 925
viii CONTENTS
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| title | Asthma and the environment |
| title_auth | Asthma and the environment |
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| title_full | Asthma and the environment Patricia W. Finn, guest ed. |
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