The search for life in the universe

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Hauptverfasser: Goldsmith, Donald 1943- (VerfasserIn), Owen, Tobias (VerfasserIn)
Format: Buch
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Sausalito, Calif. University Science 2001
Ausgabe:3. ed.
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text The Search for Life in the Universe THIRD EDITION ; Donald Goldsmith ; INTERSTELLAR MEDIA « » -v Tobias Owen UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII University Science Books Sausalito, California Contents Foreword by Jill Tarter xiii Preface xv Part One: Why Do We Search? 1 Chapter 1 The Search from the Human Perspective 3 The Quest for Life s Origins 5 The Importance of Mars 7 The Scientific View of the Universe 11 The Laws of Nature 12 Applying Scientific Thinking in Everyday Life 13 The Scientific Method in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life 14 Cosmic Loneliness 17 A Conservative Approach to the Search for Life 19 SUMMARY 20 • KEYTERM 21 • QUESTIONS 21 • FURTHER READING 21 Part Two: The Universe 23 Chapter 2 The Universe Small and Large 25 The Distances to Astronomical Objects 27 The Scale of the Solar System 30 Measuring Stellar Distances with the Parallax Effect 31 Estimating Distances with the Inverse-Square Brightness Law 34 The Spectra of Stars 35 SUMMARY 43 • KEY TERMS 44 • QUESTIONS 44 • FURTHER READING 44 Chapter 3 The Birthplaces of Stars 47 Probing the Spaces Between the Stars 49 Radio Waves from Interstellar Hydrogen Atoms 51 Interstellar Dust Grains 55 Interstellar Molecules 55 Molecular Clouds 57 The Different Types of Molecules in Molecular Clouds 59 Did Life Begin in Interstellar Clouds? 62 The Birth of Stars 63 How Many Stars Form with Planets? 65 SUMMARY 66 • KEY TERMS 67 • QUESTIONS 67 • FURTHER READING 68 Chapter 4 Energy Liberation in Stars 69 Types of Stars 70 The Temperature-Luminosity Diagram 74 Red Giants and White Dwarfs 76 Stellar Lifetimes 77 vii viii CONTENTS How Stars Liberate Energy 78 The Proton-Proton Cycle 78 The Importance of Temperature Inside Stars 82 The Struggle Between Gravity and Pressure 85 The Influence of Mass on Stellar Lifetimes 85 SUMMARY 88 • KEY TERMS 88 • QUESTIONS 88 • FURTHER READING 89 Chapter 5 How Stars End Their Lives 91 Nuclear Fuel Consumption in Stars 91 The Evolution of Stars 92 The Red-Giant Phase 94 White Dwarfs 96 Could Civilizations Exist Around White Dwarfs? 98 Supernova Explosions 98 The Production of Heavy Elements in Supemovae 100 The Effects of Supemovae on Later Generations of Stars 103 Cosmic Rays 104 Black Holes 105 Pulsars: Cosmic Lighthouses? 105 Precise Pulsar Timing Reveals the Existence of Planets! Ill The Binary Pulsar and Gravity Radiation 111 Gamma-Ray Bursters: Mysterious Powerhouses of the Cosmos 114 SUMMARY 116 • KEY TERMS 117 • QUESTIONS 117 • FURTHER READING 118 Chapter 6 Galaxies and the Expanding Universe 119 Spiral Galaxies 121 The Structure of Spiral Galaxies 123 Dark Matter in Spiral Galaxies 126 Elliptical Galaxies 128 Irregular Galaxies 130 The Formation of Galaxies 130 Star Clusters 133 Radio Galaxies 135 The Doppler Shift and the Expanding Universe 136 The Big Bang 140 The Cosmic Background of Photons 142 The Hypothesis of the Inflationary Universe 144 Dark Matter on the Largest Scales of Distance 145 Is the Universe Finite or Infinite? 147 Will the Universe Expand Forever? 149 Quasars 152 Accretion Disks and Supermassive Black Holes 154 Could Quasars Be Intergalactic Beacons? 155 SUMMARY 156 • KEY TERMS 158 • QUESTIONS 158 • FURTHER READING 159 Part Three: Life 161 Chapter 7 The Nature of Life on Earth 163 What Is Life? 163 Biologically Important Compounds 167 The Capacity to Reproduce 172 CONTENTS DNA Does More than Govern Reproduction 173 Evolution and the Arrow of Time 178 Energy 180 The Unity of Life 182 SUMMARY 183 • KEY TERMS 184 • QUESTIONS 184 • FURTHER READING 185 Chapter 8 The Origin of Life 187 How Earth Got Its Atmosphere 189 The Evolution of the Atmosphere 191 The Effects of Life on the Evolution of Earth s Atmosphere 192 Early Ideas About the Origin of Life 196 The Chemical Evolution Model for the Origin of Life 197 An Experimental Test of the Primordial-Soup Model 200 Did Life Really Originate in This Manner? 202 An External Alternative 203 Polymerization 205 Is Our Starting Point Too Advanced? 207 Beyond Polymers 207 SUMMARY 210 • KEY TERMS 211 • QUESTIONS 211 • FURTHER READING 211 Chapter 9 From Molecules to Minds 213 Prokaiyotes 213 Eukaryotes 217 The Great Leap Forward 220 Suitable Stars for Life 223 Life on Other Planets 224 Evolution and the Development of Intelligence 226 Is Intelligence Inevitable? 226 Future Evolution on Earth 230 The Web of Life 231 SUMMARY 233 • KEY TERMS 234 • QUESTIONS 234 • FURTHER READING 235 Chapter 10 How Strange Can Life Be? 237 The Chemistry of Alien Life 237 The Superiority of Carbon 239 Solvents 242 Nonchemical Life 246 Black Clouds 248 Life on Neutron Stars 250 Gravitational Life 252 The Advantages of Being Average 253 SUMMARY 254 • KEY TERMS 255 • QUESTIONS 255 • FURTHER READING 255 Part Four: The Search for Life in the Solar System 257 Chapter 11 The Origin and Early History of the Solar System 259 The Formation of the Solar System 260 Comets 266 Asteroids, Meteoroids, and Meteorites 273 Bombardment of the Inner Planets: A Threat to Life? 275 XCONTENTS Meteorites 278 Amino Acids in Meteorites 279 Mercury and the Moon 280 The Early History of the Earth and the Moon 282 Human Exploration of the Moon 285 SUMMARY 287 • KEY TERMS 288 • QUESTIONS 289 • FURTHER READING 289 Chapter 12 Venus 291 The Temperature and Rotation of Venus 292 The Atmosphere of Venus 294 The Greenhouse Effect 295 Why Is Venus So Different from Earth? 297 Life on Venus? 300 Exploration of Venus by Spacecraft 302 SUMMARY 305 • KEY TERMS 305 • QUESTIONS 305 • FURTHER READING 306 Chapter 13 Mars 307 Modem Observations of Mars 309 Results from Early Space Probes to Mars 310 The Viking Project 315 Mars After Viking 321 Further Missions to Mars 326 Phobos and Deimos 330 SUMMARY 332 • KEY TERMS 332 • QUESTIONS 333 • FURTHER READING 333 Chapter 14 Is There Life on Mars ? 335 How to Find Martian Microorganisms 337 The Viking Results: Atmospheric Analysis 339 The Viking Results: Soil Analysis 340 The Viking Biology Experiments 341 Results of the Viking Biology Experiments 344 Did the Vikings Land in the Wrong Places? 346 An Ancient Eden? Goals for Future Exploration 349 Rocks from Mars! A Preview of Coming Attractions 350 What Went Wrong on Mars? 353 Epilogue: What About That Face on Mars? 354 SUMMARY 357 • KEY TERMS 358 • QUESTIONS 358 • FURTHER READING 359 Chapter 15 The Giant Planets and Their Satellites 361 Spacecraft to the Outer Solar System 362 The Composition of the Giant Planets 368 Chemistry on the Giant Planets 371 Could Life Exist on the Giant Planets? 374 Rings and Satellites 375 Titan 379 Iapetus: An Intelligence Test for Earthlings? 383 Triton: Chemistry at Low Temperatures 384 Cosmic Messengers 385 SUMMARY 386 • KEY TERM 387 • QUESTIONS 387 • FURTHER READING 388 CONTENTS Part Five: The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 391 Chapter 16 Is Earth Unique? 393 Which Characteristics Distinguish Earth as an Abode of Life? 394 Avoiding Regions of Cosmic Violence 395 The Need for Heavy Elements 395 The Importance of Temperature 396 The Threat of Impacts 398 The Advantages of a Large Moon 400 A Conservative Approach: Defining the Habitable Zone Around a Star 401 Which Stars Offer Good Habitable Zones? 402 Can Multiple-Star Systems Provide Good Habitable Zones? 407 Discovering Extrasolar Planets: Six Promising Methods and One Highly Successful One 409 SUMMARY 414 • KEY TERMS 415 • QUESTIONS 415 • FURTHER READING 416 Chapter 17 The Discovery of Extrasolar Planets 417 The Great Success: Using the Doppler Effect to Discover Extrasolar Planets 417 What Does the Doppler-Shift Method Reveal About Extrasolar Planets? 419 The Doppler-Shift Technique Reveals New Worlds 424 Why Do So Many Extrasolar Planets Orbit So Close to Their Stars? 427 The Importance of Jupiter s Distance 430 The Mystery of Eccentricity 431 How Many Stars Have Planets with the Right Conditions for Life? 432 Alternative Possibilities for Habitable Planets 433 How Many Habitable Planets Exist in the Milky Way? 434 How Can We Discover Earthlike Planets Around Other Stars? 435 SUMMARY 439 • KEY TERMS 439 • QUESTIONS 439 • FURTHER READING 440 Chapter 18 Extraterrestrial Civilizations: How Many? How Distant? 441 How Many Civilizations Exist? 442 Estimating the Number of Civilizations by Using the Drake Equation 443 How Many Stars in the Milky Way? 443 How Many of These Are Suitable Stars? 445 How Many Suitable Planets Orbit Each Suitable Star? 446 What Fraction of Suitable Planets Actually Produce Life? 446 What Fraction of Planets with Life Develop an Intelligent Civilization? 446 How Long Do Intelligent Civilizations Last? 449 The Importance of Survival 451 How Eager are Civilizations for Contact? 452 How Widely Separated Are Civilizations in the Milky Way? 455 Further Advances of Intelligent Civilizations 458 SUMMARY 462 • KEY TERMS 463 • QUESTIONS 463 • FURTHER READING 464 Chapter 19 Interstellar Spaceflight 465 Sending Information: Photons Versus Rockets 465 Interstellar Spaceships 467 Faster, Larger, More Expensive 468 xii CONTENTS When Time Slows Down 472 The Difficulties of High-Velocity Spaceflight 475 Automated Message Probes 477 SUMMARY 480 • KEY TERMS 481 • QUESTIONS 481 • FURTHER READING 482 Chapter 20 Interstellar Radio and Television Messages 483 Where Should We Look? 485 What Frequencies Should We Search? 487 What Frequency Bandwidth and Total Frequency Range to Examine? 491 How Can We Recognize Another Civilization? 494 The Present State of Radio Searches for Other Civilizations 497 What Messages Could We Send or Expect to Receive? 500 A Crucial Difference: Beamed Signals versus Eavesdropping 505 Do SETI Searches Limit Themsleves Too Severely by Relying on Radio Waves? 506 SUMMARY 507 • KEY TERMS 508 • QUESTIONS 508 • FURTHER READING 509 Chapter 21 Extraterrestrial Visitors To Earth? 511 What Evidence Do We Seek? 511 Four Representative UFO Sightings 512 An Experiment: Meteors and Falling Rockets 513 The Lubbock Lights 516 Venus in Georgia 518 Landing in Socorro 518 Difficulties in Verifying the Spacecraft Hypothesis 520 Classification of UFO Reports 520 Arguments for the Spacecraft Hypothesis 522 Some Conclusions About UFOs 524 What About a Government Conspiracy? 524 Von Daniken: Charlatan of the Gods? 526 SUMMARY 531 • KEY TERM 531 • QUESTIONS 532 • FURTHER READING 532 Chapter 22 Where Is Everybody? 533 We May Be Alone, or Nearly So 534 Advanced Civilizations May Have Little Interest in Communication 539 We Are Still a Primitive Civilization 541 Epilogue: The Search Continues 543 FURTHER READING 544 Some Internet Web Sites Relevant to the Search for Life in the Universe 547 Appendix 548 Glossary 551 Figure Credits 565 Index 567
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spellingShingle Goldsmith, Donald 1943-
Owen, Tobias
The search for life in the universe
Astrobiologie swd
Außerirdisches Leben swd
Astronomy
Life on other planets
Kosmogonie (DE-588)4073736-6 gnd
Außerirdisches Leben (DE-588)4003864-6 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4073736-6
(DE-588)4003864-6
title The search for life in the universe
title_auth The search for life in the universe
title_exact_search The search for life in the universe
title_full The search for life in the universe Donald Goldsmith ; Tobias Owen
title_fullStr The search for life in the universe Donald Goldsmith ; Tobias Owen
title_full_unstemmed The search for life in the universe Donald Goldsmith ; Tobias Owen
title_short The search for life in the universe
title_sort the search for life in the universe
topic Astrobiologie swd
Außerirdisches Leben swd
Astronomy
Life on other planets
Kosmogonie (DE-588)4073736-6 gnd
Außerirdisches Leben (DE-588)4003864-6 gnd
topic_facet Astrobiologie
Außerirdisches Leben
Astronomy
Life on other planets
Kosmogonie
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