A survey of metaphysics
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2002
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| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
1. introduction: the nature of metaphysics i
What is metaphysics? 1
The threat of relativism 4
The objection from naturalized epistemology 5
Kant and the possibility of metaphysics 7
Metaphysics and empirical knowledge 9
Possibility, concepts, and semantics 11
Ontology and ontological categories 13
A short outline of this book 16
PART i: IDENTITY AND CHANGE
2. IDENTITY OVER TIME AND CHANGE
OF COMPOSITION 23
Numerical and qualitative identity 23
Composite objects and change of parts 24
The puzzle of the ship of Theseus 25
Two radical solutions to the puzzle 28
A better solution? 30
Intermittent existence 33
Fission and fusion 35
Is vague identity possible? 36
The paradox of the thousand and one cats 37
3. QUALITATIVE CHANGE AND THE DOCTRINE OF
TEMPORAL PARTS 41
Leibniz s Law and the problem of qualitative change 41
Presentism 42
Three temporal realist solutions to the problem 43
A clarification of the adverbial solution 47
Perdurance versus endurance 49
The notion of temporal parts 50
A problem for perdurance theories 54
Temporal parts as theoretical entities 55
Viii | CONTENTS
4. SUBSTANTIAL CHANGE AND SPATIOTEMPORAL
COINCIDENCE 59
Beginning and ceasing to exist 59
Can there be coinciding objects? 61
Relative versus absolute identity 62
Temporal parts and coinciding objects 65
Some radical solutions to the problem of coincidence 66
In defence of coinciding objects 68
Identity and constitution 73
The problem of Tibbies and Tib 74
PART III NECESSITY, ESSENCE, AND POSSIBLE WORLDS
5. NECESSITY AND IDENTITY 79
Two kinds of possibility 79
Possibility as a dimension of variation 80
Possible worlds 81
Necessary truths and necessary beings 82
An argument for the necessity of identity 84
Some objections to the argument 86
Rigid designators 89
Transworld identity 90
Could two objects have been one? 91
The necessity of identity and the mind-body problem 92
6. ESSENTIALISM 96
Essential and accidental properties 96
Essential properties and the necessity of identity 99
Essential properties and the problem of transworld identity 100
Individual essences and haecceities 101
The necessity of origin 103
A four-worlds argument for the necessity of origin 104
The necessity of Constitution 106
A temporal comparison and accessibility relations 109
A brief stock-taking 112
Essence and conventionalism 113
CONTENTS ix
7. POSSIBLE WORLDS 115
The language of possible worlds 115
Modal logics and their interpretation 116
Accessibility relations and essentialist theses 119
How should we understand talk of possible worlds? 120
A deflationary view 121
Transworld identity again 123
Another deflationary view 124
Modal fictionalism 126
Realist theories of possible worlds 128
Robust realism and the indexical conception of actuality 129
Moderate realism and actualism versus possibilism 131
PART UK CAUSATION AND CONDITIONALS
8. COUNTERFACTUAL CONDITIONALS 137
Subjunctive versus indicative conditionals 137
Counterfactual conditionals and possible worlds 139
Conditional excluded middle and might counterfactuals 141
The question of transitivity 142
The notion of closeness between possible worlds 145
The problem of deterministic worlds 146
Backtracking counterfactuals and context-dependency 148
The question of transitivity again 151
An alternative analysis of counterfactuals 152
9. CAUSES AND CONDITIONS 155
Causal statements and the relata of causation 155
Event causation 157
The Humean analysis of causation and its problems 158
The counterfactual approach to event causation 160
Probabilistic event causation 162
Contributory causes and background conditions 165
Fact causation 167
The Slingshot Argument 169
Possible responses to the Slingshot Argument 171
X I CONTENTS
10. COUNTERFACTUALS AND EVENT CAUSATION 174
The simple counterfactual analysis of event causation 174
Some difficulties for the simple analysis 175
The problem of causal overdetermination 178
Some possible responses to the problem 180
The complex counterfactual analysis of event causation 182
Pre-emption cases 184
General objections to the counterfactual approach 186
The circularity objection 186
The objectivity objection 188
Alternative approaches 190
PART IV: AGENTS, ACTIONS, AND EVENTS
11. EVENT CAUSATION AND AGENT CAUSATION 195
Agents and agent causation 195
An analysis of agent causation 196
Causative action verbs and basic actions 198
The case for irreducible agent causation 199
The problem of free will 201
Mental causation, rational choice, and freedom of action 203
Basic actions and backward causation 205
The conceptual priority of agent causation 206
An analysis of event causation 208
Implications for the notion of causality 211
12. ACTIONS AND EVENTS 214
Do events exist? 214
An argument for the existence of events 216
Criteria of identity 220
The individuation of actions and events 221
Are actions events? 222
A causal criterion of identity for events 224
Some responses to the circularity objection 226
Events as property exemplifications 228
CONTENTS | Xi
13. EVENTS, THINGS, AND SPACE-TIME 232
Event-ontologies versus thing-ontologies 232
Event-ontologies and modern physics 233
Events and change 237
Are there any subjectless events? 240
Reductionism versus eliminativism 241
Is motion change of distance? 242
Prospects for a non-reductive pluralism of things and events 244
Can there be time without change? 245
Shoemaker s argument 247
PART V: SPACE AND TIME
14. ABSOLUTISM VERSUS RELATIONALISM 253
Dimensionality and the structure of space 253
Space as the void versus space as a plenum 256
Newtonian absolute space 257
The rotating bucket experiment and Mach s objection 259
The two-globes thought experiment 262
Objections to Mach s position 263
Some varieties of relationalism 264
The general theory of relativity and the nature of space 266
The special theory of relativity and the nature of time 268
15. INCONGRUENT COUNTERPARTS AND THE NATURE
OF SPACE 271
Substantivalism, relationalism, and transcendental idealism 271
The argument from incongruent counterparts 273
Kant s example of the solitary hand 274
A two-dimensional analogy 276
Moebius bands and the topology of space 278
Actual space versus possible spaces 280
How many dimensions could space have? 283
Does space denote an ontological category? 284
Is handedness a property? 285
Xii CONTENTS
16. THE PARADOXES OF MOTION AND THE
POSSIBILITY OF CHANGE 288
Reality and the appearance of change 288
The Paradox of the Racecourse 289
Is the paradox self-defeating? 291
An inverted version of the paradox 291
A common-sense objection to the paradox 292
Infinite series and supertasks 293
Why does the paradox seem so compelling? 296
More on inverted versions of the paradox 297
The Achilles Paradox 299
The Paradox of the Arrow and instantaneous velocity 300
How can something begin to move? 303
The Paradox of the Moving Blocks and discrete space-time 304
17. TENSE AND THE REALITY OF TIME 307
The A series and the B series 307
Change and the passage of time 310
McTaggart s argument for the unreality of time 312
Does the A series involve a contradiction? 313
Tenses and the regress problem 314
A diagnosis of McTaggart s mistake 318
The B theorist s conception of time and tense 319
Is the passage of time illusory? 320
Dynamic conceptions of time and the reality of the future 322
18. CAUSATION AND THE DIRECTION OF TIME 325
Temporal asymmetry and the structure of time 325
Temporal asymmetry and the passage of time 328
Causation and temporal asymmetry 329
Backward causation and time travel into the past 332
Affecting the past versus changing the past 335
Personal time versus external time 335
Problems of multiple location and multiple occupancy 336
The Grandfather Paradox and the problem of causal loops 338
Time travel, general relativity, and informational loops 341
The laws of thermodynamics and the arrow of time 342
CONTENTS | Xiii
PART Vi: UNIVERSALS AND PARTICULARS
19. REALISM VERSUS NOMINALISM 347
The distinction between universals and particulars 347
A spatiotemporal account of the distinction 348
Instantiation and an alternative account 350
Nominalists versus realists 352
Predicates and properties 353
Resemblance classes and resemblance nominalism 355
Some problems for resemblance nominalism 357
The bundle theory 360
Trope theory 361
The problem of resemblance 362
20. THE ABSTRACT AND THE CONCRETE 366
Two notions of concreteness and the status of tropes 366
The spatiotemporal and causal criteria of abstractness 368
Existence in space and time 370
How is knowledge of abstract objects possible? 372
The indispensability argument 373
Mathematical truths and mathematical objects 375
The ontological status of sets 377
The ontological status of possible worlds 378
Universals and laws of nature 379
Are universals abstract or concrete objects? 382
The ontological status of facts and states of affairs 384
Bibliography 386
Index 396
|
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| discipline | Philosophie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
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| title | A survey of metaphysics |
| title_auth | A survey of metaphysics |
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| title_full | A survey of metaphysics E. J. Lowe |
| title_fullStr | A survey of metaphysics E. J. Lowe |
| title_full_unstemmed | A survey of metaphysics E. J. Lowe |
| title_short | A survey of metaphysics |
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| topic | Metaphysik Metaphysics Metaphysik (DE-588)4038936-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Metaphysik Metaphysics Einführung |
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