Poverty in Egypt human needs and institutional capacities

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1. Verfasser: Nagi, Saad Z. (VerfasserIn)
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Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Lanham [u.a.] Lexington Books 2001
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adam_text Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Acknowledgments xvii 1 An Introduction 1 2 Indicators and Measures 23 3 Patterns of Distribution 53 4 Health, Disability, and Poverty 75 5 Stratification and Mobility 93 6 Role of Markets 137 7 Role of Family and Philanthropy 187 8 Role of Public Policy and Government Programs 213 9 Conclusions and Implications 237 References 273 Appendix A—Sampling Design 285 Appendix B—Additional Tables 287 Appendix C—Construction of Indices 301 Appendix D—Index of Economic Freedom 317 Index 319 About the Author 333 v Figures 4.1: Phases and Dynamics of Health Conditions (from Pathology to Disability) 80 6.1: Total Fertility Rates and Population Growth 139 6.2: Value of Merchandise Exports and Merchandise Imports 141 6.3: Number of Telephones in Use and Railway Traffic 143 6.4: Gross Domestic Investment Per Capita and Gross Domestic Savings as % of GDP 144 6.5: Consumption of Steel, Industrial Tin, and Energy 146 6.6: Gross Domestic Product and GNP per Capita 147 6.7: Percentage of Adult Illiteracy in the Population 153 6.8: Total Primary and Secondary School Enrollment Ratio 154 6.9: Female Primary and Secondary School Enrollment Ratio 155 6.10: Enrollment in Higher Education 156 6.11: Enrollment in Natural Sciences, Engineering, and Mathematics and Computer Science 157 6.12: Public Expenditure on Education 159 6.13: Consumption of Newsprint 159 6.14: Female Labor Force Participation 160 6.15: Labor Force in Agriculture 160 6.16: Salary Scales: Bureaucrats Wages in Developing Societies, Average 1982 1994 181 C.I: Employment Status Structure 311 vii Tables 2.1: Household Annual Income 24 2.2: Per Capita Annual Income 24 2.3: Change in the Distributions of Share of Income Among Different Deciles of Households 25 2.4: Household Annual Expenditures 26 2.5: Per Capita Annual Expenditures 26 2.6: Share of Expenditures Among Household Population 27 2.7: Basic Needs and Per Capita Income 28 2.8: Index of Basic Needs and Per Capita Income 29 2.9: Housing Conditions and Per Capita Income 32 2.10: Budget Balance and Per Capita Income 33 2.11: Coping with Emergencies and Per Capita Income 34 2.12: Income Sufficiency and Per Capita Income 35 2.13: Change in Income Levels and Current Per Capita Income 35 2.14: Economic Security and Per Capita Income 36 2.15: Assets and Per Capita Income 36 2.16: Standard of Living and Per Capita Income 37 2.17: Poverty Based on Per Capita Expenditures 39 2.18: Poverty Based on Household Expenditures 39 2.19: Incidence of Poverty in Egypt 40 41 2.20: The Relationships Between Objective and Subjective Poverty 43 2.21: Dimensions of Poverty, Objective and Subjective Poverty, and Standard of Living 44 45 ix X Tables 2.22: Budget Balance and Poverty 47 2.23: Comparison of Poverty Over Time (2/3 of Average Per Capita Expenditures) 48 2.24: The Relationships Between Objective and Subjective Ultra Poverty 48 2.25: Dimensions of Poverty, Ultra Poverty, and Standard of Living 50 51 2.26: Egypt in International Comparisons on Selected Poverty Related Indices 52 3.1: Rural Urban Differentials in Living Standards and Poverty 54 3.2: Regional Differentials in Living Standards and Poverty 56 3.3: Household Size, Living Standards, and Poverty 58 3.4: Dependency Ratios, Living Standards, and Poverty 59 3.5: Household Engagement in Gainful Activities, Living Standards, and Poverty 60 3.6: Household Education, Living Standards, and Poverty 62 3.7: Sex of Household Head, Living Standards, and Poverty 63 3.8: Age of Head of Household, Living Standards, and Poverty 65 3.9: Education of Head of Household, Living Standards, and Poverty 66 3.10: Estimates of the Regression of the Per Capita Income on Selected Independent Variables 68 3.11: Estimates of the Regression of the Per Capita Expenditures on Selected Independent Variables 68 3.12: Estimates of the Regression of the Index of Housing on Selected Independent Variables 69 3.13: Estimates of the Regression of the Index of Economic Security on Selected Independent Variables 70 3.14: Estimates of the Regression of the Index of Basic Needs on Selected Independent Variables 71 3.15: Estimates of the Regression of the Index of Standard of Living on Selected Independent Variables 71 3.16: Estimates of the Logistic Regression of Objective Poverty on Selected Independent Variables 72 3.17: Estimates of the Logistic Regression of Subjective Poverty on Selected Independent Variables 72 4.1: Health Status and Selected Characteristics of Respondents 82 4.2: Physical and Emotional Limitations and Selected Characteristics of Respondents 83 Tables xi 4.3: Status Profiles and Emotional Limitations 84 4.4: Work Disability and Selected Characteristics of Respondents 85 4.5: Limitations in Independent Living and Selected Characteristics of Respondents 86 4.6: Comparisons of Health and Disability Variables 87 4.7: Health, Disability, Poverty, and Living Standards 88 4.8: Poverty and Utilization of Health Services 89 4.9: Unmet Needs for Health Services by Selected Characteristics 91 5.1: The Distribution of Landholding, 1977/78 101 5.2: Change in Macro Economic Indicators, 1980 1994 105 5.3: International Comparisons on Selected Educational Statistics 107 5.4: Educational Attainment for Sex Cohorts (Total sample) 109 5.5: Educational Attainment for Sex Cohorts Currently Engaged in Gainful Activities (18 64) 111 5.6: Educational Attainment of Male Respondents and Their Fathers 112 5.7: Educational Attainment of Female Respondents and Their Mothers 112 5.8: Estimates of the Regression of the Respondents Educational Attainment on Selected Independent Variables 113 5.9: Occupational Categories and Average Education and Earnings for Currently Working Respondents (18 64) 115 5.10: Occupational Stratification and Gender Among Currently Working Respondents (Ages 18 64) 116 5.11: Occupational Levels, Education and Gender Among Currently Working Respondents (Ages 18 64) 120 5.12: Occupational Levels of Male Respondents and their Fathers Currently Working Respondents (Ages 18 64) 122 5.13: Regression for Occupational Stratification of Currently Working Males (Ages 18 64) 123 5.14: Regression for Occupational Stratification of Females Currently Working (Ages 18 64) 124 5.15: Earnings for Currently Working Respondents Selected Characteristics (Ages 18 64) 125 126 5.16: Regression Model of Earnings for Males Currently Working (Ages 18 64) 127 5.17: Regression Model of Earnings for Females Currently Working (Ages 18 64) 127 xii Tables 5.18: Typology of Collectivities 129 5.19: Intercorrelations Among Rankings of Three Status Hierarchies Currently Working Respondents (Ages 18 64) 132 5.20: Status Hierarchies Trichotomized for Respondents Currently Working (Ages 18 64) 132 5.21: Occupational Levels, Poverty, and Living Standard for Respondents Currently Working (Ages 18 64) 133 5.22: Educational Mobility, Poverty, and Standard of Living for Respondents Currently Working (18 64) 134 5.23: Occupational Mobility, Poverty, and Standards of Living for Respondents Currently Working (18 64) 135 6.1: Contributions of Technological Development 150 6.2: Strategies of Industrial, Science and Technology Development in South Korea 151 6.3: R D Expenditures in South Korea (Millions U.S. $) 151 6.4: Employment Status and Selected Demographic Characteristic 163 6.5: Employment Status for Respondents (18 64 Excluding Homemakers, Students, and Retired) and Selected Demographic Characteristics 164 6.6: Employment Status for Respondents (18 64) Excluding Homemakers, Students, Retired, and Unemployed) and Selected Demographic Characteristics 166 6.7: Employment Status of Respondents (18 Years and Over, Excluding Homemakers, Students, Retired, and Unemployed) and Earnings (in LE) 170 6.8: Mean Earnings by Employment Status and Demographic Characteristics (Currently Working 18 64) 171 6.9: Employment Status and Total Income (in LE) (all Respondents) 173 6.10: Employment Status, Poverty, and Living Standards (all Respondents) 174 6.11: Corruption Perception Index, 1996 178 7.1: Poverty, Percent of Households Receiving Assistance from Relatives, and Purpose of Assistance 188 7.2: Composition and Size of Households 190 7.3: Kin Intermarriage 191 7.4: Income, Poverty, Levels of Living, and Selected Household Characteristics 193 Tables xiii 7.5: Poverty, Percent of Households Receiving Assistance from Relatives, and Selected Household Characteristics 194 7.6: Poverty, Percent of Households Receiving Assistance from Non Relatives, and Purpose of Assistance 195 7.7: Poverty, Percent of Households Receiving Assistance from Religious Organizations, and Purpose of Assistance 196 7.8: Non Governmental Organizations, Annual Expenditures (in LE) and Recipients (1988) 201 7.9: Poverty, Percent of Households Receiving Assistance from NGOs, and Purpose of Assistance 202 7.10: Poverty, Percent of Households Receiving Assistance from any Source, and Purpose of Assistance 202 7.11: Households Receiving Assistance, Poverty, and Number of Sources 203 7.12: Households Receiving Any Assistance, Poverty, and Sources of Assistance 203 7.13: Regression Equations for Sources of Assistance 205 7.14: Characteristics of Respondents and Their Perceptions of Sources of Assistance 207 208 7.15: Factor Analysis for Attitudiual Items 209 7.16: Scale A Model Summary 210 7.17: Scale B Model Summary 210 8.1: Numbers of Beneficiaries and Amount of Benefits from Social Assistance Programs 229 8.2: Numbers of Cases Receiving Benefits and Amounts Paid from Social Insurance Programs 1988/89 229 8.3: Respondents Reports About Coverage and Benefits from Social Insurance Programs 231 8.4: Percentage of Respondents Reporting Difficulties in, and Opinions About, Dealing with Government Agencies 233 8.5: Progress Scores January 1995 and January 1996 234 9.1: A Diagrammatic Scheme for Organization of Community Services 265 A.I: Sample Statistics 286 B.I: Caculations of the Gini Coefficient for the Total Sample 288 B.2: Caculations of the Gini Coefficient for the Urban Subsample 289 B.3: Caculations of the Gini Coefficient for the Rural Subsample 290 xiv Tables B.4: Expenditure on Food as a Percent of Total Household Expenditure and Income 291 B.5: Health Care Expenditures and Income 291 B.6: Utilization of Health Services and Income 292 B.7: Utilization and Affordability of Health Care 292 B.8: Cost of Education and Income 292 B.9: Household Income and Children in Ages 6 15 Not Attending School 293 B.10: Affordability of Educational Costs and School Attendance 293 B.ll: Intercorrelations Among the Scores of the Standard of Living Index and its Components 294 B.12: Comparisons Between Egypt and South Korea on Selected Socio Economic Indicators (1960 1995) 294 296 B.13: Employment Status, Health, Limitations, and Disability 297 B.14: Rates of Objective Poverty, Employment Status, and Selected Characteristics of Respondents 298 B.15: Rates of Subjective Poverty, Employment Status, and Selected Characteristics of Respondents 299 C.I: Basic Needs Responses 302 C.2: Distribution of the Index of Basic Needs Scores 303 C.3: Type of Floor Material 303 C.4: Type of Floor Cover 304 C.5: Source of Drinking Water 304 C.6: Type of Toilet 304 C.7: Type of Fuel 304 C.8: Results Factor Analysis 305 C.9: Distribution of the Index of Housing Scores 305 C. 10: Expected Change in Income 306 C. 11: Change in Income from Previous Years (HHQ 335) 306 C.12: Coping with Emergencies (HHQ 317, 319) 306 C. 13: Household Budget Balance (HH Income HH Expenditures)/HH 307 C. 14: Number of Employees in Enterprise (HHQ 327 AB and BB) 308 C.I5: Total Area (in Square Meters) of Vacant Lots Owned (HHQ 325D) 308 C.16: Total Savings (LE) (HHQ 325E) 309 C.17: Number of Acres Owned (HHQ 325) 309 Tables xv C.I8: Distribution of Items in the Standard of Living Index 310 C.I9: Factor Analysis Results of the Attributes of the Standard of Living 310 C.20: Employment Status Variable Specifications 312 C.21: Distribution of Employment Status Variables 312 C.22: Typologies and Distributions of the Status Profiles 313 C.23: Factor Analysis of Physical and Emotional Limitations 314 C.24: Physical and Emotional Limitations Scores 314 C.25: Typologies and Distributions of the Status Profiles 315 C.26: Work Disability Index in Individuals, Age 18 64 315 C.27: Codes and Scores of Variables in Logistic Regression for Assistance from Family and Philanthropy 316
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spellingShingle Nagi, Saad Z.
Poverty in Egypt human needs and institutional capacities
Aide au développement économique régional - Égypte
Aide sociale - Égypte
Besoins fondamentaux - Égypte
Pauvreté - Égypte
Basic needs Egypt
Economic assistance, Domestic Egypt
Poverty Egypt
Public welfare Egypt
Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4002963-3
(DE-588)4000556-2
title Poverty in Egypt human needs and institutional capacities
title_auth Poverty in Egypt human needs and institutional capacities
title_exact_search Poverty in Egypt human needs and institutional capacities
title_full Poverty in Egypt human needs and institutional capacities Saad Z. Nagi
title_fullStr Poverty in Egypt human needs and institutional capacities Saad Z. Nagi
title_full_unstemmed Poverty in Egypt human needs and institutional capacities Saad Z. Nagi
title_short Poverty in Egypt
title_sort poverty in egypt human needs and institutional capacities
title_sub human needs and institutional capacities
topic Aide au développement économique régional - Égypte
Aide sociale - Égypte
Besoins fondamentaux - Égypte
Pauvreté - Égypte
Basic needs Egypt
Economic assistance, Domestic Egypt
Poverty Egypt
Public welfare Egypt
Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd
topic_facet Aide au développement économique régional - Égypte
Aide sociale - Égypte
Besoins fondamentaux - Égypte
Pauvreté - Égypte
Basic needs Egypt
Economic assistance, Domestic Egypt
Poverty Egypt
Public welfare Egypt
Armut
Ägypten
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009652185&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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