Concepts of epidemiology an integrated introduction to the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford
Oxford Univ. Press
2002
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Glossary xx
1 What is epidemiology? The nature and scope of a biological,
social, and ecological science and of epidemiological variables
and outcomes 1
1.1 The individual and the population 1
1.2 Definition of epidemiology and statement of its central paradigm 2
1.3 Directions in epidemiology and its uses 3
1.4 Epidemiology as a science, practice, and craft 4
1.5 The nature of epidemiological variables 7
1.6 A disease and health problem: an illustration of the
interdependence of clinical medicine and epidemiology J1
1.7 Seeking the theoretical foundations of epidemiology 14
Summary 15
2 The epidemiological concept of population 17
2.1 The individual and the population 17
2.2 Harnessing heterogeneity in individual and group level
disease and risk factor patterns 21
2.3 Disease patterns as a manifestation of individuals living
in changing social groups 22
2.4 Sick populations and sick individuals 26
2.5 Individual and population level epidemiological variables 31
2.6 Epidemiology and demography: interdependent population sciences 33
2.7 The dynamic nature of human population 39
2.8 Applications of the population concept 40
2.9 Conclusion 42
Summary 43
3 Variation in disease by time, place, and person:
A framework for analysis 44
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Reasons for analysing disease variations 45
3.3 Variations and associations: real or artefact? 47
3.4 Applying the real artefact framework 52
3.5 Disease clustering and clusters in epidemiology 59
3.6 Applications of observations of disease variation 67
3.7 Epidemiological theory underpinning or arising from this chapter 68
3.8 Conclusion 68
Summary 68
4 Variation: Role of error, bias, and confounding 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 A classification of error and bias 72
4.2.1 The research question, theme or hypothesis 73
4.2.2 Choice of population 76
4.2.3 Non participation 79
4.2.4 Comparing disease patterns and risk factor disease outcome
relationships in populations which differ (confounding) 79
4.2.5 Measurement 86
4.2.6 Misclassification bias 88
4.2.7 Analysis and interpretation 90
4.2.8 Publication 91
4.2.9 Judgement and action 91
4.3 A practical application of the research chronology schema
of bias and error 92
4.4 Conclusion 94
Summary 97
5 Cause and effect: The epidemiological approach 98
5.1 Introduction: causality in science and philosophy 98
5.2 Epidemiological causal strategy and reasoning: the example
of Semmelweiss 101
5.3 Models of cause in epidemiology 103
5.3.1 Interplay of host, agent, and environment 103
5.3.2 Necessary and sufficient cause 113
5.4 Guidelines for epidemiological reasoning on cause and effect 115
5.4.1 Comparison of epidemiological and other concepts
of causal reasoning 115
5.4.2 Application of criteria to associations 121
5.4.3 Interpretation of data, study design, and causal criteria 129
5.5 Epidemiological theory illustrated by this chapter 130
5.6 Conclusion 130
Summary 132
6 Natural history, spectrum, iceberg, population patterns, and
screening: Interrelated concepts in the epidemiology of disease 133
6.1 Natural history of disease 134
6.2 The population pattern of disease 139
6.3 Spectrum of disease 140
6.4 The unmeasured burden of disease: the metaphors of the
iceberg and the pyramid 142
6.5 Screening 145
6.6 Applications of the concepts of natural history,
spectrum, and screening 156
6.7 Epidemiological theory: symbiosis with clinical medicine
and social sciences 160
6.8 Conclusion 161
Summary 161
7 The concept of risk and measures of disease frequency:
Incidence and prevalence 163
7.1 Introduction: risks, risk factors, and causes 163
7.2 Quantifying disease frequency, risk factors, and their relationships 164
7.3 Incidence and incidence rate: the concepts of incidence
density, person time incidence and cumulative incidence 167
7.4 Numerator 173
7.5 Denominator 178
7.6 Prevalence and prevalence rate 179
7.7 Relationship of incidence and prevalence 185
7.8 Choice of incidence or prevalence 188
7.9 Presenting rates 188
7.10 Conclusion 189
Summary 190
8 Presentation and interpretation of epidemiological data on risk 191
8.1 Introduction 191
8.2 Proportional morbidity or mortality ratio (PMR) 192
8.3 Adjusted overall rates: standardization and the
calculation of the SMR (Standardized mortality ratio) 194
8.4 Relative measure: relative risk 198
8.5 The odds ratio (OR) 202
8.6 Measurements to assess the impact of a risk factor in groups and
populations 207
8.6.1 Attributable risk/exposed group 210
8.6.2 Population attributable risk 212
8.7 Presentation and interpretation of epidemiological data
in applied settings 214
8.8 Avoidable morbidity and mortality 217
8.9 Comparison of summary measures of health status 218
8.10 DALY, disability adjusted life years, and QALY,
quality adjusted life years 220
8.11 Numbers needed to treat (NNT) or to prevent (NNP) 222
8.12 Describing the health status of a population 223
8.13 The construction and development of health status indicators 226
8.14 Conclusion 228
Summary 230
9 Study design 231
9.1 Introduction: interdependence of study design 231
9.2 Classifications of study design: five dichotomies 234
9.3 Case series: clinical and population based 235
9.4 Cross sectional study 242
9.5 Case control study 247
9.6 Cohort study 251
9.7 Trials 255
9.8 Overlap in the conceptual basis of the case series, cross sectional,
case control, cohort, and trial designs 257
9.9 Ecological studies: design or analysis? 262
9.10 Size of the study 263
9.11 Data analysis and interpretation 264
9.12 Conclusion 265
Summary 265
10 Theoretical, ethical, contextual, practical, and critical foundations for
future epidemiology 267
10.1 The interrelationship of theory, methods, and application: a question of
values 267
10.2 Fundamental influences on health 269
10.3 Setting priorities in health and health care 271
10.4 Impact on health of local polluting industries: Teesside study of
environment and health 274
10.5 Paradigms: the evolution of epidemiology 276
10.6 Epidemiology: forces for change 277
10.7 Scope of epidemiology and specialization 278
10.8 The context of epidemiological practice—academic and service, USA and
UK 279
10.9 The practice of epidemiology in public health 280
10.10 Ethical basis and proper conduct of epidemiology: the need
for a code 281
10.10.1 Tobacco industry 281
10.10.2 Authorship 281
10.10.3 Ethnicity and race 282
10.11 Ethical guidelines 284
10.12 Critical appraisal in epidemiology: separating fact from error
and fallacy 285
10.12.1 The fallacy of association being causal 287
10.12.2 The weight of evidence fallacy 287
10.12.3 The fallacy of repeated citation 287
10.12.4 The fallacy of authority 288
10.12.5 The fallacy of simple explanation 288
10.12.6 The fallacy of risk 288
10.12.7 The fallacy of inappropriate extrapolation 288
10.12.8 The fallacy of significance tests 288
10.12.9 The fallacy of obfuscation 288
10.12.10 The fallacy of covert bias 289
10.12.11 The nature of critical appraisal 289
10.13 Some questions relevant to the appraisal of epidemiological research 289
10.14 Building on an epidemiological education: role of
historical landmarks 291
10.15 Building on an epidemiological education: a reflection on the future of
epidemiology 293
Summary 295
References and further reading 297
Index 311
|
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| indexdate | 2024-12-23T15:45:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0192631551 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XXVIII, 317 S. |
| publishDate | 2002 |
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| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
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| spellingShingle | Bhopal, Raj S. Concepts of epidemiology an integrated introduction to the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4015016-1 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Concepts of epidemiology an integrated introduction to the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology |
| title_auth | Concepts of epidemiology an integrated introduction to the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology |
| title_exact_search | Concepts of epidemiology an integrated introduction to the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology |
| title_full | Concepts of epidemiology an integrated introduction to the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology Raj S. Bhopal |
| title_fullStr | Concepts of epidemiology an integrated introduction to the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology Raj S. Bhopal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concepts of epidemiology an integrated introduction to the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology Raj S. Bhopal |
| title_short | Concepts of epidemiology |
| title_sort | concepts of epidemiology an integrated introduction to the ideas theories principles and methods of epidemiology |
| title_sub | an integrated introduction to the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology |
| topic | Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Epidemiologie Einführung |
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