Urban livelihoods and food and nutrition security in Greater Accra, Ghana

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Veröffentlicht: Washington, DC Internat. Food Policy Research Inst. [u.a.] 2000
Schriftenreihe:Research report / International Food Policy Research Institute 112
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adam_text Titel: Urban livelihoods and food and nutrition security in Greater Accra, Ghana Autor: Maxwell, Daniel Jahr: 2000 Contents List of Tables iv List of Figures vii Foreword viii Acknowledgments ix Summary xi 1. Urban Poverty: A New Priority 1 2. Design and Methodology of the Study 12 3. Accra s Households and Communities 17 4. Urban Livelihoods: Activities, Income, Shocks, and Coping 26 5. Household Spending, Consumption, and Food Security 52 6. Nutrition and Health of Women and Children 81 7. Caregiving Behaviors and Resources 91 8. Spatial Clustering of Outcomes 105 9. Multivariate Determinants of Food Security, Health, Care, and Nutritional Status 110 10. Urban Livelihood Security: Assets, Vulnerability, Trade-offs, and Coping 138 11. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations 146 Appendix: Indicators of Urban Vulnerability and Food and Nutrition Insecurity 153 References 156 ui Tables 1. Population and growth rates for greater Accra 4 2. Poverty levels in Ghana 5 3. Contents of questionnaire by module, respondent, and method 15 4. Descriptive characteristics of Accra households, by head of household 20 5. Sex ratios by age group, by head of household 20 6. Distribution of household characteristics by head of household 21 7. Characteristics of migrant households (by longevity in Accra) 23 8. Services and infrastructure by enumeration area grouping 24 9. Employment status, individuals over the age of 10 27 10. Labor classification categories 28 11. All reported jobs, by category and sex of worker 29 12. Labor classification of primary income-generating activity, by sex 29 13. Job category, by labor classification 31 14. Multiple income-generating activities at household level: Means and standard deviations by category of household 34 15. Average monthly household income and income source 38 16. Community, kinship, and household-level strategies 41 17. Direction of transfer flow 46 18. Transfers between urban and rural areas 47 19. Types and uses of transfers 48 20. Source of loan and relationship of lender to borrower 49 21. Uses of loans 49 22. Mean income and expenditures by expenditure group, occupation, migration status, education, and sex of head of household 53 23. Average share of major household expenditures 54 24. Mean percent of total food expenditures from different sources of acquisition 59 25. Mean share of the food budget spent on different food groups 62 26. Mean share of food budget allocated to street foods and meals away from home 65 IV 27. Mean daily calorie availability 67 28. Mean percent of total calories available from different food groups 68 29. Mean percent of total calories available from street foods and meals away from home 70 30. Coping strategies related to food consumption: Frequencies and proportions 72 31. Mean percentage of energy adequacy per adult equivalent unit 75 32. Mean percentage of energy-deficient households 76 33. Food security: Caloric adequacy and food shares 78 34. Sociodemographic groups by food security categories 79 35. Mean anthropometric measurements of children in Accra, 1997 82 36. Prevalence of malnutrition among children in Accra, 1997 82 37. Nutritional status of children by household characteristics, 1997 83 38. Nutritional status data from AUFNS 1997 compared with 1988 and 1993 DHS data for children between 3 and 35 months 84 39. Index child morbidity 87 40. Health and nutritional status of index child 88 41. Prevalence of stunting in children with obese mothers (index children, 0-39 months old) 90 42. Characteristics of primary caregivers 93 43. Water and sanitation facilities 94 44. Child feeding practices 95 45. Health-seeking behaviors 97 46. Frequency of good hygiene behaviors 98 47. Practices and scoring system used, by age group, to create the care index (for children 4-36 months old) 100 48. Association between care resources and care practices 101 49. Care index and nutritional status: Health outcomes for children 4-36 months old 102 50. Hygiene index by child anthropometry and health score (visual analog scale) 103 51. Hygiene index by whether child had diarrhea or fever in past two weeks 103 52. Welfare measures, by enumeration area 106 53. Nutrition and health measures, by enumeration area 107 54. Variability between and within clusters 108 55. Determinants of per capita expenditures 115 56. Determinants of household food availability (using household calorie availability) 116 57. Determinants of household food availability (using household calorie price) 118 58. Determinants of child s health (health visual analog for index child) 122 59. Determinants of caring behaviors and practices (care index for index child) 126 60. Determinants of child s nutritional status (stunting): Structural equations 128 61. Determinants of child s nutritional status (stunting): Reduced form estimates 130 62. Variables used to estimate nutritional status of index child and instrumenting equations 132 63. Results from relevance test, overidentification test, and Durbin- Hausman-Wu test for household calorie availability, health visual analog, care index, and standardized height-for-age of index child, IV regression analysis 134 64. Characteristics of food security groups: Income-generating activities, dependency ratio, transfers and budget shares, per capita expenditure, and coping ability 140 65. Food security groups: Outcomes 141 66. Characteristics of working and nonworking primary caregivers of index child 143 VI Figures 1. Livelihood security at the household level 8 2. Conceptual framework for analyzing nutritional status 10 3. Research activities, by quarter, 1996-98 13 4. Average share of total budget allocated to food, by per capita expenditure quintile 58 5. Distribution of the budget share for snacks and prepared foods purchased away from home 64 6. Share of food expenditures spent on street foods and meals away from home, by expenditure group 66 7. Changes in anthropometry (mean Z-scores), 1988, 1993, and 1997 surveys 85 8. Changes in prevalence of malnutrition, 1988, 1993, and 1997 surveys 86 9. The association between maternal care practices (terciles) and malnutrition prevalence 102 10. A participatory analysis of the causes of child malnutrition 136 VII
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spellingShingle Urban livelihoods and food and nutrition security in Greater Accra, Ghana
Stedelijke gebieden gtt
Voedselvoorziening gtt
Nutrition surveys Ghana
Lebensmittelversorgung (DE-588)4034917-2 gnd
Ernährungspolitik (DE-588)4152824-4 gnd
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(DE-588)4152824-4
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title Urban livelihoods and food and nutrition security in Greater Accra, Ghana
title_auth Urban livelihoods and food and nutrition security in Greater Accra, Ghana
title_exact_search Urban livelihoods and food and nutrition security in Greater Accra, Ghana
title_full Urban livelihoods and food and nutrition security in Greater Accra, Ghana Daniel Maxwell ...
title_fullStr Urban livelihoods and food and nutrition security in Greater Accra, Ghana Daniel Maxwell ...
title_full_unstemmed Urban livelihoods and food and nutrition security in Greater Accra, Ghana Daniel Maxwell ...
title_short Urban livelihoods and food and nutrition security in Greater Accra, Ghana
title_sort urban livelihoods and food and nutrition security in greater accra ghana
topic Stedelijke gebieden gtt
Voedselvoorziening gtt
Nutrition surveys Ghana
Lebensmittelversorgung (DE-588)4034917-2 gnd
Ernährungspolitik (DE-588)4152824-4 gnd
topic_facet Stedelijke gebieden
Voedselvoorziening
Nutrition surveys Ghana
Lebensmittelversorgung
Ernährungspolitik
Accra
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009312573&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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