Science and civilisation in China 5,13 Vol. 5, Chemistry and chemical technology ; Pt. 13, Mining
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Science and civilisation in China |n 5,13 |p Vol. 5, Chemistry and chemical technology ; Pt. 13, Mining |c by Joseph Needham |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 1999 | |
| 300 | |a XXVI, 538 S. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Golas, Peter J. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Needham, Joseph |d 1900-1995 |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)118942026 |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin |d 1910-2015 |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)131347284 |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kuhn, Dieter |d 1946-2024 |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)12141339X |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
.
page
xiii
Ustq/Maps
.xviii
ListofTabks
. xix
List of Abbreviations
. xx
Auihor'sNote
.xxi
36a. MINING
.
page
ι
(a) Introduction,/),
ι
(1) Geological and geographical constraints on mining, p.
3
(2)
The special characteristics of mining technology,/?.
4
(i) The high risk of mining, p.
4
(ii) The uniquely ad hoc character of
premodern
mining, p.
7
(iii)
The physical and social costs of mining,/?.
8
(iv)
The gap between the best and the poorest techniques, p.
11
(b) Overview of mining in traditional China,/).
13
(1)
The importance of mining in China,/).
13
(2)
Total mining production and its labour force, p.
14
(3)
The predominance of small-scale and seasonal mining,/).
16
(c) Sources,/».
19
(1)
The contribution of archaeology,/).
19
(2)
Theoretical writings, especially by alchemists and pharmacologists, p.
21
(3)
Geographical and administrative writings,/».
32
(i) The Tien-nan Khuang-Chhang Thu Lueh, or 'An Illustrated Account of
the Mines and Smelters of Yunnan',/).
35
(4)
Mining in the Thien
Kung
Mai Wu, or 'The Exploitation of the Works of Nature',
A
37
(5)
Agricola
in China,/).
39
(6)
The Western perspective,/).
40
{d) Deposits,/).
41
(1)
The definition of ores,/).
41
(2)
Classification of ore deposits, p.
41
(i) Primary deposits,/?.
42
(ii) Secondary deposits,/).
45
(iii) Metamorphic
deposits,/).
49
ix
CONTENTS
(3)
Chinese
miners' understanding of ore deposits, p.
49
(4)
China's ore deposits,/?.
50
(i) Overview,/».
50
(ii) A regional breakdown of China's ore deposits, p.
53
(5)
The effects of Chinese ore deposits on mining, p.
57
(e) The products of Chinese mining, p.
58
(1)
Major non-ferrous metals, p.
58
(i) Copper,/».
58
(а) The discovery and earliest use of copper in China,/».
58
(β)
Copper to bronze, bronze to copper, p.
69
(γ)
The copper and tin deposits of north China, p.
72
(б)
Pre-Han copper mining sites, p.
78
(ε)
Copper in China during the imperial period,/).
86
(ii) Tin,/?.
90
(а) Geological occurrence,/).
90
(β)
Tin and the early bronzes, p.
97
(γ)
Other uses of tin, p.
99
(б)
Tin mining at Ko-chiu in late imperial times,/).
99
(iii)
Lead,/?.
106
(iv)
Gold,/?.
109
(v) Silver,/).
123
(vi)
Zinc,/».
136
(vii)
Cinnabar and mercury,/».
139
(viii)
Nickel,/?.
150
(2)
Iron,/».
150
(i) Minor ferroalloy and non-ferrous metals,/?.
171
(3)
Jade and gemstones,/».
174
(i) Jade andjade-like stones,/).
174
(ii) Other precious or semi-precious stones,/».
175
(4)
Miscellaneous non-metallic minerals,/».
176
(i) Arsenic,/».
176
(ii) Sulphur,/).
177
(iii)
Abrasives,/?.
183
(iv)
Potassium nitrate,/?.
184
(v) Building materials,/».
185
(vi)
Clays,/?.
185
(5)
Fuels,/?.
186
(i) Coal,/-.
186
(a) Coal deposits in China,/).
186
(β)
The earliest recognition and use of coal,/?.
190
(γ)
The flourishing coal mining of the Sung,
/». 195
CONTENTS
Xl
(б)
Coal in late imperial China, p.
196
(ε)
Limitations of traditional coal mining technology, p.
199
(ii) Petroleum and natural gas, p.
201
(ƒ)
Prospecting and exploration,/).
203
(1)
Vein-like vs. bedded deposits, p.
203
(2)
Accidental discovery of mineral deposits,/».
205
(3)
Diligent and skilful prospecting vs. weak exploration,p.
206
(4)
Prospecting in practice, p.
211
(i) Indirect aids in the search for ore deposits,/».
216
(a) Mineral/mineral and mineral/rock associations,/).
217
(β)
Plant associations,/).
219
(5)
Rock and mineral identification, p.
220
(i) General appearance and shape,/).
222
(ii) Colour and lustre,/).
225
(iii)
Opacity, p.
229
(iv)
Properties of cohesion: hardness, cleavage, fracture and tenacity,/).
230
(v) Density,/).
232
(vi)
Touch, taste, smell and sonority, p.
232
(vii)
Heat tests,/).
234
(6)
The limits of traditional prospecting knowledge and techniques,/).
235
(g) Placer and surface mining,/).
238
(1)
Placer mining,/).
239
(i) Placer deposits and their mining, p.
239
(ii) Gravity separation techniques,/).
240
(2)
Other forms of surface mining, p.
255
(k) Underground mining,/).
260
(1)
Beginnings of mining underground,/).
260
(2)
Minimising excavation,/).
261
(i) Excavation tools,/).
262
(3)
Shafts, adits and drifts,/).
278
(4)
Support of excavations,/).
288
(5)
Room and pillar (pillar and
stope)
methods, p.
298
(6)
Firesetting,
/».300
(7)
Blasting,/).
306
(8)
Haulage and hoisting, p.
308
(i) Minimising haulage, p.
308
(ii) Carrying or pushing/pulling ore, p.
309
(iii)
Sledges and carts on rails,/».
314
(iv)
Hoisting without windlasses,
/».316
(v) Hoisting by means of windlasses,
/».317
(vi)
Aerial tramways,/).
324
Xli CONTENTS
(9)
Lighting,/».
325
(10)
Ventilation,/».
328
(ι ι)
Water management,
/>. 336
(і)
Ore dressing,/).
352
(1)
The ore dressing process, p.
352
(2)
Tin ore dressing at Ko-chiu, p.
357
(3)
Characteristics of traditional ore dressing,/».
363
(j) The copper precipitation process, p.
370
(1)
Preconditions,/».
370
(2)
The Sung breakthrough,
/».376
(3)
Post-Sung decline,/».
383
(k) Labour, capital and mining technology,/».
387
(1)
Mining labour in early Chinese mining,
/». 387
(2)
The mining labour force, p.
387
(i) Sectoral distribution of mining labour, p.
392
(ii) Miners' status and expertise,/),
здз
(3)
Labour-contractor systems,/».
395
(i) The leasing of mining sites by headmen, p.
396
(ii) The
rôle
of the headman or boss, p.
396
(iii)
Compensation by shares of production,
/>. 400
(iv)
Advantages and disadvantages of labour-contract systems, p.
400
(4)
Impact of miners' beliefs and values on mining technology,/».
403
(5)
The shortage of capital, p.
410
(/)
The State and mining technology,/».
416
(1)
Early involvement of the State in mining,
/1.416
(2)
Official ambivalence toward mining,
/>. 417
(3)
The State impact on mining technology,/».
427
(m) Conclusion,/».
429
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
.№437
Journal Abbreviations,/».
438
A. Chinese and Japanese books before
+1800,/). 441
B. Chinese and Japanese books and journal articles since
+1800, /». 449
C. Books and journal articles in Western languages,
/». 469
GENERAL INDEX
.
page
490
TabU of Chinese Dynasties
.
52g
Romanisation Conversion TabUs
. 530 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-09-19T15:08:40Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-27T16:08:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521580005 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008440410 |
| oclc_num | 165874267 |
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| physical | XXVI, 538 S. Ill., Kt. |
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| spellingShingle | Science and civilisation in China |
| title | Science and civilisation in China |
| title_auth | Science and civilisation in China |
| title_exact_search | Science and civilisation in China |
| title_full | Science and civilisation in China 5,13 Vol. 5, Chemistry and chemical technology ; Pt. 13, Mining by Joseph Needham |
| title_fullStr | Science and civilisation in China 5,13 Vol. 5, Chemistry and chemical technology ; Pt. 13, Mining by Joseph Needham |
| title_full_unstemmed | Science and civilisation in China 5,13 Vol. 5, Chemistry and chemical technology ; Pt. 13, Mining by Joseph Needham |
| title_short | Science and civilisation in China |
| title_sort | science and civilisation in china vol 5 chemistry and chemical technology pt 13 mining |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008440410&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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