Macromolecular science and engineering new aspects

Macromolecular science and engineering new aspects

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format: Buch
Sprache:German
Veröffentlicht: Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1999
Schriftenreihe:Springer series in materials science 35
Schlagworte:
Macromolécules
Polymères
Macromolecules
Polymers
Makromolekulare Chemie
Kunststoff
Polymere
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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_ 1819734928287334400
adam_text CONTENTS PREFACE V CONTENTS VII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XV 1 INTRODUCTION 1 PART I. CHEMICAL REACTIONS 2 METALLOCENE CATALYZED POLYMERIZATION OF METHYLMETHACRY- LATE 7 AKIRA MIYAZAWA 2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 POLYMERIZATION OF METHACRYLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.1 SYNDIOSPECI*C POLYMERIZATION OF MMA . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3 POLYMERIZATION MECHANISM OF SYNDIOTACTIC PMMA . . . . . . . . 10 2.3.1 POLYMERIZATION MECHANISM INITIATED BY LANTHANOCENE COMPLEXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3.2 POLYMERIZATION MECHANISM INITIATED BY CATIONIC ZIR- CONOCENE CATALYST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4 ISOSPECI*C POLYMERIZATION OF MMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.5 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 RADICAL ISOMERIZATION POLYMERIZATION 17 JUN-ICHI SUGIYAMA 3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.2 VINYLCYCLOPROPANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.3 CYCLIC VINYL ETHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4 CYCLIC KETENE ACETALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.5 MISCELLANEOUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.5.1 ALLYL ISOMERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.5.2 AROMATIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 VIII CONTENTS 3.5.3 POLYENES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.5.4 FUTURE OF RADICAL ISOMERIZATION. POLYMERIZATION . . . . . 29 4 HIGH PRESSURE SOLID STATE POLYMERIZATION 33 HIROSHI YAMAWAKI, KATSUTOSHI AOKI 4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE FOR HIGH-PRESSURE RESEARCH . . . . . . . 33 4.2.1 HIGH-PRESSURE CELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.2.2 DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.2.3 MICROSCOPE OBSERVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.3 SPECTROMETRY UNDER HIGH PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.3.1 RAMAN MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.3.2 INFRARED MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.4 PHASE TRANSITION AND POLYMERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.4.1 HYDROGEN CYANIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.4.2 ACETYLENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 5 BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS 41 MASAO KUNIOKA 5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5.2 MICROBIAL POLYESTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.3 MICROBIAL POLY(AMINO ACID)S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.4 MICROBIAL POLYSACCHARIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.5 CHEMICALLY SYNTHESIZED BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER . . . . . . . . . . 47 PART II. SPECIALTY POLYMERS 6 POLYMER OBJECTS: TOWARDS NEW POLYMER ARCHITECTURES 53 TOSHIMI SHIMIZU 6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.2 NEW POLYMER ARCHITECTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.3 INTERLOCKED POLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6.3.1 POLYCATENANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6.3.2 POLYROTAXANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 6.3.3 CONJUGATED POLY-CATENATED ROTAXANE . . . . . . . . . . . 57 6.4 DENDRIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 6.5 SUPRAMOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 6.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 7 THERMO-RESPONSIVE POLYMER GELS 71 HISAO ICHIJO, RYOICHI KISHI 7.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 7.2 PREPARATION AND SWELLING PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYL METHYL ETHER) HYDROGEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 CONTENTS IX 7.3 FAST RESPONSIVE PVME HYDROGELS HAVING MICROPOROUS STRUC- TURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 7.4 FAST RESPONSIVE PNIPAAM HYDROGELS HAVING MICROPOROUS STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 7.5 THERMO-REVERSIBLE ADSORPTION OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS ON PVME GEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 7.6 SWELLING OF PVME GEL IN IONIC SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . 78 7.7 CONTROL OF ENZYME ACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 7.8 APPLICATION FOR THERMO-RESPONSIVE DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 7.9 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 8 BIOMIMETIC MEMBRANES 85 NORIHIKO MINOURA 8.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 8.2 MIMICS OF THE TASTE CELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 8.3 MIMICS OF THE RETINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 8.4 SELECTIVE TRANSPORT OF MOLECULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 9 POLYMERIC MEMBRANES FOR SEPARATION 95 KENJI HARAYA, SHUGUANG LI, KENSAKU MIZOGUCHI 9.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 9.2 STRUCTURE AND VARIOUS KINDS OF SEPARATION MEMBRANES . . . . . . 96 9.2.1 MICRO*LTRATION (MF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 9.2.2 ULTRA-FILTRATION (UF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 9.2.3 REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) AND NANO*LTRATION (NF) . . . . . 99 9.2.4 PERVAPORATION (PV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 9.3 GAS SEPARATION MEMBRANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 9.3.1 TRANSPORT MECHANISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 9.3.2 MEMBRANE STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 9.3.3 MEMBRANE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 9.3.3.1 GLASSY POLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 9.3.3.2 RUBBERY POLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 9.3.4 PERMEABILITY PREDICTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 10 METAL CLUSTERS DISPERSED IN ORGANIC MATERIALS 125 YUKIMICHI NAKAO 10.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 10.2 METAL ORGANOSOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 10.2.1 REDUCTION IN THE SOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 10.2.2 INTERPHASE MIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 10.2.3 METAL-DISSOLVING ORGANIC SOLVENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 10.2.4 METHODS FROM BULK METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 10.3 METAL CLUSTER-CONTAINING SOLID SOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 10.3.1 SOLIDI*CATION OF ORGANOSOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 10.3.2 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION IN SOLID SOLUTION . . . . . . . . . 132 X CONTENTS 10.3.3 MICROPHASE SEPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 10.3.4 MIGRATION OF CLUSTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 11 ORGANIC MAGNETIC MATERIALS 137 KAZUHISA MURATA 11.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 11.2 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 11.3 ORGANIC MAGNETIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 11.3.1 MOLECULAR MAGNETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 11.3.2 POLYMERIC MAGNETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 11.3.3 CARBON MAGNETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 12 NONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIALS 151 HIRO MATSUDA, YOSHIKAZU TANABE 12.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 12.1.1 NONLINEAR OPTICAL E*ECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 12.1.2 MEASUREMENT OF HYPERPOLARIZABILITY AND NONLINEAR OP- TICAL SUSCEPTIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 12.1.3 POLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 12.2 SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 12.2.1 TRADE-O* RELATION BETWEEN SECOND-ORDER OPTICAL NON- LINEARITIES AND TRANSPARENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 12.2.2 SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL CRYSTALS . . . . . . . . . 156 12.3 ELECTRO-OPTIC E*ECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 12.3.1 GUEST-HOST SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 12.3.2 SIDE-CHAIN POLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 12.3.3 MAIN-CHAIN POLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 12.3.4 CROSSLINKED SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 12.3.5 SOL-GEL GLASSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 12.3.6 ELECTRO-OPTIC DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 12.4 PHOTOREFRACTIVE E*ECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 12.5 THIRD-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 12.5.1 SWITCHING DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 12.5.2 POLYDIACETYLENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 12.5.3 OTHER POLYMERS AND MOLECULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 PART III. POLYMER PROCESSING 13 LASER PROCESSING OF POLYMERS 171 AKIRA YABE 13.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 13.2 POLYMER PROCESSING BY LASER ABLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 13.2.1 LASER ABLATION OF POLYMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 13.3 ETCHING: MICROMACHINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 CONTENTS XI 13.3.1 SURFACE MODI*CATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 13.3.2 DEPOSITION: THIN FILM PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 13.4 POLYMER PROCESSING BY LASER-INDUCED CHEMICAL REACTION . . . . 184 13.4.1 LASER-INDUCED CHEMICAL REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 13.4.2 SURFACE MODI*CATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 13.5 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 14 SOLID-PHASE FORMING AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS 191 KAZUO NAKAYAMA, AKIRA KAITO 14.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 14.2 HOT DRAWING OF ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE . . . . 192 14.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHY- LENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 14.2.2 DRAWING OF ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE . . 192 14.2.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DRAWN UHMW-PE SHEETS . . . 193 14.2.4 STRUCTURE OF DRAWN UHMW-PE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 14.3 HYDROSTATIC EXTRUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 14.3.1 HYDROSTATIC EXTRUSION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 14.3.2 TUBE EXTRUSION OF HIGH DENSITY PE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 14.3.3 EXTRUSION OF HEAT-TREATED UHMW-PE . . . . . . . . . . . 197 14.4 ROLLING OF FILMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 14.4.1 APPLICATION OF VARIOUS ROLLING METHODS . . . . . . . . . . 200 14.4.2 ROLLING OF POLYPROPYLENE SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 14.4.3 ROLLING OF MULTILAYER POLYMER SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 14.5 ROLLER-DRAWING OF POLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 14.5.1 ROLLER-DRAWING METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 14.5.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROLLER-DRAWN SHEET . . . . . . . 205 14.5.3 HIGHER-ORDER STRUCTURE OF ROLLER-DRAWN POLYMER SHEET . 206 14.6 PREPARATION OF ULTRA-THIN POLYMER FILMS BY MECHANICAL DE- POSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 14.6.1 MECHANICAL DEPOSITION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 14.6.2 HIGHLY ORIENTED FILMS OF POLY(DIMETHYLSILANE) BY ME- CHANICAL DEPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 14.6.3 ORIENTED FILMS OF POLY(P-PHENYLENE) BY MECHANICAL DE- POSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 PART IV. NEW MEASUREMENTS 15 PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT 217 SHINICHI KINUGASA 15.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 15.2 ACCURACY AND PRECISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 15.3 SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 15.4 SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH MULTIPLE DETECTION . . . . . 221 XII CONTENTS 15.5 LIGHT SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 15.6 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 15.7 MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY (MALDI-TOFMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 15.8 UNIFORM OLIGOMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 16 SURFACE FORCES IN POLYMERIC SYSTEMS 231 MASAKATSU HATO, SATOMI OHNISHI, MASAMI MURATA 16.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 16.2 METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 16.2.1 SURFACE FORCE APPARATUS (SFA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 16.2.2 THE COLLOID PROBE TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 16.3 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POLYMER LAYERS IN LIQUIDS . . . . . . . . . . 234 16.3.1 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NEUTRAL POLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . 234 16.4 ATTRACTIVE FORCES BETWEEN HYDROPHOBIC SURFACES ACROSS WATER 242 16.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 PART V. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES 17 STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC THIN FILMS 253 KIYOSHI YASE 17.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 17.2 PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS IN TEM OBSERVATION OF ORGANIC AND POLYMER MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 17.3 HIGH RESOLUTION OBSERVATION OF ORGANIC AND POLYMER THIN FILMS 254 17.3.1 PHTHALOCYANINE THIN FILMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 17.3.2 POLYMER THIN FILMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 17.3.3 FATTY ACIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 17.4 ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING OF PLASMA-POLYMERIZED FILMS . . 261 17.5 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 18 MOLECULAR MOTIONS IN BULK POLYMERS 267 YOSHIKAZU TANABE 18.1 CHAIN DYNAMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 18.1.1 EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 18.1.2 COMPUTER SIMULATION OF POLYMER CHAIN MOTIONS IN THE BULK STATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 18.1.3 E*ECTS OF TORSIONAL LIBRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 18.2 GLASS TRANSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 18.2.1 EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES OF THE GLASS TRANSITION . . . . . . 275 18.2.2 TRAPPING DI*USION MODEL OF THE GLASS TRANSITION . . . . 278 18.3 CIS-TRANS THERMAL ISOMERIZATION OF POLYACETYLENE . . . . . . . . . 280 CONTENTS XIII 19 COMPUTER SIMULATION OF POLYMERS 287 MASAO DOI 19.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 19.2 MEAN FIELD MONTE CARLO METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 19.2.1 THE PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 19.2.2 APPLICATION TO RIGID ZIG-ZAG MOLECULES . . . . . . . . . . 289 19.3 MEAN FIELD CALCULATION FOR POLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 19.3.1 GENERAL FORMULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 19.3.2 APPLICATION TO POLYMERS GRAFTED ON SOLID SURFACES . . . . 292 19.4 DYNAMICAL MEAN FIELD CALCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 19.4.1 PRINCIPLE OF CALCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 19.4.2 PHASE SEPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 19.4.3 ORDERING OF BLOCK COPOLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 19.4.4 DYNAMICS OF POLYMER ADSORPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 19.5 SUMMARY AND FUTURE CHALLENGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 20 MORPHOLOGY DEVELOPMENT DURING MELT PROCESSING OF IMMIS- CIBLE POLYMER BLENDS 301 SHIN HORIUCHI, KAZUO NAKAYAMA 20.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 20.2 DROP BREAKUP AND COALESCENCE IN POLYMER BLENDS . . . . . . . . 302 20.2.1 MORPHOLOGY DEVELOPMENT DURING THE INITIAL STAGES OF BLENDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 20.2.2 BREAKUP/COALESCENCE EQUILIBRIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 20.2.3 COMPATIBILIZATION-SUPPRESSION OF COALESCENCE . . . . . . . 305 20.3 E*ECT OF SHEAR FLOW ON THE PHASE BEHAVIOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 20.4 TERNARY BLENDS-MANIPULATION OF PHASE FORMATION . . . . . . . . . 310 20.4.1 PREDICTION OF PHASE FORMATION IN NON-REACTIVE TERNARY BLENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 20.4.2 CONVERSION OF PHASE FORMATION BY ADDITION OF A DI- BLOCK COPOLYMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 20.4.3 MANIPULATION OF THE PHASE FORMATION BY INTERFACIAL CHEMICAL REACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 20.5 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 21 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF CONDUCTIVE AND CONJUGATED POLY- MERS 319 YOSHIKAZU TANABE 21.1 INTRAMOLECULAR ELECTRONIC STATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 21.1.1 * -CONJUGATED POLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 21.1.2 * -CONJUGATED POLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 21.2 INTERMOLECULAR CHARGE TRANSPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 21.3 METALLIC CONDUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 XIV CONTENTS 22 ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICES 345 NORIYUKI TAKADA, SHOGO SAITO 22.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 22.2 PRINCIPLE AND STRUCTURES OF ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICES . . . . . . 345 22.3 MATERIALS FOR EL DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 22.4 RATIONAL SELECTION OF ORGANIC MATERIALS FOR MULTILAYER EL DE- VICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 22.5 E*ECTS OF DOPANT MOLECULES ON EL CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . 349 22.6 CON*NEMENT OF EXCITONS WITHIN THE EML-A DEVICE OF MOLEC- ULAR SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 22.7 SIZE E*ECTS IN ORGANIC EL DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 22.8 STRONGLY DIRECTED EMISSION FROM CONTROLLED-SPONTANEOUS-EMISSION EL DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 22.9 LASER ACTION FROM ORGANIC THIN FILMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 22.10 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 23 OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF C 60 ,C 70 , NANOTUBES AND ENDOHEDRAL FULLERENES 363 SAID KAZAOUI, NOBUTSUGU MINAMI 23.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 23.2 C 60 AND C 70 FULLERENES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 23.2.1 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF C 60 . . 364 23.2.2 PROPERTIES OF C 60 SOLIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 23.3 INTERMOLECULAR CHAXGE-TRANSFER STATES IN C 60 AND C 70 SOLIDS . . 368 23.3.1 EVIDENCE FOR INTERMOLECULAR CHARGE-TANSFER STATES . . . . 368 23.3.2 DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF EXCITED STATES IN SOLID FULLERENES . 371 23.3.3 PHOTOCARRIER GENERATION DYNAMICS IN SOLID FULLERENES . 373 23.4 APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 23.4.1 XEROGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 23.4.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 23.5 ENDOHEDRAL FULLERENES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 23.5.1 DE*NITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 23.5.2 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 23.6 ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES . . . . . 381 23.6.1 DE*NITION AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF NANOTUBES . . . . 382 23.6.2 PRODUCTION, PURI*CATION AND ELABORATION METHODS . . . . 384 23.6.3 EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NT . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 23.7 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 SUBJECT INDEX 393
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series Springer series in materials science
series2 Springer series in materials science
spellingShingle Macromolecular science and engineering new aspects
Springer series in materials science
Macromolécules ram
Polymères ram
Macromolecules
Polymers
Makromolekulare Chemie (DE-588)4168684-6 gnd
Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd
Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4168684-6
(DE-588)4033676-1
(DE-588)4046699-1
title Macromolecular science and engineering new aspects
title_auth Macromolecular science and engineering new aspects
title_exact_search Macromolecular science and engineering new aspects
title_full Macromolecular science and engineering new aspects Yoshikazu Tanabe (ed.)
title_fullStr Macromolecular science and engineering new aspects Yoshikazu Tanabe (ed.)
title_full_unstemmed Macromolecular science and engineering new aspects Yoshikazu Tanabe (ed.)
title_short Macromolecular science and engineering
title_sort macromolecular science and engineering new aspects
title_sub new aspects
topic Macromolécules ram
Polymères ram
Macromolecules
Polymers
Makromolekulare Chemie (DE-588)4168684-6 gnd
Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd
Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd
topic_facet Macromolécules
Polymères
Macromolecules
Polymers
Makromolekulare Chemie
Kunststoff
Polymere
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