Ecotoxicology pesticides and beneficial organisms

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Veröffentlicht: Dordrecht [u.a.] Kluwer 1998
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text Contents List of contributors vii Index of abbreviations xix Index of organizations xxxi Preface xxxiii Part One The Issues 1 Introduction 3 Paul С ]epson and Brian A. Crcfì 2 Issues associated with pesticide toxicology and arthropod natural enemies in the pre- and post-registration stages of chemical development 7 Brian A. Groß, Paul С Jepson and Philip A. Heneghan Introduction 7 Research and decision making prior to pesticide registration 8 Research and decision making following pesticide registration 10 Community perspectives 15 Additional items of emphasis 16 Conclusions and acknowledgements 18 References 19 3 The initiative of the lOBC/WPRS Working Group on Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms 22 Sherif A. Hassan Organisms tested and guidelines developed 23 References 26 vi Contents 4 Reducing insecticide use in plant protection in Israel: policy and programmes 28 The late David Rosen Introduction 28 Citrus 30 Other crops 33 Role of education and extension 34 References 34 5 Pesticides and natural enemies: Malaysia perspectives 37 Zulkifli Ayob and Normah Mustaffa Introduction 37 Biological control in IPM 38 Current trends in pesticide control 40 Testing the effects of pesticides on natural enemies and beneficial organisms 41 Proposals 43 Conclusion 44 Acknowledgements 44 References 45 6 Can we achieve harmonization of regulatory requirements in Europe? 46 Katie Barrett Introduction 46 Influential groups 47 The ESCORT workshop 48 Research activities and issues of concern 50 Conclusion 52 References 52 Part Two Defining the Problem 7 Introduction 55 Sherif A. Hassan Standard characteristics of test methods 56 Extrapolation 65 References 66 A: Laboratory Testing 8 Standard laboratory methods to test the side-effects of pesticides 71 Sherif A. Hassan Materials and methods 72 Contents vii Results of testing on Trichogramma 78 References 79 9 Development and ring-testing of a standardized laboratory test for parasitic wasps, using the aphid-specifíc párásítóid Aphidius rhopalosiphi 80 Michael Mead-Briggs, K. Brown, M. Candolfi, M. Coulson, S. Klepka, Ch. Kühner, M. Longley, S. Maise, E. Mclndoe, M. Miles, Ch. Neumann and A. Ufer Introduction 80 Design and evaluation of the standard laboratory test 81 Analysis of test data 84 Conclusions 87 References 87 10 Current status of a ring-tested method to determine pesticide effects on the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyrt (Scheuten) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in the laboratory 89 Sylvia Bliimel, B. Baier, F. Bakker, U. Bienert, M. Candolfi, S. Hennig-Gizewski, Ch. Kühner, B. Jäckel, F. Louis, Α. Ufer and A. Waltersdorper Introduction 89 Method and materials 90 Results and discussion 94 Conclusions 96 References 96 11 Testing side-effects of pesticides on carabid beetles: a standardized method for testing ground-dwelling predators in the laboratory for registration purposes 98 Gerhard P. Dohmen Introduction 98 Method development 99 Test method Ю2 Acknowledgements 106 References 106 12 Testing side-effects of pesticides on spiders {Pardosa spp.) in the laboratory Ю7 Udo Heimback, Α. Wehling, М.Р. Candolfi, M. Coulson, M. Mead-Briggs, J. RömbL·, S. Schmitzer, R. Schmuck, Α. Ufer, J.A. Wiles and Η. Wilhelmy Introduction 107 Material and methods 108 viii Contents Results and discussion 108 References 112 13 Two-step test system using the plant-dwelling non-target insect Coccinella septempunctata to generate data for registration of pesticides 114 Richard Schmuck, M.P. Candolfi, R. Kleiner, S. Klepka, S. Nengel and A. Waltersdorfer Introduction 114 Materials and methods 115 Results 116 Discussion 119 References 121 14 Side-effects of pesticides on larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): actual state of the laboratory method 123 Heidrun Vogt, P. Degrande, J. Just, S. KlepL·, Ch. Kühner, A. Nickless, Α. Ufer, M. Waldburger, A. Waltersdorfer and F. Bigler Introduction 123 The test species 124 Glass plate test 126 Results from laboratory ring tests 131 Further activities of the ring-test group 135 References 135 B: Semi-field and Field Testing 15 Field studies with pesticides and non-target arthropods in orchards 139 Kevin Brown Introduction 139 Study design 140 Sampling 141 Single versus multi-application studies 146 Conclusions 146 References 147 16 Accuracy and efficiency of sequential pesticide testing protocols for phytoseiid mites 148 Frank M. Bakker Introduction 148 Factors underlying accuracy levels observed 151 Contents ix Validation of species- and product-specific protocols and trigger values 154 Amblyseius finlandicus 157 Amblyseius andersoni 157 Typhlodromus pyri 159 Species comparisons 160 Discussions of testing methodology 162 Summary of recommendations 163 Acknowledgements 164 References 164 17 Using a sequential testing scheme under laboratory and field conditions with the bumble bee Bombus terrestris to evaluate the safety of different groups of insecticides 166 Burkhard Sechser and В. Reber Introduction 166 Materials and methods 167 Results 170 Discussion 172 References 174 18 Testing effects of pesticides on adult carabid beetles in semi-field and field experiments 175 Udo Heimbach Introduction 175 Material and methods 176 Results and discussion 176 Acknowledgements References 19 The value of large-scale field trials for determining the effects of pesticides on the non-target arthropod fauna of cereal crops Michael Mead-Briggs Introduction 182 Influential aspects of trial design 184 Discussion LO° References 20 Comparing pesticide effects on beneficiais in a sequential testing scheme Gerhard P. Dohmen Introduction χ Contents Sequential testing scheme 192 Principal differences between the main tiers 193 Factors affecting the results 194 Theoretical background for the sequential testing scheme 196 Comparing laboratory and (semi-)field data: case studies 198 References 200 Part Three Risk Assessment and Management 21 Introduction 205 Pieter A. Öomen, Gavin B. Lewis and Richard A. Brown Definitions 205 Registration procedure 206 Non-target arthropods in European pesticide registration 206 The historical picture 207 The current situation 208 Questions addressed 209 A: Strategy 22 Aims and consequences of regulatory risk management in Europe: a discussion 213 Pieter A. Oomen Introduction 213 Legal context 214 Possible aims of regulatory risk management 214 Comparison of implementation requirements 215 Comparison of implementation consequences 217 Comparison of costs and benefits 218 Conclusion 220 References 221 23 Effects of plant protection products on beneficial organisms: the current authorization procedure in Germany 222 Rolf Forster Introduction 222 Current authorization procedure in Germany 222 European legislation 226 The dilemma of protecting non-target species versus authorization of PPP 228 Conclusions 230 References 231 Contents xi 24 Labelling and risk management strategies for pesticides and terrestrial non-target arthropods: a UK proposal 232 Peter ]. Campbell Introduction 232 Proposals for a UK non-target arthropod labelling and risk management strategy 235 Recommendations 239 Acknowledgements 239 References 239 25 Pesticides and beneficial arthropods: an industry perspective 241 Stephen W. Shires Introduction 241 Identifying objectives 242 Testing framework 242 Indicator species 243 Trigger values 243 Multi-rate testing 244 Risk assessments 244 Risk management/mitigation 245 Product labelling 245 Conclusions and recommendations 247 Acknowledgements 247 References 247 26 Honey bees in Europe: lessons for other terrestrial non-target arthropods 248 Gavin B. Lewis, John H. Stevenson and Pieter A. Oomen Introduction 248 Species selection 249 Honey bee risk assessment scheme 250 In-use monitoring 254 Conclusions 255 References 255 27 Risk assessment and management: is it working? An NGO perspective 257 Peter Beaumont NGOs: what are they? 257 Current policy developments in risk management and assessment 258 Practical problems of risk assessment in the field 260 What can be done to improve risk assessment and management? 262 xii Contents Conclusions 264 References 265 28 Comparative impact of insecticide treatments on beneficial invertebrates in conventional and integrated farming systems 267 John M. Holland Introduction 267 Assessing the risk 268 Discussion 272 Acknowledgements 275 References 275 B: Practice 29 Relative toxicity of pesticides to pest and beneficial insects in potato crops in Victoria, Australia 279 Catherine A. Symington and Paul A. Horne Introduction 279 Materials and methods 280 Results 281 Discussion 283 Acknowledgements 285 References 285 30 The cumulative effect on populations of linyphid spiders and carabid beetles of insecticide sprays applied to two consecutive winter wheat crops 287 Keith F.A. Walters, Derek Morgan, Alan Lane and Steve A. Ellis Introduction 287 Materials and methods 288 Results 288 Discussion 289 Acknowledgements 290 References 291 31 The MAFF SCARAB project: seven years of pesticide side-effects research on arthropods 292 Geoff Frampton Introduction 292 Materials and methods 293 Results 294 Discussion 297 Contents xiii Acknowledgements 299 References 299 32 A dynamic risk assessment for beneficial insects in cereal canopies 301 Steen Gyldenkaerne Introduction 301 Methods 303 Results 307 Discussion 307 References 309 Part Four Tools for Tomorrow 33 Introduction 313 John Wiles 34 Implications of insecticide resistance for interactions between pests, natural enemies and pesticides 315 Linzi Birnie, Barbara Hackett and Ian Denholm Introduction 315 General considerations 316 Integration of perspectives 317 Can pest resistance favour the survival of parasitoids? 320 Insecticide resistance as an ecological tool? 322 Conclusions 322 Acknowledgements 322 References 323 35 Approaches for extrapolating pesticide side-effects between arthropod species: how much do we know? 325 John A. Wiles and Katie L Barrett Introduction 325 The scale of the extrapolation problem in terrestrial ecotoxicology: ecological and regulatory perspectives 326 Towards providing tools for extrapolation: qualitative and quantitative approaches 327 Discussion 334 Acknowledgements 335 References 335 xiv Contents 36 Application of pheromones: toxicological aspects, effects on beneficiais and state of registration 337 Albert K. Minks and P.A. Kirsch Introduction 337 Mating disruption 338 Commercial use of mating disruption 339 Toxicity of lepidopterous pheromones 340 Effects of lepidopterous pheromones on beneficiais 342 Registration of pheromone products in the USA 342 Recent developments in the USA 344 Registration of pheromones in other countries 344 References 346 37 The importance of the population perspective for the evaluation of side-effects of pesticides on beneficial species 348 John D. Stark, Julie A.O. Banken and William K. Walthall Ecotoxicology: where is the ecology? 348 What are the most important toxicological effects to consider? 349 How do we determine the total effect (lethal and sublethal) of pesticides and other pollutants on populations? 351 How do the effects of pesticides on individuals translate to what happens at the population level? 352 How does population structure influence the impact of pesticides on populations? 355 The need for caution when comparing laboratory and field generated endpoints 356 Conclusions 357 References 358 Part Five Global Implications 38 Introduction 363 Peter T. Haskell 39 The Asian initiative in pesticides and beneficiais testing 366 Stephanie FJ. Williamson Background 366 Workshop discussion 369 Discussion 370 References 371 Contents xv 40 The impact of locust and grasshopper control on beneficial arthropods in West Africa 372 Harold van der Valk Introduction 372 The Locustox Project 373 Research on beneficial arthropods 373 Insecticides in millet: a case study 374 Conclusions 378 Acknowledgements 378 References 379 41 Impact of insecticides on herbivore-natural enemy communities in tropical rice ecosystems 381 Kong Luen Heong and Kenneth G. Schoenly Introduction 381 Farmer perceptions and insecticide use patterns 383 Ecological effects of insecticide sprays 384 Discussion 396 Acknowledgements 400 References 400 42 Development of decision-making tools for vegetable farmers in Southeast Asia 404 fanny G.M. Vos Vegetable cultivation in Southeast Asia 404 Introduction to a systems approach 405 Training of extension officers and farmers 406 Impact of the season-long field schools 408 References 409 Index 411
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spellingShingle Ecotoxicology pesticides and beneficial organisms
Umwelt
Environmental toxicology
Pesticides and wildlife
Pesticides Environmental aspects
Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd
Nützling (DE-588)4042756-0 gnd
Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 gnd
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title Ecotoxicology pesticides and beneficial organisms
title_auth Ecotoxicology pesticides and beneficial organisms
title_exact_search Ecotoxicology pesticides and beneficial organisms
title_full Ecotoxicology pesticides and beneficial organisms ed. by Peter T. Haskell ...
title_fullStr Ecotoxicology pesticides and beneficial organisms ed. by Peter T. Haskell ...
title_full_unstemmed Ecotoxicology pesticides and beneficial organisms ed. by Peter T. Haskell ...
title_short Ecotoxicology
title_sort ecotoxicology pesticides and beneficial organisms
title_sub pesticides and beneficial organisms
topic Umwelt
Environmental toxicology
Pesticides and wildlife
Pesticides Environmental aspects
Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd
Nützling (DE-588)4042756-0 gnd
Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 gnd
topic_facet Umwelt
Environmental toxicology
Pesticides and wildlife
Pesticides Environmental aspects
Umwelttoxikologie
Nützling
Pestizid
Konferenzschrift
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