Introduction to information systems

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1. Verfasser: O'Brien, James A. (VerfasserIn)
Format: Buch
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Chicago [u.a.] Irwin 1997
Ausgabe:8. ed.
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text Brief Contents MODULE I Introduction 1 1 Introduction to Information Systems in Business 2 Section I: Why Businesses Need Information Technology 4 Section II: Fundamentals of Information Systems 18 MODULE II Technology 45 2 Introduction to Computer Hardware 46 Section I: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing 48 Section II: Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and Storage Technologies 63 3 Introduction to Computer Software 86 Section I: Application Software: End User Applications 88 Section II: System Software: Computer System Management 98 4 Introduction to Business Telecommunications 118 Section I: A Managers View of Telecommunications Networks 120 Section II: Technical Telecommunications Alternatives 138 5 Introduction to Database Management 162 Section I: A Managers View of Database Management 164 Section II: Technical Foundations of Database Management 178 MODULE III Applications 197 6 Information Systems for End User Computing and Collaboration 198 Section I: End User Computing and Collaboration 200 Section II: Office Automation Systems 213 7 Information Systems for Business Operations 238 Section I: Business Information Systems 240 Section II: Transaction Processing Systems 260 8 Information Systems for Managerial Decision Support 280 Section I: Management Information and Decision Support Systems 282 Section II: Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Business 303 9 Information Systems for Strategic Advantage 332 Section I: Fundamentals of Strategic Advantage 334 Section II: Strategic Applications and Issues in Information Technology 343 MODULE IV Development and Management 377 10 Developing Business Solutions with Information Technology 378 Section I: Developing Information System Solutions 380 Section II: Implementing Business Change with IT 399 11 Enterprise and Global Management of Information Technology 424 Section I: Managing Information Resources and Technologies 426 Section II: Global Information Technology Management 447 12 Security and Ethical Challenges of Information Technology 468 Section I: Security and Control Issues in Information Systems 470 Section II: Ethical and Societal Challenges of Information Technology 483 Contents MODULE I Introduction 1 1 Introduction to Information Systems in Business 2 Section I: Why Businesses Need Information Technology 4 Why Information Systems Are Important 4 Information System Resources and Technologies 4 An End User Perspective 4 An Enterprise Perspective 5 A Global Society Perspective 5 The Real World of Information Systems 6 Real World Case: California Pizza Kitchen: Improving Efficiency and Profits with IS 7 Analyzing California Pizza Kitchen 7 Careers in Information Systems 8 Academic Programs in IS 8 IS Specialists 9 The Fundamental Roles of Information Systems 10 The Winds of Change 11 Globalization 11 Business Process Reengineering 12 Competitive Advantage 14 What You Need to Know 14 A Framework for Business End Users 15 Real World Case: Auto By Tel and Others: Buying a Car on the Internet 17 Section II: Fundamentals of Information Systems 18 System Concepts 18 Feedback and Control 19 Other System Characteristics 20 Components of an Information System 21 Information System Resources 22 People Resources 22 Hardware Resources 22 Software Resources 23 Data Resources 23 Network Resources 25 Information System Activities 25 Input of Data Resources 25 Processing of Data into Information 26 Output of Information Products 26 Storage of Data Resources 26 Control of System Performance 2 7 Overview of Information Systems 27 Trends in Information Systems 27 Types of Information Systems 29 Operations Support Systems 29 Management Support Systems 30 Other Classifications of Information Systems 32 Recognizing Information Systems 33 Analyzing the ShuttleExpress Information System 33 Real World Case: ShuttleExpress: From Manual to Computer Based IS 35 Real World Problems: Southwest Airlines: Reengineenng for Strategic Advantage, 38; Music Boulevard: A Business on the Internet, 38; Satyam Computer Services and Caterpillar Inc.: Globalizing Help Desk Services, 39; Yahoo! and Others: Careers in Web Surfing, 39 Continuing Real World Case: Fast Freight, Inc.— Part 1,42 MODULE II Technology 45 2 Introduction to Computer Hardware 46 Section I: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing 48 Computer Categories 48 Computer Generations 49 Microcomputer Systems 50 Midrange Computer Systems 51 Mainframe Computer Systems 52 Supercomputer Systems 53 Networked Computer Systems 54 Technical Note: Computer System Concepts and Components 55 The Computer System Concept 55 xvi Contents The Central Processing Unit 56 Multiple Processors 57 Computer Processing Speeds 59 Primary and Secondary Storage 60 Computer Storage Capacities 60 Real World Case: Centex Group and CRSS Constructors: From Desktop to Laptop PCs 62 Section II: Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and Storage Technologies 63 Input/Output Hardware Trends 63 Pointing Devices 64 Pen Based Computing 65 Video Input/Output 66 Printed Output 67 Voice Recognition and Response 68 Optical and Magnetic Recognition 69 Optical Scanning 69 Magnetic Data Entry 70 Storage Trends and Trade Offs 71 Direct and Sequential Access 72 Semiconductor Memory 73 Semiconductor Secondary Storage 73 Magnetic Disk Storage 74 Types of Magnetic Disks 74 Magnetic Tape Storage 75 Optical Disk Storage 76 Real World Case: Chrysler Corporation: Multimedia Touch Screen PC Kiosks 78 Real World Problems: Oracle Corporation: Network Computers and Network Centric Computing, 82; Bell Atlantic: Installing Intranet Web Servers, 83; GTE and Marist College: Mainframes versus Client/Server, 83; Apria Healthcare Group: Moving to Midrange Computers, 83 3 Introduction to Computer Software 86 Section I: Application Software: End User Applications 88 Introduction to Software 88 Software Trends 89 Application Software for End Users 90 General Purpose Programs 90 Application Specific Programs 90 Word Processing Packages 91 Electronic Spreadsheet Packages 92 Database Management Packages 93 Telecommunications Packages 94 Graphics Packages 94 Integrated Packages and Software Suites 95 Other End User Packages 96 Real World Case: Barrie Culver and NBC TV: Spreadsheet Stats for the Seattle Seahawks 97 Section II: System Software: Computer System Management 98 System Software Overview 98 Operating Systems 98 Operating System Functions 99 Popular Operating Systems 101 Database Management Systems 103 Telecommunications Monitors 103 System Support Programs 103 Programming Languages 104 Machine Languages 104 Assembler Languages 104 High Level Languages 105 Fourth Generation Languages 106 Object Oriented Languages 107 Programming Packages 108 Language Translator Programs 108 Programming Tools 108 Real World Case: Arthur Andersen and Others: Windows 95 versus Windows NT 110 Real World Problems: Dun Bradstreet Software and Houghton Mifflin: Using Web Browser Applets, 113; Fireman s Fund and Sequus Pharmaceuticals: Sticking with OS/2 and UNIX, 113; London Life and USAA Life: Moving to Object Oriented Applications, 113; Information Presentation Technologies: Programming in Java, 114 4 Introduction to Business Telecommunications 118 Section I: A Manager s View of Telecommunications Networks 120 Why Telecommunications Is Important 120 Applications of Telecommunications 121 Trends in Telecommunications 122 Industry Trends 122 Technology Trends 123 Open Systems 123 Application Trends 124 Contents The Information Superhighway 124 A Telecommunications Network Model 125 Types of Telecommunications Networks 126 Wide Area Networks 126 Local Area Networks 127 Internetworks and Intranets 128 Client/Server Computing 129 Interorganizatxonal Networks 132 The Internet 133 Business on the Internet 134 Real World Case: UPS versus FedEx: Competing on the World Wide Web 137 Section II: Technical Telecommunications Alternatives 138 Telecommunications Alternatives 138 Telecommunications Media 138 Twisted Pair Wire 138 Coaxial Cable 138 Fiber Optics 139 Terrestrial Microwave 140 Communications Satellites 140 Cellular Radio 141 Wireless LANs 141 Telecommunications Carriers 141 Common Carriers 142 Value Added Carriers 143 Telecommunications Processors 143 Modems 143 Multiplexers 144 Internetwork Processors 144 Private Branch Exchange 145 Front End Processors 145 Telecommunications Software 145 Common Software Functions 145 Telecommunications Network Topologies 147 Star, Ring, and Bus Networks 147 Network Architectures and Protocols 149 Communications Channel Characteristics 150 Transmission Speed 150 Transmission Mode 151 Switching Alternatives 151 Access Methods 152 Real World Case: The Boeing Company: Pioneering a Corporate Intranet 153 xvii Real World Problems: Tyson Foods: Creating an Intranet, 156; Northeast Utilities: Moving into the Telecommunications Business, 156; Best Western International: Installing a Global Network, 156; Mary Ellen Bercik of Apple Computer: Using the Internet for Business Research, 157 5 Introduction to Database Management 162 Section I: A Manager s View of Database Management 164 Data Resource Management 164 Foundation Data Concepts 164 Character 165 Field 165 Record 165 File 165 Database 166 The Database Management Approach 166 Using Database Management Software 167 Database Development 167 Database Interrogation 168 Database Maintenance 171 Application Development 171 Types of Databases 171 Text Databases 173 Image and Multimedia Databases 173 Managerial Considerations for Data Resource Management 174 Benefits and Limitations of Database Management 174 Database Administration 175 Data Planning 175 Data Administration 176 Real World Case: Victoria s Secret: The Business Benefits of a Data Warehouse 177 Section II: Technical Foundations of Database Management 178 Database Structures 178 Hierarchical Structure 178 Network Structure 178 Relational Structure 178 Object Oriented Structure 180 Multidimensional Structure 180 Evaluation oj Database Structures 181 Database Development 182 Data Planning and Database Design 183 xviii Contents Accessing Files and Databases 184 Key Fields 184 Sequential Organization and Access 185 Direct Organization and Access 186 Real World Case: Booz Allen Hamilton and Voice I/S: Databases for Multiple Types of Data 187 Real World Problems: CVS/Pharmacies: Building a Data Warehouse, 190; America Online: Linking Web Servers to Corporate Databases, 190; DIntellect and MCI: Fast Answers to Database Queries, 190; Motorola, Inc.: Using a Distributed Data Warehouse, 191 Continuing Real World Case: Fast Freight, Inc.— Part II, 194 MODULE III Applications 197 6 Information Systems for End User Computing and Collaboration 198 Section I: End User Computing and Collaboration 200 End User Computing 200 End User Collaboration 200 Components of an End User Computing System 201 Resources for End User Computing 202 Hardware Resources: End User Workstations 202 Software Resources: End User Packages 203 Data Resources: Multiple Databases 204 Network Resources: Networking End Users 204 People Resources: End User Support Croups 204 End User Computing Applications 205 Office Automation 205 Information Management Applications 205 Decision Support Applications 206 End User Application Development 207 Work Group Computing 207 Electronic Work Groups 208 The Role of Groupware 209 Management Implications of End User Computing 210 Real World Case: Cushman Wakefield and Marshall Industries: Groupware, Corporate Intranets, and Electronic Commerce 212 Section II: Office Automation Systems 213 Introduction 213 Electronic Communications Systems 213 BectronicMa.il 214 Voice Mail 215 Bulletin Board Systems 215 Public Information Services 215 Videotex 216 Facsimile 216 Electronic Meeting Systems 218 Teleconferencing 218 Telecommuting 219 Electronic Publishing Systems 220 Desktop Publishing 220 Image Processing 221 Computer Graphics 222 Presentation Graphics 223 Multimedia Presentations 224 Multimedia Hardware and Software 224 Hypertext and Hypermedia 225 Interactive Video 226 Office Management Systems 226 Management Implications of Office Automation 228 Real World Case: MCI Communications: Creating the Virtual Office 229 Real World Problems: VeriFone, Inc.: Supporting Remote End Users, 232; Sun Microsystems and Others: Telecommutings Cost/Benefit, 232; State Street Bank and Worcester Polytechnic: Using Desktop Videoconferencing, 233; Federal Express: Training Employees with Interactive Multimedia, 233 7 Information Systems for Business Operations 238 Section I: Business Information Systems 240 IS in Business 240 Cross Functional Information Systems 241 Marketing Information Systems 241 Sales Management 242 Sales Force Automation 242 Advertising and Promotion 243 Product Management 243 Sales Forecasting 244 Market Research 244 Marketing Management 245 Contents Manufacturing Information Systems 245 Computer Integrated Manufacturing 245 Process Control 247 Machine Control 248 Robotics 248 Computer Aided Engineering 249 Human Resource Information Systems 250 Staffing 252 Training and Development 252 Compensation Analysis 252 Governmental Reporting 253 Accounting Information Systems 253 Order Processing 253 Inventory Control 254 Accounts Receivable 254 Accounts Payable 254 Payroll 255 General Ledger 256 Financial Information Systems 256 Cash and Securities Management 257 Capital Budgeting 257 Financial Forecasting 257 Financial Planning 258 Real World Case: Gerland s Food Fair: Competing with a Marketing Database System 259 Section II: Transaction Processing Systems 260 Transaction Processing 260 Strategic TPS 260 The Transaction Processing Cycle 260 The Data Entry Process 260 Traditional Data Entry 262 Source Data Automation 263 Electronic Data Interchange 264 Electronic Funds Transfer 265 Batch Processing 266 Batch Processing Activities 266 Advantages and Disadvantages 266 Realtime Processing 267 Fault Tolerant Processing 268 Advantages and Disadvantages 268 Database Maintenance 269 Document and Report Generation 270 Inquiry Processing 271 xix Real World Case: Campbell Soup Co.: Tracking Inventory and Electronic Commerce 272 Real World Problems: VTK Brothers Insurance Group: Using IT for Sales Success, 275; Marriott Castle Harbour Resort: Computerizing Human Resource Management, 276; John Connolly of Sybase, Inc.: Browsing the Investors Edge, 276; Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association: Using Electronic Data Interchange, 276 8 Information Systems for Managerial Decision Support 280 Section I: Management Information and Decision Support Systems 282 Introduction 282 Information, Decisions, and Management 282 Information Quality 284 Management Information Systems 284 Management Reporting Alternatives 284 Online Analytical Processing 286 Decision Support Systems 288 Management Reporting versus Decision Making Support 289 Examples of DSS Applications 289 Components of a Decision Support System 291 Models for Decision Support 292 Software for Decision Support 293 Using Decision Support Systems 293 Analytical Modeling Alternatives 294 Executive Information Systems 296 Rationale for EIS 296 Components of an EIS 296 Examples of EIS 298 Group Decision Support Systems 299 Group Decision Making 300 GDSS Packages 300 Real World Case: Bank of Montreal: Online Decision Support in Banking 302 Section II: Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Business 303 An Overview of Artificial Intelligence 303 The Domains of Artificial Intelligence 304 Neural Networks 305 Fuzzy Logic Systems 307 Virtual Reality 308 Expert Systems 310 xx Contents Components of an Expert System 311 Examples of Expert Systems 312 Expert System Applications 313 Developing Expert Systems 317 Expert System Suitability 317 Expert Systems.Make or Buy? 317 Knowledge Engineering 319 The Value of Expert Systems 319 Benefits of Expert Systems 319 Limitations of Expert Systems 320 Intelligent Agents 320 Real World Case: Buckman Laboratories, Hughes, and CIGNA: Creating Knowledge Management 323 Real World Problems: PepsiCo Restaurants International: Doing Online Analytical Processing, 326; SystemSoft Corporation: Using an Expert System for PC Maintenance, 327; Sedgwick James, Inc., and PepsiCo: Using a DSS/EIS for Risk Management, 327; A.B. Data and Morgan Stanley: Neural Nets and Virtual Reality, 327 9 Information Systems for Strategic Advantage 332 Section I: Fundamentals of Strategic Advantage 334 Introduction 334 Competitive Strategy Concepts 334 Strategic Roles for Information Systems 336 Improving Business Operations 336 Promoting Business Innovation 338 Locking in Customers and Suppliers 338 Creating Switching Costs 339 Raising Barriers to Entry 339 Building a Strategic IT Platform 340 Developing a Strategic Information Base 340 Information Systems and the Value Chain 340 Real World Case: Royal Bank, C. R. England, and USAA: The Breakthrough Strategic Use of IT 342 Section II: Strategic Applications and Issues in Information Technology 343 Introduction 343 Breaking Business Barriers 344 Breaking Time Barriers 345 Breaking Geographic Barriers 346 Breaking Cost Barriers 347 Breaking Structural Barriers 347 Reengineering Business Processes 348 The Role of Information Technology 348 IBM Credit Corporation 349 Ford Motor Company 349 CIGNA Corporation 351 Improving Business Quality 351 Total Quality Management 352 AMP Corporation 353 Ford Motor Company 354 Becoming an Agile Competitor 355 The Role of Information Technology 356 Ross Operating Valves 356 Motorola and Toshiba 356 Creating a Virtual Company 357 Virtual Company Strategies 357 Steelcase, Inc. 358 lBMAmbra 359 Using the Internet 359 Strategic Business Uses 359 GE and Sun Microsystems 360 Digital Equipment Corporation and IBM 362 The Challenges of Strategic IS 362 Sustaining Strategic Success 363 Real World Case: Columbia Sportswear, DealerNet, and Alaska Airlines: Strategic Use of the Internet 366 Real World Problems: Aetna and Prudential: Competing with the Internet and Reengineering, 369; Ryder and Union Pacific: Using IT to Compete for Customers, 369; Showtime and Sears: Reengineering Accounting and Finance, 370; Bane One, Warner Bros., and United Video: Making Money on the Net, 370 Continuing Real World Case: Fast Freight, Inc.— Part III, 374 MODULE IV Development and Management 377 10 Developing Business Solutions with Information Technology 378 Section I: Developing Information System Solutions 380 Contents The Systems Approach 380 The Systems Development Cycle 380 Systems Investigation 382 Feasibility Studies 382 Case Study Example: Auto Shack Stores: Solving a Business Problem 383 Systems Analysis 384 Organizational Analysis 385 Analysis of the Present System 386 Functional Requirements Analysis 386 Systems Design 387 User Interface, Data, and Process Design 387 Computer Aided Systems Engineering 389 Using CASE Tools 389 Prototyping 391 The Prototyping Process 392 End User Development 392 Doing End User Development 393 Checklist for End User Analysis and Design 394 The IS Component Matrix 395 Real World Case: Boston Beer Company: Sprinting through Systems Development 398 Section II: Implementing Business Change with IT 399 Introduction 399 Managing Organizational Change 399 Implementing Information Technology 399 Federal Express Corporation 401 TRW Information Services 402 Implementing Information Systems 402 Acquiring Hardware, Software, and Services 402 Hardware and Software Suppliers 403 Suppliers of IS Services 403 Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services 404 Hardware Evaluation Factors 406 Software Evaluation Factors 406 Evaluating IS Services 407 Other Implementation Activities 408 Testing 408 Documentation 408 Training 409 Conversion Methods 410 Maintenance 411 xxi Real World Case: Merrill Lynch and Comerica: Evaluating Windows NT versus OS/2 Warp 412 Real World Problems: WMX Technologies: Workout in Systems Development, 415; SAP America and Baxter Healthcare: Selecting. Client/Server Software, 416; Northeast Utilities and Rochester Gas Electric: Switching to Object Based CASE Tools, 416; U.S. Army National Guard and Army Reserve: Changing Technology and User Requirements, 417 11 Enterprise and Global Management of Information Technology 424 Section I: Managing Information Resources and Technologies 426 Introduction 426 Managers and Information Technology 426 Information Systems Performance 428 Management Involvement and Governance 429 Organizations and Information Technology 431 Information Resource Management 433 Strategic Management 433 The Chief Information Officer 434 Strategic Information Systems Planning 434 Functional Management 437 Centralization versus Decentralization 437 Changing Trends 438 Managing Systems Development 441 Managing IS Operations 441 Resource Management 442 Human Resource Management of IT 442 Technology Management 443 Telecommunications Management 443 Advanced Technology Management 443 Distributed Management 444 Managing End User Computing 444 Real World Case: Esprit de Corp.: Outsourcing IS Development and Operations 446 Section II: Global Information Technology Management 447 The International Dimension 447 Global IT Management 447 Cultural, Political, and Geoeconomic Challenges 448 The Republic of Singapore 449 The Global Company 449 xxii Contents IBM Corporation 450 Rosenbluth Travel 450 Global Business and IT Strategies 452 Global Business and IT Applications 453 Chase Manhattan Bank 454 Global IT Platforms 454 Global Data Issues 456 Global Systems Development 458 You and Global IT Management 459 Real World Case: Eastman Kodak and Others: Going Global in IT Management 460 Real World Problems: AmeriData Technologies and National Bank of Maryland: Outsourcing IS Services Management, 463; Duke Power Co. and Oracle Corporation: Failure in Managing Systems Development, 463; Nestle and R. R. Donnelley: Proactive Global Technology Management, 464; Cisco Systems and KPMG Peat Marwick: Global IS Development and Implementation, 464 12 Security and Ethical Challenges of Information Technology 468 Section I: Security and Control Issues in Information Systems 470 Why Controls Are Needed 470 What Controls Are Needed 471 Information System Controls 471 Input Controls 471 Processing Controls 472 Output Controls 474 Storage Controls 475 Facility Controls 475 Encryption and Fire Walls 475 Physical Protection Controls 476 Biometric Controls 477 Computer Failure Controls 477 Procedural Controls 478 Separation of Duties 478 Standard Procedures and Documentation 479 Authorization Requirements 479 Disaster Recovery 479 Controls for End User Computing 479 Auditing Information Systems 480 Real World Case: Union Pacific Railroad: Confronting the Millennium Bug 482 Section II: Ethical and Societal Challenges of Information Technology 483 The Ethical Dimension 483 Ethical Foundations 484 Business Ethics 484 Ethical and Societal Dimensions of IT 486 Ethics and Information Technology 487 Information Ethics 487 IT and Employment 489 IT and Individuality 489 IT and Working Conditions 490 Privacy Issues 491 E Mail Privacy 492 Computer Matching 492 Privacy Laws 492 Computer Libel and Censorship 493 Computer Crime 494 Computer Crime Laws 494 Examples of Computer Crime 496 Crime on the Internet 497 Health Issues 499 Ergonomics 500 Societal Solutions 501 You and Ethical Responsibility 501 Real World Case: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Others: Abusing Internet Access in the Workplace 503 Real World Problems: Charles Schwab Co. and Lombard Institutional Brokerage: Using Encryption and Fire Walls on the Net, 506; Database America and Yahoo, Inc.: Privacy on the Internet, 506; Soren Ragsdale and Jeff Slaton: Spamming and Flaming on the Internet, 507; National Computer Security Association: Combatting Computer Viruses, 507 Continuing Real World Case: Fast Frieght, Inc.— PartIV, 512 Glossary G l Name Index 1 0 Organization Index 1 4 Subject Index 1 7
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oai_aleph_id oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007578393
oclc_num 35223086
open_access_boolean
owner DE-703
DE-20
owner_facet DE-703
DE-20
physical Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst.
publishDate 1997
publishDateSearch 1997
publishDateSort 1997
publisher Irwin
record_format marc
spellingShingle O'Brien, James A.
Introduction to information systems
Datenverarbeitung
Wirtschaft
Business Data processing
Management Data processing
Betriebliches Informationssystem (DE-588)4069386-7 gnd
Informationstechnik (DE-588)4026926-7 gnd
Informationsmanagement (DE-588)4114012-6 gnd
Managementinformationssystem (DE-588)4074518-1 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4069386-7
(DE-588)4026926-7
(DE-588)4114012-6
(DE-588)4074518-1
(DE-588)4123623-3
title Introduction to information systems
title_auth Introduction to information systems
title_exact_search Introduction to information systems
title_full Introduction to information systems James A. O'Brien
title_fullStr Introduction to information systems James A. O'Brien
title_full_unstemmed Introduction to information systems James A. O'Brien
title_short Introduction to information systems
title_sort introduction to information systems
topic Datenverarbeitung
Wirtschaft
Business Data processing
Management Data processing
Betriebliches Informationssystem (DE-588)4069386-7 gnd
Informationstechnik (DE-588)4026926-7 gnd
Informationsmanagement (DE-588)4114012-6 gnd
Managementinformationssystem (DE-588)4074518-1 gnd
topic_facet Datenverarbeitung
Wirtschaft
Business Data processing
Management Data processing
Betriebliches Informationssystem
Informationstechnik
Informationsmanagement
Managementinformationssystem
Lehrbuch
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