Modern Spanish grammar a practical guide

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Hauptverfasser: Kattán-Ibarra, Juan (VerfasserIn), Pountain, Christopher J. (VerfasserIn)
Format: Buch
Sprache:English
Spanish
Veröffentlicht: London [u.a.] Routledge 1997
Ausgabe:1. publ.
Schriftenreihe:Routledge modern Grammars
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text MODERN SPANISH GRAMMAR A PRACTICAL GUIDE JUAN KATTAN-IBARRA AND CHRISTOPHER J. POUNTAIN LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS INTRODUCTION GLOSSARY [^^3 STRUCTURES 1 PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING 1.1 THE SPANISH ALPHABET 1.2 DIPHTHONGS 1.3 SYLLABIFICATION 1.4 SINALEFA 1.5 THE WRITTEN STRESS ACCENT 1.6 PUNCTUATION 1.7 CAPITAL LETTERS 2 GENDER AND GENDER AGREEMENTS 2.1 MASCULINE AND FEMININE 2.2 PLURAL 2.3 GENERAL RULES FOR GENDER 2.4 WORDS WHICH ARE BOTH MASCULINE AND FEMININE 2.5 NOUNS WHICH VARY IN GENDER 2.6 AGREEMENT CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES 2.7 THE NEUTER 2.8 LO 3 PLURALS AND NUMBER AGREEMENT 3.1 PLURAL FORMS 3.2 NUMBER AGREEMENT XVDII XX 3 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 18 19 4 THE ARTICLES 4.1 DEFINITE ARTICLE 20 4.2 PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE USE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE IN SPANISH AND ENGLISH 21 4.3 DEFINITE ARTICLE + QUE AND DE 22 4.4 THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE 23 4.5 PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE IN SPANISH AND ENGLISH 24 VI CONTENTS 4.6 USE OF THE PLURAL UNOS, UNAS 25 5 ADJECTIVES 5.1 SHORTENING OF ADJECTIVES 26 5.2 ADJECTIVE POSITION 27 5.3 ADJECTIVES USED AS NOUNS 29 5.4 ADJECTIVES USED AS ADVERBS 29 6 COMPARATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 6.1 LACK OF DISTINCTION BETWEEN MORE... AND MOST... 30 6.2 SYNTAX OF COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 31 7 NUMBERS 7.1 CARDINAL NUMBERS 32 7.2 ORDINAL NUMBERS 33 7.3 EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING NUMBERS 34 8 PERSONAL PRONOUNS 8.1 SUBJECT PRONOUNS 36 8.2 OBJECT PRONOUNS 38 8.3 REDUPLICATED PRONOUN STRUCTURES 41 9 DEMONSTRATIVES 9.1 FORMS 1 43 9.2 ORDER 43 9.3 USAGE 44 10 POSSESSIVES 10.1 FORMS 45 10.2 USE 46 11 RELATIVE PRONOUNS 11.1 QUE 48 11.2 ELQUE/ELCUALETC. J. 48 11.3 QUIEN(ES ) 49 11.4 CUYO (ADJ.) 50 12 INTERROGATIVE AND EXCLAMATORY FORMS 12.1 IC6MO?/IC6MO! 51 12.2 *CUAL? AND $QU6?/JQU6! 52 12.3 ICUANDO? 53 12.4 CUANTO?/ICUANTO! 53 12.5 JD6NDE?/JAD6NDE? 54 VII CONTENTS 12.6 JPARA QUE?/ JPOR QUE? 12.7 QUTAL? 12.8 JQUIE N(ES)? 12.9 JVERDAD?,^NO? 13 INDEFINITE AND NEGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 13.1 ALGUNO AND NINGUNO 13.2 ALGUIEN AND NADIE 13.3 UNO 13.4 ALGO AND NADA 13.5 CUALQUIERA 13.6 QUIENQUIERA 13.7 TODO 14ADVERBS 14.1 FORMATION OF ADVERBS IN -MENTE 14.2 OTHER ADVERBS 15 NEGATION 15.1 NO 15.2 NEGATIVE ELEMENT FOLLOWING THE VERB 15.3 EXPRESSIONS REQUIRING A NEGATIVE 15.4 NO...SINO... 15.5 NEGATION OF ADJECTIVES 15.6 NEGATIVE QUESTIONS 16 VERB FORMS 16.1 THE OVERALL PATTERN 17 USE OF THE VERB FORMS 17.1 PRESENT 17.2 PERFECT 17.3 IMPERFECT 17A PRETERITE 17.5 FUTURE 17.6 FUTURE PERFECT 17.7 CONDITIONAL 17.8 CONDITIONAL PERFECT 17.9 PLUPERFECT 17.10 PAST ANTERIOR 17.11 INFINITIVE 17.12 GERUND 17.13 IMPERATIVE 54 54 54 55 56 57 57 57 58 58 58 59 60 61 61 62 62 62 63 64 78 80 80 81 83 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 88 CONTENTS 18 USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE 18.1 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN COMPLEMENTS OF VERBS AND VERBAL EXPRESSIONS 91 18.2 THE SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER CONJUNCTIONS 94 18.3 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN MAIN CLAUSES 100 19 SEQUENCE OF TENSE 19.1 IN REPORTED (INDIRECT) SPEECH 19.2 CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVING THE SUBJUNCTIVE 20 OTHER FORMS OF THE VERB AND THEIR USES 20.1 ESTAR +GERUND 20.2 IR A + INFINITIVE 20.3 IIEVAR + GERUND 20.4 ACABAR DE + INFINITIVE 20.5 IR +GERUND 20.6 VENIR + GERUND 20.7 TENER + PAST PARTICIPLE 21 MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS 21.1 PODER 21.2 DEBER (DE) 21.3 SABER 21.4 QUERER 21.5 TENER QUE 21.6 HABERDE 21.7 HABERQUE 22SERANDESTAR 22.1 SER 22.2 ESTAR 23 THE REFLEXIVE 23.1 LITERAL REFLEXIVE 23.2 INHERENTLY REFLEXIVE VERBS 23.3 THE REFLEXIVE CORRESPONDING TO AN ENGLISH INTRANSITIVE 23.4 REFLEXIVE VERBS WITH PREPOSITIONAL OBJECTS 23.5 THE INTENSIFYING REFLEXIVE 23.6 THE IMPERSONAL REFLEXIVE 23.7 THE PASSIVE REFLEXIVE 24 THE PASSIVE 24.1 SER + PAST PARTICIPLE 102 104 105 106 106 107 107 107 107 109 110 111 112 112 113 113 114 116 119 119 120 120 120 121 122 123 CONTENTS -. 24.2 ESTAR + PAST PARTICIPLE 24.3 THE PASSIVE REFLEXIVE 24.4 USE OF INDEFINITE SUBJECTS 24.5 BRINGING THE OBJECT TO THE FRONT OF THE SENTENCE 25 PREPOSITIONS 25.1 BASIC USE OF PREPOSITIONS 25.2 GROUPS OF PREPOSITIONS 26 COMPLEMENTATION 26.1 SENTENCE COMPLEMENTATION 26.2 INFINITIVE COMPLEMENTATION 26.3 GERUND COMPLEMENTATION 27 CONJUNCTIONS , 27.1 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 27.2 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 28 WORD ORDER 28.1 STATEMENTS 28.2 QUESTIONS | FUNCTIONS / SOCIAL CONTACTS AND COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES PARTB 29 MAKING SOCIAL CONTACTS 29.1 GREETING SOMEONE 29.2 CONVEYING GREETINGS 29.3 ASKING PEOPLE HOW THEY ARE 29.4 INTRODUCING SOMEONE 29.5 TAKING LEAVE 29.6 DRINKING A TOAST AND WISHING SOMEBODY BON APPETIT 29.7 CONGRATULATING SOMEBODY 29.8 USING THE PHONE 29.9 COMMON PHRASES USED IN LETTER WRITING 30 BASIC STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATION 30.1 ATTRACTING SOMEONE S ATTENTION AND RESPONDING TO A CALL FOR ATTENTION 182 30.2 STARTING UP A CONVERSATION 183 30.3 ASKING PEOPLE TO REPEAT SOMETHING YOU HAVE NOT HEARD PROPERLY, AND RESPONDING 184 CONTENTS 30.4 APOLOGIZING FOR YOUR SPANISH AND ASKING PEOPLE TO EXPLAIN SOMETHING OR SPEAK MORE SLOWLY 186 30.5 CHECKING WHETHER PEOPLE HAVE UNDERSTOOD 187 30.6 SIGNALLING THAT ONE IS FOLLOWING THE SPEAKER 188 30.7 ASKING PEOPLE HOW TO PRONOUNCE OR SPELL A WORD 188 30.8 INTERRUPTING A SPEAKER 189 30.9 USING FILLERS 189 30.10 FORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF A TOPIC 191 II GIVING AND SEEKING FACTUAL INFORMATION 31 ASKING QUESTIONS AND RESPONDING 31.1 ASKING QUESTIONS REQUIRING A YES OR NO ANSWER 196 31.2 ASKING QUESTIONS SEEKING PARTIAL INFORMATION 198 31.3 ASKING POLITE AND INDIRECT QUESTIONS 198 31.4 ASKING NEGATIVE QUESTIONS V 199 31.5 RESPONDING TO A QUESTION WITH ANOTHER QUESTION 200 31.6 RESPONDING TO A YES OR NO QUESTION 200 32 NEGATING 32.1 NO + VERB/AUXILIARY 203 32.2 LIMITING THE SCOPE OF NEGATION 204 32.3 NEGATING ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS 204 32.4 OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING NEGATION 205 33 REPORTING 33.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH 209 33.2 INDIRECT SPEECH 209 33.3 REPORTING STATEMENTS 211 33.4 REPORTING QUESTIONS 214 33.5 REPORTING YES AND NO ANSWERS 215 33.6 REPORTING COMMANDS AND REQUESTS 215 34 ASKING AND GIVING PERSONAL INFORMATION 34.1 STATING ONE S NAME AND ASKING SOMEONE S NAME 218 34.2 STATING NATIONALITY 219 34.3 STATING ORIGIN 220 34.4 REFERRING TO MARITAL STATUS 220 34.5 ASKING SOMEONE S AGE AND STATING ONE S OWN AGE 220 34.6 ASKING PEOPLE WHEN AND WHERE THEY WERE BORN AND GIVING SIMILAR INFORMATION ABOUT ONESELF 221 34.7 STATING OCCUPATION 221 CONTENTS 34.8 DEFINING PROFESSIONAL STATUS OR RANK, RELIGION AND POLITICAL AFFILIATION 35 IDENTIFYING PEOPLE, PLACES AND THINGS 35.1 IDENTIFYING ONESELF AND OTHERS 35.2 IDENTIFYING PLACES 35.3 IDENTIFYING THINGS 36 DESCRIBING PEOPLE, PLACES AND THINGS 36.1 DESCRIBING PEOPLE, PLACES AND THINGS IN TERMS OF ATTRIBUTES CONSIDERED AS INHERENT OR AS A PHYSICAL OR MORAL PROPERTY OF THE SUBJECT 36.2 ASKING QUESTIONS REGARDING ATTRIBUTES OF A PERSON, A PLACE OR A THING 36.3 DESCRIBING PEOPLE, PLACES AND THINGS AS SEEN AT A PARTICULAR MOMENT IN TIME 36.4 DESCRIBING PEOPLE, PLACES AND THINGS IN TERMS OF ATTRIBUTES WHICH DENOTE A COMPARATIVE NOTION 36.5 DESCRIBING PEOPLE IN TERMS OF THEIR PHYSICAL OR MENTAL STATE OR CONDITION 36.6 ASKING QUESTIONS IN RELATION TO SOMEONE S PHYSICAL OR MENTAL STATE OR CONDITION 36.7 DESCRIBING THINGS IN TERMS OF THE MATERIAL THEY ARE MADE OF 36.8 ASKING WHAT SOMETHING IS MADE OF 36.9 DESCRIBING EVENTS 36.10 DESCRIBING FACTS OR INFORMATION 36.11 DESCRIBING SOCIAL MANNERS 36.12 DESCRIBING THE WEATHER 37 MAKING COMPARISONS 37.1 EXPRESSING COMPARISONS OF INEQUALITY 37.2 EXPRESSING COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY 37.3 COMPARING MORE THAN TWO OBJECTS 38 EXPRESSING EXISTENCE AND AVAILABILITY 38.1 ASKING AND ANSWERING QUESTIONS REGARDING EXISTENCE 38.2 TALKING ABOUT THE EXISTENCE OF FACILITIES 38.3 EXPRESSING AVAILABILITY 39 EXPRESSING LOCATION AND DISTANCE 39.1 EXPRESSING LOCATION WITH REGARD TO PLACES, PEOPLE AND THINGS CONTENTS 39.2 ASKING WHERE PLACES, PEOPLE OR THINGS ARE 246 39.3 TALKING ABOUT THE LOCATION OF EVENTS 247 39.4 INDICATING PRECISE LOCATION 248 39.5 INDICATING DISTANCE 251 40.1 EXPRESSING OWNERSHIP AND POSSESSION 252 40.2 EMPHASIZING POSSESSIVE RELATIONS 254 40.3 EXPRESSING POSSESSIVE RELATIONS INVOLVING PARTS OF THE BODY AND PERSONAL EFFECTS 255 40.4 ASKING AND ANSWERING QUESTIONS REGARDING WHOSE PROPERTY SOMETHING IS 255 40.5 ASKING AND ANSWERING QUESTIONS REGARDING WHAT PEOPLE HAVE OR DO NOT HAVE 256 41 EXPRESSING CHANGES 41.1 TALKING ABOUT TEMPORARY CHANGES 258 41.2 TALKING ABOUT LONG-LASTING CHANGES WHICH ARE REGARDED AS CHANGING THE NATURE OF SOMEONE OR SOMETHING 259 41.3 TALKING ABOUT LONG-LASTING CHANGES NOT INVOLVING A CHANGE IN THE NATURE OF THE SUBJECT 260 41.4 TALKING ABOUT VOLUNTARY CHANGES 260 41.5 TALKING ABOUT CHANGES WHICH ARE THE RESULT OF A NATURAL PROCESS 261 41.6 TALKING ABOUT THE RESULT OF A PROCESS OF CHANGE 261 41.7 TALKING ABOUT A CHANGE IN THE SUBJECT S STATE OR CONDITION AS THE DIRECT RESULT OF AN ACTION OR EVENT 261 41.8 OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING CHANGE 262 42 DESCRIBING PROCESSES AND RESULTS 42.1 DESCRIBING PROCESSES 263 42.2 DESCRIBING RESULTS 267 43 EXPRESSING CAUSE, EFFECT AND PURPOSE 43.1 ENQUIRING ABOUT CAUSE 269 43.2 GIVING REASONS AND EXPRESSING RELATIONSHIPS OF CAUSE AND EFFECT 270 43.3 OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING RELATIONSHIPS OF CAUSE AND EFFECT 272 43.4 ENQUIRING ABOUT PURPOSE 274 43.5 EXPRESSING PURPOSE 274 *! CONTENTS III PUTTING EVENTS INTO A WIDER CONTEXT 44 EXPRESSING KNOWLEDGE 44.1 EXPRESSING KNOWLEDGE WITH REGARD TO A FACT 280 44.2 SAYING THAT ONE KNOWS A PERSON, A PLACE OR AN OBJECT 280 44.3 EXPRESSING KNOWLEDGE WITH REGARD TO A SUBJECT 281 44.4 EXPRESSING KNOWLEDGE OF A SKILL 281 44.5 GETTING TO KNOW, BECOMING ACQUAINTED WITH OR MEETING SOMEONE 281 44.6 LEARNING OR FINDING OUT ABOUT SOMETHING 282 45 SAYING WHETHER ONE REMEMBERS OR HAS FORGOTTEN SOMETHING OR SOMEONE 45.1 SAYING WHETHER ONE REMEMBERS SOMETHING OR SOMEONE 283 45.2 ASKING PEOPLE WHETHER THEY REMEMBER SOMETHING OR SOMEONE 286 45.3 SAYING THAT ONE HAS FORGOTTEN SOMETHING OR SOMEONE 288 45.4 ENQUIRING WHETHER SOMEONE HAS FORGOTTEN SOMETHING OR SOMEONE 288 46 EXPRESSING OBLIGATION AND DUTY 46.1 EXPRESSING OBLIGATION AND DUTY WITH REGARD TO ONESELF AND OTHERS 290 46.2 ENQUIRING WHETHER ONE IS OBLIGED TO DO SOMETHING 292 46.3 EXPRESSING OBLIGATION IN AN IMPERSONAL WAY 292 47 EXPRESSING NEEDS 47.1 EXPRESSING NEEDS WITH REGARD TO ONESELF AND OTHERS 293 47.2 ASKING PEOPLE ABOUT THEIR NEEDS 295 47.3 ASKING AND ANSWERING QUESTIONS ABOUT NEEDS IN AN IMPERSONAL WAY 296 47.4 EXPRESSING STRONG NEED 299 48 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY AND PROBABILITY 48.1 SAYING WHETHER SOMETHING IS CONSIDERED POSSIBLE OR IMPOSSIBLE 300 48.2 ENQUIRING WHETHER SOMETHING IS CONSIDERED POSSIBLE OR IMPOSSIBLE 307 49 EXPRESSING CERTAINTY AND UNCERTAINTY 49.1 SAYING HOW CERTAIN ONE IS OF SOMETHING 310 49.2 ENQUIRING ABOUT HOW CERTAIN OR UNCERTAIN OTHERS ARE OF SOMETHING 314 XTV XV CONTENTS CONTENTS 50 EXPRESSING SUPPOSITION 50.1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS OF SUPPOSITION 316 51 EXPRESSING CONDITIONS 51.1 EXPRESSING OPEN CONDITIONS 318 51.2 EXPRESSING UNFULFILLED CONDITIONS 320 51.3 OTHER CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS 321 52 EXPRESSING CONTRAST 52.1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS OF CONTRAST 327 53 EXPRESSING CAPABILITY AND INCAPABILITY 53.1 ENQUIRING AND MAKING STATEMENTS ABOUT CAPABILITY OR INCAPABILITY 331 53.2 ENQUIRING AND MAKING STATEMENTS ABOUT LEARNED ABILITIES 333 54 GIVING AND SEEKING PERMISSION TO DO SOMETHING 54.1 SEEKING PERMISSION 334 54.2 GIVING PERMISSION 337 54.3 STATING THAT PERMISSION IS WITHHELD 338 55 ASKING AND GIVING OPINIONS 55.1 ASKING SOMEONE S OPINION 339 55.2 EXPRESSING OPINIONS 341 55.3 ENQUIRING ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE S OPINIONS 345 55.4 REPORTING ON OTHER PEOPLE S OPINIONS 345 56 EXPRESSING AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT 56.1 EXPRESSING AGREEMENT 347 56.2 EXPRESSING DISAGREEMENT 348 56.3 ASKING ABOUT AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT 349 IVEXPRESSING EMOTIONAL ATTITUDES 57 EXPRESSING DESIRES AND PREFERENCES 57.1 EXPRESSING DESIRES 352 57.2 ENQUIRING ABOUT DESIRES 355 57.3 EXPRESSING PREFERENCES AND ENQUIRING ABOUT PREFERENCES 356 57.4 EXPRESSING PREFERENCES INVOLVING OTHERS 357 58 EXPRESSING LIKES AND DISLIKES 58.1 SAYING THAT ONE LIKES OR DISLIKES SOMETHING OR SOMEONE 359 58.2 ENQUIRING ABOUT LIKES AND DISLIKES 361 58.3 OTHER WAYS OF E: 59 EXPRESSING SURPRI 59.1 SET EXPRESSIONS 60.1 EXPRESSING SATIS 60.2 EXPRESSING DISS 60.3 ENQUIRING ABOU 61 EXPRESSING APPIW 61.1 EXPRESSING APPR 61.2 EXPRESSING DISAJ 61.3 ENQUIRING ABOUL 62 EXPRESSING HOPE 62.1 SAYING WHAT ONE 62.2 EXPRESSING HOPE 62.3 EXPRESSING HOPE TO A STATEMENT 63 EXPRESSING SYMPA 63.1 SAYING ONE IS SOI 63.2 SAYING ONE IS GLA 64 APOLOGIZING AND E; 64.1 APOLOGIZING 64.2 EXPRESSING FORGI 01 WORRY 65.1 SET EXPRESSIONS 65.2 OTHER WAYS OF E GRATITUDE 66.1 EXPRESSING GRATI 66.2 RESPONDING TO A V THE LANGUAGE OFPERSU 67 GIVING ADVICE AND 67.1 GIVING ADVICE AR SPEAKER XV CONTENTS 58.3 OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING LIKES AND DISLIKES 362 59 EXPRESSING SURPRISE 59.1 SET EXPRESSIONS 365 60.1 EXPRESSING SATISFACTION 368 60.2 EXPRESSING DISSATISFACTION 369 60.3 ENQUIRING ABOUT SATISFACTION OR DISSATISFACTION 370 61 EXPRESSING APPROVAL AND DISAPPROVAL 61.1 EXPRESSING APPROVAL 371 61.2 EXPRESSING DISAPPROVAL 372 61.3 ENQUIRING ABOUT APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL 372 62 EXPRESSING HOPE 62.1 SAYING WHAT ONE HOPES OR OTHERS HOPE TO DO 374 62.2 EXPRESSING HOPE WITH REGARD TO OTHER PEOPLE 374 62.3 EXPRESSING HOPE IN ANSWER TO A QUESTION OR AS A REACTION TO A STATEMENT 376 63 EXPRESSING SYMPATHY 63.1 SAYING ONE IS SORRY ABOUT SOMETHING 377 63.2 SAYING ONE IS GLAD ABOUT SOMETHING 380 64 APOLOGIZING AND EXPRESSING FORGIVENESS 64.1 APOLOGIZING 381 64.2 EXPRESSING FORGIVENESS 383 65 EXPRESSING FEAR OR WORRY AND ENQUIRING ABOUT FEAR OR WORRY 65.1 SET EXPRESSIONS 384 65.2 OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING FEAR 388 66 EXPRESSING GRATITUDE AND RESPONDING TO AN EXPRESSION OF GRATITUDE 66.1 EXPRESSING GRATITUDE 389 66.2 RESPONDING TO AN EXPRESSION OF GRATITUDE 391 V THE LANGUAGE OF PERSUASION 67 GIVING ADVICE AND MAKING SUGGESTIONS 67.1 GIVING ADVICE AND MAKING SUGGESTIONS NOT INVOLVING THE SPEAKER 394 ; CONTENTS 67.2 SUGGESTING A COURSE OF ACTION INVOLVING THE SPEAKER 396 67.3 ASKING FOR ADVICE AND SUGGESTIONS 397 68 MAKING REQUESTS 68.1 SET EXPRESSIONS 399 69 GIVING DIRECTIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS 69.1 GIVING DIRECTIONS 403 69.2 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS 405 70 MAKING AN OFFER OR INVITATION AND ACCEPTING OR DECLINING 70.1 MAKING AN OFFER OR INVITATION 407 70.2 ACCEPTING AN OFFER OR INVITATION 410 70.3 DECLINING AN OFFER OR INVITATION 411 70.4 ENQUIRING WHETHER AN OFFER OR INVITATION IS ACCEPTED OR DECLINED 411 VI EXPRESSING TEMPORAL RELATIONS 71 TALKING ABOUT THE PRESENT 71.1 DESCRIBING STATES WHICH ARE TRUE IN THE PRESENT 414 71.2 GIVING INFORMATION ABOUT FACTS WHICH ARE GENERALLY TRUE OR TRUE IN THE PRESENT 414 71.3 REFERRING TO EVENTS WHICH ARE IN THE PRESENT BUT NOT IN PROGRESS 415 71.4 EXPRESSING TIMELESS IDEAS OR EMOTIONS 415 71.5 REFERRING TO EVENTS TAKING PLACE IN THE PRESENT 415 71.6 EXPRESSING DISAPPROVAL OR SURPRISE ABOUT AN ACTION IN PROGRESS 417 71.7 REFERRING TO PRESENT HABITUAL ACTIONS 417 71.8 REFERRING TO A PRESENT, CONTINUOUS ACTION OR STATE WHICH BEGAN AT SOME MOMENT IN THE PAST 419 72 TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE 72.1 EXPRESSING PLANS AND INTENTIONS 422 72.2 EXPRESSING UNCERTAINTY WITH REGARD TO FUTURE PLANS 424 72.3 REFERRING TO THE IMMEDIATE FUTURE 425 72.4 REFERRING TO FUTURE EVENTS 426 72.5 REFERRING TO FIXED FUTURE EVENTS 427 72.6 EXPRESSING PROMISES 427 72.7 REPORTING STATEMENTS ABOUT THE FUTURE 428 72.8 ENQUIRING ABOUT FUTURE PLANS AND EVENTS 428 CONTENTS 73 TALKING ABOUT THE PAST 73.1 REFERRING TO PAST EVENTS WHICH BEAR SOME RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PRESENT 73.2 REFERRING TO THE RECENT PAST 73.3 REFERRING TO THE IMMEDIATE PAST 73.4 REFERRING TO EVENTS WHICH HAVE TAKEN PLACE OVER A PERIOD OF TIME, INCLUDING THE PRESENT 73.5 REFERRING TO A PROLONGED ACTION WHICH BEGAN IN THE PAST AND IS STILL IN PROGRESS 73.6 REFERRING TO EVENTS WHICH ARE PAST AND COMPLETE 73.7 SAYING HOW LONG AGO SOMETHING HAPPENED 73.8 REFERRING TO EVENTS WHICH LASTED OVER A DEFINITE PERIOD OF TIME AND ENDED IN THE PAST 73.9 REFERRING TO AN EVENT WHICH WAS COMPLETED BEFORE ANOTHER PAST EVENT 73.10 REFERRING TO THE BEGINNING OF A PAST ACTION OR STATE 73.11 REFERRING TO A PAST ACTION AS PART OF A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 73.12 REFERRING TO ONGOING STATES OR ACTIONS WHICH TOOK PLACE OVER AN UNSPECIFIED PERIOD OF TIME 73.13 REFERRING TO PAST HABITUAL ACTIONS 73.14 REFERRING TO ACTIONS WHICH WERE TAKING PLACE WHEN SOMETHING ELSE HAPPENED 73.15 DESCRIBING PAST EVENTS WHICH OCCURRED BEFORE ANOTHER PAST EVENT OR SITUATION APPENDIX: TABLE OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
any_adam_object 1
author Kattán-Ibarra, Juan
Pountain, Christopher J.
author_facet Kattán-Ibarra, Juan
Pountain, Christopher J.
author_role aut
aut
author_sort Kattán-Ibarra, Juan
author_variant j k i jki
c j p cj cjp
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illustrated Not Illustrated
indexdate 2024-12-23T14:27:50Z
institution BVB
isbn 0415098459
0415098467
language English
Spanish
oai_aleph_id oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007557588
oclc_num 34245477
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physical XXVII, 461 S.
publishDate 1997
publishDateSearch 1997
publishDateSort 1997
publisher Routledge
record_format marc
series2 Routledge modern Grammars
spellingShingle Kattán-Ibarra, Juan
Pountain, Christopher J.
Modern Spanish grammar a practical guide
Spaans gtt
Grammatik
Spanisch
Spanish language Textbooks for foreign speakers English
Spanish language Grammar
Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd
Spanisch (DE-588)4077640-2 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4021806-5
(DE-588)4077640-2
title Modern Spanish grammar a practical guide
title_auth Modern Spanish grammar a practical guide
title_exact_search Modern Spanish grammar a practical guide
title_full Modern Spanish grammar a practical guide Juan Kattán-Ibarra and Christopher J. Pountain
title_fullStr Modern Spanish grammar a practical guide Juan Kattán-Ibarra and Christopher J. Pountain
title_full_unstemmed Modern Spanish grammar a practical guide Juan Kattán-Ibarra and Christopher J. Pountain
title_short Modern Spanish grammar
title_sort modern spanish grammar a practical guide
title_sub a practical guide
topic Spaans gtt
Grammatik
Spanisch
Spanish language Textbooks for foreign speakers English
Spanish language Grammar
Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd
Spanisch (DE-588)4077640-2 gnd
topic_facet Spaans
Grammatik
Spanisch
Spanish language Textbooks for foreign speakers English
Spanish language Grammar
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007557588&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv AT kattanibarrajuan modernspanishgrammarapracticalguide
AT pountainchristopherj modernspanishgrammarapracticalguide