A people's tragedy the Russian revolution, 1891 - 1924
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Jonathan Cape
1996
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| 100 | 1 | |a Figes, Orlando |d 1959- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)120452766 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A people's tragedy |b the Russian revolution, 1891 - 1924 |c Orlando Figes |
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Jonathan Cape |c 1996 | |
| 300 | |a xx, 923 Seiten [64 ungezählte Seiten] |b Illustrationen, Karten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1891-1917 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1918-1924 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1917-1924 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1613-1891 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Revoluties |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a URSS - Histoire - 1917-1921 (Révolution) | |
| 651 | 4 | |a URSS - Histoire - 1917-1936 | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Russland | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Sowjetunion | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Russia |x History |y Nicholas II, 1894-1917 | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Soviet Union |x History |y 1917-1936 | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Soviet Union |x History |y Revolution, 1917-1921 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819663317084405760 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Illustrations x
Preface
xv
Glossary
xix
Notes on Dates
xxi
Maps
xxiii
PART ONE RUSSIA UNDER THE OLD REGIME
1 The Dynasty
3
і
The Tsar and His People
3
ii The Miniaturist
15
iii
The Heir
24
2
Unstable Pillars
35
і
Bureaucrats and Dressing-Gowns
35
ii The Thin Veneer of Civilization
42
in Remnants of a Feudal Army
55
iv
Not-So-Holy Russia
61
v
Prison of Peoples
69
3
Icons and Cockroaches
84
і
A World Apart
84
ii The Quest to Banish the Past
102
4
Red Ink
122
і
Inside the Fortress
122
ii Marx Comes to Russia
139
viii Contents
PART TWO THE CRISIS OF AUTHORITY (I89I-I9I7)
5
First Blood I57
і
Patriots and Liberators
157
ii There is no Tsar
173
Hi A Parting of Ways
192
6
Last Hopes
і
Parliaments and Peasants
ii The Statesman
221
iit The Wager on the Strong
232
iv
For God, Tsar and Fatherland
241
7
A War on Three Fronts
253
і
Metal Against Men
253
ii The Mad Chauffeur
270
iii
From the Trenches to the Barricades
291
PART THREE RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION
(FEBRUARY
19
1
7-М
ARCH 1
918)
8
Glorious February
307
і
The Power of the Streets
307
ii Reluctant Revolutionaries
323
iii
Nicholas the Last
339
9
The Freest Country in the World
354
і
A Distant Liberal State
354
ii Expectations
361
iii
Lenin s Rage
384
iv
Gorky s Despair
398
10
The Agony of the Provisional Government
406
t
The Illusion of a Nation
406
ä
A Darker Shade of Red
421
iii
The Man on a White Horse
438
iv
Hamlets of Democratic Socialism
455
Contents
¿x
II
Lenins Revolution 474
і
The Art of Insurrection
474
ii The
Smolny
Autocrats
500
iii
Looting the Looters
520
iv
Socialism in One Country
536
PART FOUR THE CIVIL WAR AND THE MAKING OF
THE SOVIET SYSTEM
(1918-24)
12
Last Dreams of the Old World
555
i St
Petersburg on the Steppe
555
ii The Ghost of the Constituent Assembly
575
13
The Revolution Goes to War
589
і
Arming the Revolution
589
ii Kulaks , Bagmen and Cigarette Lighters
603
in The Colour of Blood
627
14
The New Regime Triumphant
650
і
Three Decisive Battles
650
Ü
Comrades and Commissars
682
Hi A Socialist Fatherland
696
15
Defeat in Victory
721
і
Short-Cuts to Communism
721
¿i Engineers of the Human Soul
732
Hi Bolshevism in Retreat
751
16
Deaths and Departures
773
і
Orphans of the Revolution
773
ii The Unconquered Country
786
Hi Lenin s Last Struggle
793
Conclusion
808
Notes
825
Bibliography
862
Index
■ .. , .,>-.■:;-
^^чг.^-^^ ^^ч.^-^ч.,^^^^ :^^^ --:
895
Illustrations
Images
of Autocracy: between pages
98
and
99
1 St Petersburg illuminated for the Romanov tercentenary in
1913
2
The procession of the imperial family during the tercentenary
3
Nicholas II rides in public view during the tercentenary
4
Nevsky
Prospekt
decorated for the tercentenary
5
Guards officers greet the imperial family during the tercentenary
6
Townspeople and peasants in Kostroma during the tercentenary
7
The court ball of
1903
8
The Temple of Christ s Resurrection
9
Trubetskoi s equestrian statue of Alexander III
10
Statue of Alexander III outside the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
11 The imperial family
12
Rasputin with his admirers
13
The Tsarevich Alexis with Derevenko
Everyday Life Under the Tsars: between pages 1
94
and 1
95
14
The city mayors of Russia
15
A group of volost elders
16
A newspaper kiosk in St Petersburg
17
A grocery store in St Petersburg
18
Dinner at a ball given by Countess Shuvalov
19
A soup kitchen for the unemployed in St Petersburg
20
Peasants of a northern Russian village
21
Peasant women threshing wheat
22
Peasant women hauling a barge
23
Twin brothers, former serfs, from Chernigov province
24
A typical Russian peasant household
25
A meeting of village elders
26
A religious procession in Smolensk province
27
The living space of four Moscow factory workers
28
Inside a Moscow engineering works
Illustrations
Dramatis
Personae:
between pages
290
and
291
29
General Brusilov
30
Maxim Gorky
31
Prince
G. E.
Lvov
32
Sergei Semenov
33
Dmitry Os kin
34
Alexander Kerensky
35
Lenin
36
Trotsky
37
Alexandra Kollontai
Between Revolutions: between paps
386
and
387
38
Soldiers fire at the demonstrating workers on Bloody Sunday ,
1905
39
Demonstrators confront mounted Cossacks during
1905
40
The opening of the State Duma in April
1906
41
The Tauride Palace
42
Petr Stolypin
43
Wartime volunteers pack parcels for the Front
44
A smart dinner party sees in the New Year of
19
1
7
45
Troops pump out a trench on the Northern Front
46
Cossacks patrol the streets of
Petrograd in
February 1
917
47
The arrest of a policeman during the February Days
48
Moscow workers playing with the stone head of Alexander
Π
49
A crowd burns tsarist emblems during the February Days
50
The crowd outside the Tauride Palace during the February Days
51
Soldiers receive news of the Tsars abdication
Images of
1917:
between pages
482
and
483
52
The First Provisional Government in the
Marinsky
Palace
53
The burial of victims of the February Revolution
54
A meeting of the Soviet of Soldiers Deputies
55
Waiters and waitresses of
Petrograd
on strike
56
The Ail-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies
57
Fedor
Linde
leads an anti-war demonstration by the Finland Regiment
during the April Crisis
5 8
Kerensky makes a speech to soldiers at the Front
59
Patriarch Nikon blesses the Women s Battalion of Death
60
^ State Con¬
ference
•
Illustrations
ALL·
61
Members of the Women s Battalion of Death in the Winter Palace on
25
October
62
Some of Kerenskys last defenders in the Winter Palace on
25
October
63
The
Smolny
Institute
64
The Red Guard of the
Vulkan
Factory
The Civil
Wir:
between pages
51 8
and
519
65
General Alexeev
66
General Denikin
67
Admiral Kolchak
68
Baron Wrangel
69
Members of the Czech Legion in Vladivostok
70
A group of White officers during a military parade in Omsk
71
A strategic meeting of Red partisans
72
An armoured train
73
The Latvian Division passing through a village
74
Two Red Army soldiers take a break
75
Red Army soldiers reading propaganda leaflets
76
A Red Army mobile library in the village
77
Nestor Makhno
78
The execution of a peasant by the Whites
79
Jewish victims of a pogrom
80
Red Army soldiers torture a Polish officer
Everyday Life Under the Bolsheviks: between pages
674
and
615
81
Muscovites dismantle a house for firewood
82
A priest helps transport timber
83
Women of the former classes sell their last possessions
84
A soldier buys a pair of shoes from a group of hurzhoois
85
Haggling over a fur scarf at the Smolensk market in Moscow
86
Traders at the Smolensk market
87
Two ex-tsarist officers are made to clear the streets
88
Cheka soldiers close down traders stalls in Moscow
89
Requisitioning the peasants grain
90
Bagmen on the railways
91
The I May subbotnih on Red Square in Moscow,
1920
92
An open-air cafeteria at the Kiev Station in Moscow
93
Delegates of the Ninth All-Russian Party Congress
94
The Agitation aad Propaganda Department of the Commissariat for
Supply
то*
ry rrikit-i-r :r
t* M
rv
..
τ»
·
Illustrations
xiii
95
The
Smolny
Institute on the anniversary of the October coup
The Revolutionary Inheritance: between pages
770
and
771
96
Red Army troops assault the mutinous
Kronstadt
Naval Base
97
Peasant rebels attack a train of requisitioned grain
98
Bolshevik commissars inspect the harvest failure in the Volga region
99
Unburied corpses from the famine crisis
100
Cannibals with their victims
101
Street orphans in Saratov hunt for food in a rubbish tip
102
The Secretary of the Tula Komsomol
103
A juvenile unit of the Red Army in Turkestan
104
Red Army soldiers confiscate valuables from the Semenov Monastery
105
A propaganda meeting in Bukhara
106
Two Bolshevik commissars in the Far East
107
The dying Lenin in
1923
Photographic Credits
Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University:
58;
California Museum of Photog¬
raphy, University of California, Riverside:
20.
Hoover Institution of War, Revolu¬
tion and Peace, Stanford, California:
82-4;
Life on the Russian Country btate. A
Social and Cultural history, by Priscilla Roosevelt (Yale University Press,
1995): 26;
Museum of the Revolution, Moscow:
7, 15, 36, 52, 61-2, 77-8, 90;
Photo-
khronika
Tass,
Moscow:
107;
private collections:
10, 32, 97;
Russian in Original
Photographs
1860-1920,
by Marvin Lyons (Routledge
&
Kegan Paul, London,
1977): 25, 47;
Russie,
1904-1924:
La Révolution est là,
(Baschet, Paris,
1978): 80;
Russian Century, The, by Brian Moynahan (Chatto
&
Windus, London,
1994):
13, 28
(courtesy of
Slava
Katamidze Collection/Endeavour Group, London),
46
(Courtesy of the Endeavour Group, London); Russian State Archive of Film
and Photographic Documents, Krasnogorsk:
18-19, 21—3, 35, 37—8, 40, 45,
48, 51, 59-60, 65-71, 73-6, 79, 81, 85-93, 98-106;
Russian State Military
History Archive, Moscow:
29;
Saltykov-Shchedrm Library, St Petersburg:
12;
State Archive of Film and Photographic Documents, St Petersburg:
1-6, 8-9,
II,
14, 16-17, 24, 27, 30-1, 34, 39, 41-4, 49-50, 53-7, 63-4, 72, 94-6;
Tula District Museum:
33.
Ind
ex
Abaza, A. A-
41. 158
ABC cf
drmmumtm,
745
Abkhazians,
714
Achinsk.
657. 658
Afghanistan. Afghans.
703. 755
Akhmattwa. Anna.
785
Aksakov.
Konstantin. 87. 90
Alexander I. Tsar.
123
AJrxaodcr
ÌI
Tsar.
7. 9. 39. 40-
1.
54.
81. 138. 142. 144. 228. 230. 322, 348
Alexander
Í1L
T*ar,
7-8. 9. 15-16. 17,
18. 20. 21. 25. 41-2. 45. 52. S3. 54.
55. 138.
I95n.
309, 400. 437-8. 482
Alexander Mtkhatlmich. Grand Duke.
17. 18
Alexandra
Fedorovrea, Tsartru,
8. 24—8.
191. 269, 270. 280. 284-5. 288.
290. 291. 343. 478, 637:
influence on
Nicholas
Π.
26-7. 229, 275. 276.
277. 278-9. 281. 284. 286.
last d»y*
лпе
mttráer
of
(19
1
8). 637-41.
and
RjAputin.
20. 24. 28.
ЗО-
1,
32, 33.
U,
227, 277. 278. 281. 291;
Romanov tercentenary celebrations»
4-6,
2,
24.
rule* of
(1915-17), 21,
277-9. 281. 284:
rumour* of sexual
%сзпалЬ,
284;
and
um Alexu*.
24.
27-41;
unpopularity of,
25—6
Alexartdrovich, V.
Α..
634, 635
Alexeev.
Ornerai M.
V,
169, 269-70,
281,
2Љ2,
283. 288, 332,
34О,
341-2. 359. 407,
4О8,
443, 451, 454,
556, 557, 561. 566, 567
Alen»
(Ataci)
Mikhailovteh,
Tsar,
8
Акх»,
Tsarcvkh, 6, 8, 24, 27-8, 30-1,
, 341,
Э42,
343-4, 637, 640
All-Russian
Council
for the Economy
(VSNKh).
625. 688
Allied intervention and aid to the anti-
Bolshevib.
573-5, 577-8, 587, 651,
652. 657. 661. 665. 697
Alliluyrva. Nadezhda. 433n.
797
AUiluyrva. Sergei.
433
American Relief Administration
(ARA).
779-80
Anarchist Party. Anarchists.
382. 395,
397
and n.
421. 423. 459, 505, 592.
662
Andreev, Nikolai,
633—4
Anet.
Claude.
321. 421
Antonov.
Alexander/
Antonov
revolt,
619,
753. 754-5. 757. 766, 768, 769
Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir,
296, 297,
455. 460, 480, 491, 492. 754, 755,
803
Arakcheyev, Count Alexei,
725
Ardashev, Viktor,
632
Arkhangelsk.
573, 577, 647,
6S2 and
n
Armand,
Inessa,
389, 740, 74
ϊ
Armenia, Armenians,
3, 71, 74, 76, 80,
83. 372, 373, 646, 711, 712-14,
715. 798
Assembly of Russian Factory and Mill
Workers,
175
Astrakhan,
142, 520
Astrov, Nikolai,
509, 559» 568
Atarurk. Kemal,
712, 713
Aurora, Baltic cruiser,
485, 488
and n,
760
Austria/Amtro-Hungarian Empire,
246,
249, 250-1, 255, 258, 264, 268,
279-81, 372, 374, 410» 548, 576,
698, 704
896
Index
Autocracy: imperial ethic,
8, 38, 70, 79;
military ethos,
55—6;
Muscovite cult
and ideology,
6-12, 26-7, 34, 226,
231;
myth of Tsar Deliverer (Tsar
Batiushka),
11-12, 174, 175, 178;
Petrine model,
7—8;
popular reaction
to collapse of,
345—50
Avksentiev, Nikolai,
456, 510, 515, 578,
585, 586
Axelrod, Pavel,
135, 138,
I4In,
150, 152,
211
Azerbaijan,
Azéris,
75, 76, 372, 711, 712,
713
and n,
715, 798
Babel, Isaak,
606, 680
Bagmen ,
610, 611, 612, 622
Baku,
76, 615, 703, 704, 709, 712, 713,
715
Bakunin, Mikhail,
122, 128, 131, 133-4,
388
Balabanoff, Angelica, 459n,
629, 740
Balashov,
619, 721, 752
Balk, A. P.,
307, 309, 315, 317, 319
Balkan Wars,
248
Baltic factory,
759
Baltic region,
64, 71, 72, 73, 80, 82, 103,
201, 475-6, 547, 571, 573, 816
Baring, Maurice,
218
Bashkiria/Bashkirs,
578, 579, 653, 655,
708-9, 774, 776, 777
Basmachis,
710—
II
Batumi,
188
Bauman, Nikolai,
123, 196, 198-9
Bazhanov, Boris,
795, 803
Beiliss Affair/Trial (I9II-I3),
13, 81,
242-5, 245, 272
Belinsky, Vissarion,
66-7, 102, 129, 130
Belorussia, Belorussians,
70, 75, 80, 228,
229n,
372, 697, 703, 753, 798
Belyi, Andrei,
14/29, 207, 208, 399, 736;
Petersburg,
208
Berberova, Nina,
102, 782-3, 785, 819
Berdiansk,
665
Berdyaev, Nikolai,
Ï25,
208, 209
Berkman,
Alexander,
763, 768
Bernstein,
Eduard,
148, 150
Beseda
(Symposium),
165, 168
Bessarabia,
42—5, 194, 354
Bezobrazov, General Alexander,
259, 282
Black Hundreds,
196-7
and n,
199, 202,
241-2, 245, 277, 297, 377, 420,
424, 435, 441, 568, 749
Black Sea Fleet,
557, 586;
mutiny
(1905),
184-5
Blagonravov,
Georgii,
485, 488
Bliumkin, Yakov,
633—4, 635
Blok,
Alexander,
14, 29, 128, 207, 208,
351, 399, 412, 606, 700, 784-5;
The Twelve ,
399, 784
Bloody Sunday
(9
January
1905),
173-80, 185, 186, 192, 514, 515
Bobrikov,
N L
185
Bobrinsky, Count
Α. Α.,
207
Bochkareva, Maria,
413, 419
Bogdanov, Alexander,
179, 210, 324, 389,
429, 735, 736, 742;
Engineer
Umni,
734;
Rid Star,
734
Bogdanov,
Β. Ο.,
388
Bogdanovich, Alexandra,
158—9
Bogdatiev,
S. la.,
394
Bogolepov, Nikolai,
166—7
Bogrov,
D. G.,
230
Bokii,
Gleb,
607
Boldyrev, General Vasilii,
585, 586, 587
Bolshevik Party, Bolsheviks, Bolshevism
(Communist Party, Communists,
Communism),
13, 152, 190, 199-200,
209-10, 232, 245, 291, 292, 294,
297, 301, 325, 369, 370, 380, 388,
392, 393-4, 396, 397, 421, 425-7,
427-8, 430, 433, 441, 448, 455, 457,
469-73
passim,
475-7, 480-500
passim,
507, 508, 509, 511, 524, 537, 538-51
passim,
557, 565, 579, 592-603
passim,
610-27
passim,
627-^9
passim,
650,
653, 659, 663-4, 667, 668, 669,
682-96, 709, 710, 712, 713, 714,
721-32
passim,
733, 743, 754, 757,
Index
897
758, 761, 762, 780, 790, 812, 813;
All-Russian Conference (March
19
1
7), 388;
All-Russian Conference
(April 1
917), 393, 394;
anti-peasant
attitudes,
110, 616-17, 788-9, 813;
ban on factions,
765;
cancelled party
conference (October
19
1
7), 470;
and
charge of being German agents,
385,
432—3, 435;
and corruption,
682^5,
693—6;
and export of revolution,
538,
539, 541-2, 550, 700-4;
factional
divisions,
392-3, 423, 469-71,
476-7, 499, 538-40, 543-4, 550,
592-4, 614, 695, 731-2, 741, 807;
and Mensheviks, 1
51-4, 198, 210,
388;
and military cult,
595, 602-3,
722—3;
Military Organization,
396,
422-4, 455, 475, 476;
Organizational
Bureau (Orgburo),
687, 693, 794-5,
796, 797, 807;
Politburo, 593n,
649,
667,
669n,
686, 715, 749, 766, 794,
795, 796, 797, 799, 802, 803, 806;
political culture of rank and file,
393,
592, 593, 691-3, 813-14;
prison
experience,
124—5, 646;
puritanical
attitudes, 1
16-17;
and Russian
nationalism,
296-7, 699, 706-7,
7I0-II,
798;
Sixth Party Conference,
456, 457;
size of party membership,
I80n,
297, 301, 393, 457, 610, 690,
691, 694;
in Soviets,
458-9, 460-1,
489, 684—7;
Special Party Conference
(September
1920), 732;
triumvirate,
795, 796;
underground culture,
117,
I20-I,
153, 504-5;
Vyborg
Committee,
388, 397, 423, 625;
and
war against the market,
614, 618,
622-3, 770, 771-2;
and war on
privilege,
521-2, 524-5, 525-7,
528—9, 533;
all-russian party
congresses: Eighth,
594;
Ninth,
731,
764-5;
Tenth,
758, 764-7, 770
Bonch-Bnievich, Vladimir,
370,
628n,
693
Borotbist Party, Ukraine,
706, 707-8
Breshko-Breshkovskaya, Ekaterina,
456,
578, 584
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (peace talks:
I9I8),
468, 540-8, 549-50, 573,
576, 616, 625,
626n,
632,
637n
Briansk,
49, 610
Britain, British,
418, 479, 573-4, 575,
594, 636
and n,
651, 671, 675, 679,
701, 702, 704, 711, 712, 713, 715,
719
Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and
Methodius,
74
Rrusihv (film),
282
Brusilov, Alexei (son),
697
Brusilov, Boris, 645n
Brusilov, General Alexei,
xiii, 59—61, 70,
226, 249, 251, 253, 254, 255, 257,
258, 262, 266-7, 268, 270, 274, 286,
289, 303, 342, 374, 378, 379-80,
413, 414, 443, 479, 549-50, 560,
606, 609, 641, 695,
696n,
698, 810,
816—18, 820;
appointed General-
Adjutant by Nicholas
П,
259—60;
attitudes to revolution,
289, 342, 378,
379-80, 406-7, 479, 549, 560,
816—17;
Chairman of Special
Conference in command of Western
Front,
699
and n; C-in-C of Kerensky
s
army,
59, 378, 406-8, 415-18;
commander of Eighth Army,
254, 255;
death and funeral
(1926), 720,
817—18;
dismissed as C-in-C,
442,
444;
favours modernization of army,
59—61;
imprisoned in
Łubianka
by
Cheka,
549, 644-5;
joins Red Army
(1920), 59, 70, 591, 696-7, 698-9,
716;
offensive against Austrians
(19
1
6), 279-82;
refuses to join
Whites,
549, 560, 696, 720;
Russian
nationalism,
70, 249, 374, 696-9,
716, 8
1
6--
1
7;
works in Archives office
of Red Army,
606;
works for People
s
898
Index
Brusilov, General Aíexei
(Cont.)
Commissariat of Agriculture and Chief
Inspectorate of Cavalry,
817
Brusilova, Nadehzda,
253, 255, 266—7,
268, 270, 280, 303, 378, 529, 549,
606, 609, 644-5, 695, 696, 817, 818
Buchanan, George,
350, 445, 488
Buchanan, Meriel,
5, 24
Budberg, Baron Alexei,
654, 655, 586
Budberg,
Moura,
Baroness Benckendorff,
607
Budenny, Marshal Semen,
670, 817, 8
Ï8
Bukharin, Nikolai,
291-2, 294, 297, 385,
391, 469, 535, 539, 543-4, 546,
547, 550, 627, 647, 649, 697, 745,
766, 800, 801, 806, 818, 821, 822;
and Left Communists
547, 550;
and
NEP,
769, 770, 792, 807, 814, 815;
Trotsky s friendship with,
292, 296
Bulgakov, Mikhail: The Heart of a Dog,
733n; The White Guard,
555, 556, 706
Bulgakov, Sergei,
208
Bullitt, William, 574n
Bulygin,
A. G., Ï86,
187
Bund, Jewish,
82,
I4In,
152, 325
Bunin, Ivan
Alexeievich: The Vtttage,
88
Bureaucracy, imperial:
7, 8, 22, 23,
35-42, 45, 52, 53, 56;
counter-
reforms of Alexander
Ш,
41—2, 45—6,
52-3, 54;
police,
45, 46, 123-4, 227;
provincial,
44—7;
social background of,
35—7, 39;
reformist ideas of,
39-41,
226;
soviet:
500, 501, 687-90;
opposition to October insurrection,
500-1, 504
Buzuluk,
777
Bykhov Monastery,
453, 541, 556, 558,
563
Cannibalism,
777—
S
Capri school for Russian workers
(1909),
735, 736
Catherine the Great, Empress,
27, 217,
277,327
Caucasus,
12, 59, 76, 103, 567, 571,
664,
7II-I6,
753, 757
Chagall, Marc,
736, 739, 740, 749
Chaikovsky,
N.
V,
136, 412,
652n
Chapaev, V I,
264, 583
Chayanov, A. V, IOSn,
779
Cheka,
510
and n,
512, 525, 527, 528,
534-5, 549, 607, 622-3, 626, 627,
629, 630, 631-2, 633, 635, 640,
641-7, 648, 649, 677, 684, 685, 696
and n,
697, 745, 746, 760, 763, 769,
774, 779, 785, 795, 813, 820;
in Left
SR uprising,
633—5;
renamed GPU,
795;
torture used by,
645—7.
See
abo
KGB; Red Terror
Chekhov, Anton,
43-4, 47, 50, 51,
159-60;
The Cherry Orchard,
47-8;
The
Criminal
101;
Peasants,
88;
The Three
Sisters,
44
Cheliabinsk,
577, 654, 753
Cheremukhin, brigade leader,
619, 752
Chernigov,
49, 106, 520
Chernov, Viktor,
20, 21, 161, 180, 323,
364, 383, 420, 429-30, 438, 441,
443, 460, 464, 469, 502, 510, 516,
578, 586,
588n;
Deh
naroda,
390-1
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai,
122, 129, 131,
145, 146, 733;
The Contemporary,
129;
What L· to Be Done?,
123
and n, 1
30-1,
150, 389
Chicherin, Boris,
40, 126
Chicherin, G. V,
548
Chkheidze, Nikolai,
288, 323, 324, 325,
326, 334, 337, 425, 430, 431-2, 459
Chukovsky, Kornei,
606, 784-5
Church, Russian Orthodox,
14, 28—9, 33,
41, 61-9, 74, 160
and n,
227, 246,
247, 248, 277, 349-50, 755;
and
Bolsheviks,
745-9;
place in tsarist
system,
35, 61-4, ^69;
position of
clergy,
63, 67—8;
reform movement in,
6S; and religious toleration»
68, 69,
Index
899
227;
rural influence,
65—8,·
urban
influence,
64—5
Churchill, Winston,
544
and
η
Civil war,
384, 453, 499, 502, 549, 551,
557-8, 562-7, 575, 576-8, 580-1,
583-4, 590, 592, 593, 594, 595, 597,
598, 602-3, 613-14, 615-16, 622,
626, 627, 639, 649, 652-82
passim,
683, 700, 704, 723, 761;
Denikins
offensive and advance on Moscow,
660-70;
Kolchaks offensive,
652-60;
Yudenichs offensive against
Petrograd,
670—5, 681;
Wrangels
campaign,
716-20
Classes: see Social structure
Clergy: see Church
Co-operatives,
612, 789-90
Collective and state farms,
collectivization,
729-30, 789, 793
Comintern,
550, 701, 769
Committee for the Salvation of Russia
and the Revolution,
497, 502
Committee for Struggle Against the
Counter-Revolution, Soviet,
452, 455,
480
Committees of the Rural Poor (kombedy),
620-1
Communist Party, Communists,
Communism: see Bolshevik Party
Congress of the Peoples of the East (Baku:
1920), 703-4
Constantinople,
247, 249, 380, 680, 712,
719
Constituent Assembly, 82n,
217, 356,
357, 358, 360, 361, 366, 371, 373,
375, 376, 377, 420, 455, 465, 467,
468, 501, 502, 512, 529,
536n,
550,
568, 570, 576, 578, 580, 581, 585,
588
and n,
616, 625, 672, 759, 761,
811, 812;
closure of,
513-17, 518,
519;
elections to,
507-9
Constitutional Democratic Party: see
Kadet
Party
Cossacks,
58, 103, 167, 177, 184, 189,
199, 201, 269, 308, 309, 310, 311,
315, 411, 413, 428, 436, 439, 440,
441, 442, 453, 486, 487, 497, 498,
502, 564, 568, 570, 583, 586, 651,
653, 655, 657, 658, 659, 660-1,
662, 663, 666, 675, 676, 678-9, 710,
719;
Don,
556-7, 561-2, 565-6,
567, 570, 571, 575, 670, 679, 710,
753;
Kuban,
567, 570-1, 664, 675,
753
Council of Labour and Defence
(STO),
688
Courland, 542, 548
Crane, Charles,
650, 651—2
Crimea,
16, 54, 217,
293n,
526, 573,
679, 680, 716-20
Crimean War,
39, 54, 56, 57, 58, 267
Crowds in revolution,
176, 178, 317;
composition of,
308, 309, 319—21,
492—4, 495—6;
self-organization,
318-19;
and violence,
188-9, 321-2,
328, 494^5
Cus
tine, Marquis
de, 71, 123
Czech Legion,
576-8, 580, 581, 584,
639,
642n
Czechoslovakia, Czechs,
566, 576, 584,
586, 590, 594, 626, 659, 702, 817
Dan,
Fedor,
21
In,
323, 431, 457, 478,
482, 510, 645, 667, 759
Dan, Lydia, 125
and n,
140, 149, 151,
153,
I6I-2
Dashnaktsutiun,
712, 713
Deaths: in revolution and civil war,
xi,
605, 649, 679, 773-4
Decembrists,
119, 122, 123, 126, 149
Declaration of the Rights of the Working
People,
513, 516, 517, 529
Decree on Land,
685
Decree on Nationalization,
626
Decree on Peace,
536—7, 538
Decree on the Separation of Church and
State (I9I8),
528, 745 -
900
Index
Decree on the Socialist Fatherland in
Danger!,
547
Decree on Workers Control,
611, 623
Democratic Centralists,
731—2, 764, 799
Democratic Conference
(19
1
7), 455,
466-7, 469, 470, 477
Denike, George,
190, 392
Denikin, General Anton,
81, 266, 444,
453, 520-1, 558, 564, 565, 566-8,
569, 571, 572, 573, 575, 586, 587,
588, 598, 619, 639, 652, 654, 656,
657, 660-70, 674, 675, 676, 677,
679-80, 681, 697, 707, 716, 717,
718, 719, 721, 812;
Moscow Directive
issued by,
662-3, 679, 680
Deurbanization,
609—10
Dmitry Pavlovich, Grand Duke,
289-91
Dogger Bank Inquiry,
170
Don region,
556, 557, 558, 559, 561-3,
565-7, 596, 660, 662, 666, 719,
753, 769, 776.
See
aho
Cossacks
Donbass region,
660, 661, 665, 757
Dostoevsky,
Fedor, 7n,
66, 87, 449;
The
Brothers
Karamazov,
28;
ĽHary
of a Writer,
87;
The Link Hero,
123;
Ror
Folk,
130;
The Possessed,
133
and n,
390
Dragomirov, General Mikhail,
170, 568,
664, 678
Dukhonin, General Nikolai,
541, 558
Duma,
9-Ю, 12-13, 61, 153, 187, 191,
202, 203, 210, 212, 215-21, 224-6,
228-9, 230, 231, 235, 242, 244, 245,
246, 247, 269, 270, 272, 273,
274-5, 285-7, 288, 289, 297, 302,
308, 317, 322, 332, 339, 340, 345,
347, 389, 412, 438, 448, 457, 487,
488, 579, 811;
Committee of
Imperial Defence,
226;
dissolution of
(I9I4),
252, 272;
dissolution of
(I9I5),
275, 276;
Electoral Law,
215;
and February Revolution,
326-7, 329,
330-1, 332, 333, 334-8, 341;
First
(1906), 202, 213-14, 220;
Fourth
(I9I2),
210, 244, 336, 449; Petrograd
Soviet negotiations with,
334—8;
Progressive Bloc,
274—5, 286, 326,
341;
recalled (July I9I5),
274-5;
Second
(1907), 224-5;
Temporary
Committee of (I9I7),
327-9, 330,
333, 334-8, 341;
Third
(1907), 225
Durnovo, P. N.,
41, 158, 195
and n,
197,
201,229, 249, 397, 811
Dutov, General A. I.,
653
Dvinsk,
415, 545
Dybenko, P. E.,
455, 480, 516, 662, 741
Dzerzhinsky, Felix,
81, 124, 296,
5I0-II,
535, 631, 633-4, 644-5,
647, 648, 667,
696n,
701, 799, 820
Economism, I48-9,
150, 152
Egorov, General Alexander,
669, 818
Eisenstein,
Sergei,
184, 484, 736, 738,
806;
The Batthship Pbtemkin (film),
184,
737;
October (film),
484, 737, 739;
Strike (film),
737
Ekaterinburg,
495, 584, 632, 637, 639,
650-1, 654, 753;
murder of imperial
family at (I9I8),
638-41
Ekaterinodar,
564, 565, 567, 568
Ekaterinoslav,
106, 233, 520, 661
Elizarov, Mark,
693
Elkina, Dora,
601
Engelhardt, Colonel
Β. Α.,
302
Engels, Friedrich, 130, 292, 388, 740,
747
Erickson plant,
610
Estonia,
71, 72, 73, 75, 373,
503n,
544,
548, 671, 672, 674, 701
Evert, General Alexei,
279, 281
Evpatoria,
526—7
Extraordinary Assemblies of Factory and
Plant Representatives,
624, 625, 626
Factory committees,
369, 457, 579, 611,
623
Famine: of I89I,
xi, 52,
I29n,
157-62;
of I92I,
748, 752, 769, 775-30
Fasto?,
678
::^ν4,-;7;
^ r-j /V-
.w
;v
ν-
■
Index
901
February Revolution (1
9
1
7), 202-3, 271,
285, 288, 289, 291, 300, 302,
307-53
passim,
359, 370, 372, 376,
385, 387, 422, 514, 568
Ferghana Valley,
710
Festivals of Freedom,
348
Figner,
Vera, 126, 779
Filipovsky, V N.,
324
Filosov,
Dmi
trii,
437
and
η
Finland, Finns,
71, 72, 82, 185, 193,
202, 220, 246, 373, 374-6, 423,
425, 426, 434, 441, 469,
503n,
548,
671-2, 767, 816
First Machine-Gun Regiment,
396, 397,
421-4, 425
First World War,
249, 253-303
passim,
370, 372, 378-81, 387, 388, 402,
406-20, 438-55, 506, 534, 589, 610,
669, 696, 810;
German invasion of
Russia (I9I5),
268-9, 278, 280, 284,
285;
German invasion of Russia
(I9I8),
534, 545-6, 565-6, 573;
peace talks and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
(1
9
1
8), 468, 506, 536-48, 549-50,
573;
Russian offensive (1
914),
254—7;
Russian offensive
(1916),
279-82;
Russian offensive (I9I7),
410-20, 422
Fofanova, Margarita,
472, 483
Food Army,
618-20
Food supply and requisitioning,
298-300, 307, 605, 607-8, 609,
6II-I2,
615-23, 729, 752-3,
Forced labour,
529, 723, 724, 725.
See
also Labour armies
Fotieva, Lydia, 693, 797
France,
Anatole, I8I,
243
France, French,
27, 254-5, 256, 257,
281, 293
and n,
357-8, 407, 410,
412, 418,
546n,
574-5, 576, 578
Frank,
S. L.,
208, 209
Fredericks, Count Vladimir,
230, 284
Free Economic Society,
159, 162, 178,
412
Freemasons,
336
and n,
384
French Revolutions,
125, 331, 333,
357-8, 410, 470, 502, 513, 615,
639, 640, 809, 81
1
Frunze, Mikhail,
653—4, 655
Fundamental Laws (April
1906), 215,
219, 225;
Article
87, 215, 229
Gajda,
General Rudolf,
653, 655
Galicia,
74, 77, 255, 259, 281, 417, 702
Gapon, G.
Α.,
65, 173, 174-7, 178
and
η
Gastev, Alexei, 722n,
744—5
Gatchina (renamed Trotsk),
672, 675;
battle of (I9I7),
411
Gavril Konstantinovich, Grand Duke,
316, 607
Geneva,
150, 153,
I78n,
180, 199
George V, King of England,
19, 345, 636
George of Greece, Prince, 1
6
Georgia, Georgians,
3, 71, 74—5, 76, 80,
83, 185-6, 372, 373, 374, 711, 713,
714-16, 798-9;
Soviet invasion of
(I92I),
715
Germany, Germans,
247, 248, 250—1,
253-8, 266-70, 280, 281, 284, 285,
289, 292-3, 294, 370, 372, 374,
385-6, 408, 409, 417, 433, 440,
441, 538, 581-2, 632-3, 671, 697,
701, 714, 715, 819;
anti-German
basis of February Revolution,
248,
268, 284, 285, 307, 352,
4I4n;
fraternization with Russian troops,
417—18;
invasion of Russia by
(February I9I8),
534, 545-6, 565-6,
573, 590;
occupation of the Ukraine
by,
548, 555, 594;
peace talks and
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,
468, 540-8,
549-50, 573, 576, 616, 625,
626n,
632,
637n
Giiliard, Pierre,
28
Gippius, Tatyana,
352
Gippius,Zinaida,
25, 251—2, 338, 43
7n,
448, 479, 642
902
Index
Glazunov, Alexander,
606
Glinka,
Mikhail,
740;
A
Ufe
for the
Tsar
(renamed The Hammer and
Siekli),
4—5,
IO-I
I,
738
Gogol, Nikolai,
36, 37, 47, 66, 129, 222,
449;
Dead Souls,
48, 278;
The
Government Inspector,
694
Golder, Frank,
347, 350-1
Goldman, Emma,
603, 605, 771
Goloshchekin, Fillip,
636,
63&-9,
650
Gomel,
750
Gorbachev, Mikhail,
39, 222, 372, 613,
799
Goremykin, Ivan,
22, 217, 220, 275, 278
Gorki: Lenin s country home,
627, 683,
749, 793-801, 805
Gorky, Maxim (Alexei Peshkov),
xiii, 45,
66, 84, 86-7
and n,
88, 97, 101,
III,
1
18-19, 123, 144, 167, 172, 175,
177, 178,
I8I-2,
187-8, 200, 203,
208-9, 210, 243, 245, 283, 293, 300,
301, 307, 316, 317, 321-2, 324,
354, 376, 381, 386, 392, 393, 398,
412, 477, 501, 502, 505, 509, 512,
555, 606-7, 624, 694, 704, 723, 750,
774, 782-3, 801, 806, 812, 819-23;
appeals for famine relief,
778-9, 789;
champions struggle against juvenile
delinquency,
781—2;
on the collective
spirit,
734-5;
death of
(1936), 822-3;
deaths of
Blok
and Gumilev,
784-5;
despair and disillusion of,
398—405;
773, 782-5;
exile of,
773, 782, 783,
785, 819-20;
July Days,
428-9, 434,
435; Kronstadt
rebellion supported by,
767;
and Lenin,
144, 179, 403,
783-4, 819;
in New York,
202;
Novaia
zhizn closed down,
626—7;
on October
Revolution and Bolshevik regime,
495-6,
5II-I2,
514-15, 518, 526,
533, 535—6, 606, 808;
patriotism of,
700;
as patron and leader of artists,
606, 736-7;
on the peasantry,
86—7,
118, 788—9;
on post-revolution
Petrograd, 603, 605;
protests against
Red Terror,
648—9;
relations with
Zinoviev,
783;
returns to Russia
(1928), 820-2;
speech
commemorating February Revolution,
401—2;
takes up cause of starving
intelligentsia,
606—7;
and workers
schools,
735—6;
World Literature
publishing house of,
606, 737;
works:
The Artamonov Business,
820;
The Children
of the Sun,
123;
Confession,
735;
The Life
of
Klim
Samgin,
820, 822;
Memories of
Lenin,
819-20;
Mother,
130;
My
Childhood,
84, 118;
The Stormy Petrel ,
119;
Untimely Thoughts (column in
Novaia zhizn),
399, 502
Gorlice,
266, 280
Gots,
A. R.,
323, 482, 498, 501, 510,
629η
Graves,
Major-General
W.
S.,
657
Greens: see Peasantry, revolts
Grigoriev,
Nikifor,
662, 677
Gringmut, V
Α.,
196
Grodek,
255
Grodno,
267
Groman, V GM
371
Guchkov, Alexander,
61, 170, 194,
225-6, 229, 247, 278, 283, 288, 336
and n,
341, 343, 344, 356, 359, 380,
408, 443
Gul ,
Roman,
390, 556, 558, 561, 564
Gulag system,
723, 819
Gumilev, Nikolai,
606, 736, 784, 785
Gusev,
S. L,
660n
Haldane, John Burdon,
315, 327
Hašek, Jaroslav,
The Rfd Commissar,
558
Helsingfors
(Helsinki), 72n,
321, 346,
352, 375, 376, 475, 671, 767
Hermogen of Saratov, Bishop,
29, 33, 196
Herzen,
Alexander,
54, 87, 98, 129,
134-5, 352, 808;
The
Beil 129;
My
Bist
and Thoughts,
143
Index
903
Hindenburg, General Paul
von, 256, 267,
281
Hoare, Sir Samuel,
283, 354
Hoffman, General Max
von, 545
Hoover, President Herbert,
779, 780
and
η
Hungary,
701, 702, 703
Iliodor, monk,
32, 33, 34, 196
Imperial Geographical Society,
39, 74
Imperial Yacht Club,
35, 37
India,
703
Industry, industrialization, 1
10—
II,
1
12-14, 262-3, 273-4, 611, 623-4,
625-6, 665, 724-5, 815
Intelligentsia,
43-4, 85-8,
1
25-9
passim,
129-31, 163, 170, 181, 208-9, 356,
360, 606
Inter-Allied Conference,
Chantilly
(1
915), 407
Inter-District Group (Mezhraionka),
325
and n,
334, 460
Irina
Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess,
289,
290
Irkutsk,
659
hkra (The Spark), newspaper,
149-50, 151,
152
Iuzovka (Donetsk),
65
Ivan the Terrible, Tsar,
20, 26, 343, 536,
619, 649
Ivangorod,
267
Ivanov,
General
N.
L,
340, 341
Ivanovo-Voznesentsk,
459
Izgoev, A. S.,
209
Izhevsk rebellion,
580, 653
Japan, Japanese,
18, 574, 594, 651;
Russian war with
(1904-5), 18, 56, 60,
168-70, 184, 185, 225, 253, 281, 670
Jews: anti-Semitism,
13, 52, 77, 80, 81-2
and n,
141
and
n, I42-3,
147, 188,
196, 197, 224, 227, 277, 372, 419,
433, 441, 478-9,
524n,
599, 640,
646, 676-9, 680, 697, 749^50, 804;
Beiliss Affair
(Ι9Π-Ι3),
13, 81,
241^1-, 245, 272;
in Bolshevik Party,
82n,
296, 433, 676-7;
Bolsheviks
close down synagogues,
749—50;
Pale
of Settlement,
80, 676;
pogroms,
81,
82, 197-8, 202, 205, 215, 244, 245,
433, 462, 599, 666, 676, 677-9,
706, 749
John of
Kronstadt,
Father,
29, 196
July Days (July uprising, 1
917), 409,
421-33, 435, 436, 441, 455, 460,
475, 483, 632, 636
Kadet
Party, Kadets (Constitutional
Democratic Party),
192-3, 194, 195,
204, 207-8, 215, 216, 218, 219,
220^-1, 224, 225,
244n,
247, 273,
274, 275, 276-7, 285, 286, 287, 288,
336, 361, 372, 377-8, 384, 412, 420,
435, 437, 438, 442, 445, 447, 454,
457, 464, 466, 467, 498, 502,
508-9, 510, 513, 517,
536n,
561,
568, 571, 572, 578, 584, 700
Kaganovich,
L. M.,
297, 707
Kaledin, General Alexei,
557, 562, 565,
662
Kalegaev, Andrei,
512
Kalinin, Mikhail,
297, 426, 475, 762,
805, 806
Kalmykov, I. M.,
651
Kaluga,
596, 600, 612, 643, 644, 685
Kamenev, Lev Borisovich,
14
In,
388,
391-2, 393, 396, 397, 425, 430,
434, 484, 492, 498, 507, 540, 551,
593, 630, 649,
660n, 669n,
674, 686,
691, 715, 751, 779, 787, 794, 801,
806, 812;
favours socialist coalition,
465, 466, 469, 471-2, 482;
insurrection opposed by,
471, 472
and
n,
476, 477, 800;
opposition to Stalin
(1926), 818;
resignation from Central
Committee,
499,
SII;
resigns as
jof Soviet Executive,
506;
904
Index
Kamenev, Lev Borisovich
(Cont.)
show trial (I936),
822;
sides with
Stalin
against Trotsky,
795, 800, 804
Kamkov, Boris,
512, 633
Kanatchikov, Semen,
53—4, 108—21,
124-5, 147, 154, 233, 301, 368, 388,
596, 614, 692, 791, 810, 813,
818—19;
career after civil war,
818-19;
death of
(1940), 819;
imprisonment and hard labour,
125,
201, 819;
joins Bolshevik Party,
121;
memoirs of,
65, 108-9, 119, 121;
as
roving commissar,
595, 687
Kannegiser, Leonid,
410, 627
Kansk,
657, 658
Kaplan, Fanny,
629—30
and n,
642, 647,
793
Karakhan, Lev,
540
Karelin, V
Α.,
512
Kars, 713
Kautsky, Karl,
149, 292, 715
Kazakhstan,
711, 776
Kazan,
77, 84, 85, 142, 145, 346, 366,
386, 463, 580, 584, 585, 592, 611,
643, 644, 659, 762
Kerenskaya,
Olga, 270—I
Kerensky, Alexander,
59, 180, 186,
205n,
243, 273, 274, 286, 287, 288, 323,
324, 325, 326, 329-30, 334, 344,
345, 354, 356, 357, 377, 384, 409,
413, 424, 429, 430, 444, 452, 455,
463, 464, 477, 497, 582, 635, 636,
739, 793, 808, 812;
and Bolshevik
October insurrection,
456, 457, 481,
482, 484, 486, 491, 497, 498;
as C-
in-C of army,
451;
cult o£
350, 352,
4I0-II,
414, 437-8, 448;
early years,
165—7;
escapes from
Petrograd
(October I9I7),
479,
480n,
486,
496—7;
in exile in Paris,
578;
and June
offensive,
410, 411, 414-15, 418,
422;
Kornilov Affair,
444-55;
Minister of Justice,
336-8, 395;
Minister of War,
375, 383, 406, 410,
411;
Moscow State Conference,
447-9;
Prime Minister,
409, 436-8,
441, 442-55, 456, 464, 467, 470,
471, 478-80, 484;
replaces Brusilov
—
with Kornilov as C-in-C,
442—4;
rhetorical qualities,
288, 337—8, 414;
rumours of his moral corruption,
478-9
Kerensky,
Fedor,
142, 165—6
KGB,
124, 510,
646n
Khabalov,
Maj
or-General Sergei,
302,
312, 313, 327, 339, 340
Kharkov,
106, 183, 543, 574, 646, 661,
662, 665, 675, 750
Kherson,
106, 520, 679
Khlysty, religious sect,
29
Khodasevich, V R,
606, 736, 782
Khodynka Field disaster
(1896), 18-19,
634
Kholm,
246
Khrustalev-Nosar, G. S.,
190, 324
Khvalynsk,
758
Khvostov,
Α. Α.,
45, 271, 289
Kiev,
73, 74, 81, 106, 192, 230, 346,
376, 377, 420, 441, 543, 555, 575,
645, 663, 677, 700, 705, 706, 708,
750;
Beiliss Affair,
13, 81, 241-4,
245, 750;
changes of regime in, 698n;
pogrom in,
678;
Polish capture of,
698;
refugees from Bolshevik north in,
555-6
Kirghizia, 7I0-II
Kirov, S. M.,
297, 712, 715, 806, 822;
murder of
(1934),
595n,
822
Kirpichnikov, Sergei,
313—14, 318
Kishinev,
42-5;
pogrom
(1903), 81, 82
Kishkin, Nikolai,
486, 779
Kistiakovsky,
Β. Α.,
209
Klembovsky, General V N.,
279,
699n
Klimushkin, P. D.,
576, 582
Knox, Colonel A. (later
Major-General),
259, 260, 266, 278, 279, 282, 417,
587
and
η,
651, 655, 657
Kokoshkin, RE,
361
1
509, 536
and
η
Index
905
Kokovtsov, Count Vladimir,
6, 10, 244,
339
Kolchak, Admiral Alexander, 293n,
574,
586-8
and n,
594, 596, 597, 598,
639, 651, 652-60
and n,
665, 671,
672, 675, 681, 700, 708, 709, 710,
721
Kollontai, Alexandra,
293, 294, 386, 388,
472, 480, 528, 537, 731, 740,
741—2;
ambassador in Stockholm,
765;
conversion to Bolsheviks,
292—5;
free love philosophy of,
741—2;
head
of Zhenotdel
(1920), 741;
imprisoned after July Days,
434;
and
Lenin,
295, 764;
Peoples Commissar
of Social Welfare,
296, 500, 528, 741;
Shliapnikovs love affair with,
295,
764;
in USA,
291, 292, 296;
and
Workers Opposition,
731, 764—5
Komsomol (Communist Youth League),
653, 743, 748, 767, 768, 790, 791,
814
Komuch
(Samara Government),
566,
578-83, 584, 585, 592, 644, 653,
757;
Peoples Army,
580, 581-3, 584,
586, 644, 653
Koni, A. E,
194
Konovalov, Alexander,
247, 336
and n,
370-1, 384, 510,
652n
Kornilov, General Lavr Georgyevich,
293n,
350, 382, 442-55, 457, 459,
461, 464, 465, 477, 479, 480, 541,
557, 696, 757;
C-in-C of Russian
Army,
442—4;
commander of
Petrograd
Military District,
443;
commander of South-Western Front,
444;
cult of,
350, 443, 445-6, 448;
death of,
564—5, 567;
dismissed as C-
¿n-C by Kerensky,
451;
imprisoned in
Bykhov Monastery,
453;
Kerensky
s
relations with,
444-7, 448-54;
at
Moscow State Conference,
448;
released from Bykhov Monastery,
541,
556, 558;
revolt of
451-3;
split
between Alexeev and,
561;
Volunteer
Army led by,
556, 558, 560, 561, 563,
564
Korolenko, V
G., II8,
779, 782
Kostroma,
5, 10, 49;
Romanov
Monument, II
Kovel,
281
Kovno,
222—3, 228;
fortress,
267
Kozlov,
592, 648
Krasin, Leonid,
179, 607
Krasnov, General P.
N.. 439, 440, 497,
498, 566, 567, 575, 670
Kremer,
Arkadii,
147
Krestinky, Nikolai,
686
Kritsman, L. N,
595
Krivoshein, A.V,
250, 268, 270, 275,
277, 717
Kronstadt
Naval Base/sailors,
397, 452,
455, 459, 485, 514, 516, 671, 793;
and July Days,
423, 425, 427-8,
429-30, 432, 452;
mutiny
(1917),
321, 333, 394-6, 758;
Btropavhvsk,
761, 762;
rebellion (I92I),
760-4,
766, 767-8, 783;
Sevastopol
762;
Soviet,
395
and n,
396, 761, 762
Kropotkin, Prince Peter,
122, 130, 647-8
Krupskaya, Nadezhda (Lenin s wife),
142,
147, 148, 149, 385, 389, 390, 391,
428, 627, 629, 693, 793, 797, 800-1
Krylenko,
N.
V,
476, 541
Krymov,
General Alexander,
446, 447,
451, 452, 453, 498
Kshesinskaya,
Mathilde, 5, 17, 284, 387
Kuban region,
103, 530, 562, 563, 564,
566, 567, 570-1, 664, 675, 719,
753, 769.
See
abo
Cossacks
Kühlmann,
Baron,
542, 544, 545
Kuibyshev, V V,
292
Kuropatkin, General A. N.,
168, 279,
281, 420
Kursk,
106, 520, 611, 662, 663
Kuskova, Ekaterina,
50, 148, 149, 779,
906
Index
Labour armies,
721, 725.
See
aho
Forced
labour
Lamanov,
Anatolu,
762
Land captains,
53—4
Latsis, M. la.,
397, 475, 534-5, 634
Latvia, Latvians,
7, 72, 73, 142, 185,
372, 475, 489,
5O3n,
543, 578, 646
Latvian Rifle Brigade,
509, 514, 590,
634, 667, 668
Lavrov, Peter,
136
Lazimir, P. E.,
480
League for the Rescue of Children,
782
League of Russian Culture,
412
League of Time,
745
Lebedev, General D.
Α.,
654
Lena massacre
(1912), 245
Lenin Institute,
806
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich,
xi, 8, 11,
I5n,
71,
103, 126, 127, 128,
I29n, I30-I,
132, 136, 137, 141-54, 162, 165,
166, 179, 180, 190, 198, 199, 249,
291-2, 294-6, 297, 323, 335, 369,
370, 384-94, 395, 396, 397, 418,
421, 432-5, 445, 455, 456, 459
and
n,
461, 468, 511, 591, 594, 620, 623,
633,
659n,
682, 683, 686, 688, 689,
693, 695, 706, 723, 734, 739, 741,
742, 754, 755, 756, 813, 815, 821;
attempted assassination of (1
9
1
8),
627-30, 793;
attitude to the Soviets,
465-6, 503-4, 517, 618;
ban on
factions proposed by,
765;
belief in
European revolution,
701—2, 703;
Brest-Litovsk peace talks and Treaty,
536-7, 538, 541, 542, 544, 545-6,
547—50;
and the Caucasus,
713,
715-16;
and the Cheka,
645, 647,
648, 649;
Civil War,
562, 583, 584,
615-16,
659n,
663, 667, 673, 674;
his concept of cultural revolution,
742-3, 815;
and Constituent Assembly,
507, 513, 515, 516, 550;
character,
143, 144, 147, 385-6, 389-91;
on
corruption,
684;
cult of,
350» 434,
627-9, 747, 804-5, 806;
death and
funeral
(1924), 805-6, 819;
defence
of
Petrograd, 673, 674;
and
electrification,
789;
exile in Finland,
434, 469-70, 471;
exile in Siberia,
148, 149;
family background and early
years, I4I-5; and Gorky,
606, 648-9,
723, 737, 767, 779, 781, 783-4, 785,
819;
illness (I92I-4),
793-5, 797-8,
800-1, 804-5;
intellectual influences
on,
130-1, 132, 136, 137, 145-7;
invasion of Poland,
701, 702—3;
and
July Days,
423, 425, 426-8, 433,
435;
and the komhedy,
620, 621;
and
Left SRs,
512;
mass terror advocated
by,
524-5, 534, 536, 630-1, 748-9;
and murder of Nicholas II,
638, 639,
641;
and
NEP,
766, 769-70;
and
October insurrection,
456, 469—73,
475-7, 483-4, 485-551
passim;
opposed to Vikzhel talks,
498, 499;
and origins of War Communism,
613,
614, 615;
and peasant revolts,
758,
766;
Pomgol closed down by,
779;
purges of party ordered by,
694;
reign
of terror against Church instigated by,
748—9;
return to Russia in
1917,
384—7;
revolutionary ideology of,
2I0-II,
386-8, 503-4, 507, 510,
524-6, 529, 613, 704-5;
rhetorical
qualities,
150, 392;
and Socialism in
One Country ,
539, 550;
his successor,
793-4, 800, 802;
suspicions and
condemnation of Stalin,
794, 795—7,
798—801;
Taylorism encouraged by,
744;
Testament of,
796, 797-800,
801, 802
and n; and trade union
relations,
732;
treason charges,
433—4;
and the Ukraine,
707;
visit to Pavlov,
732—3;
Vperedists in conflict with,
735;
Workers Opposition
condemned by,
764—5;
works: April
Theses,
295, 387* 388, 391, 392,
393, 397, 403, 435, 538;
Index
907
Development of Capitalism in Russia,
146;
How to Organize Competition ,
524;
Letters from Afar ,
386;
On
Compromises ,
466;
One Step Forward,
Two Steps Back,
153;
The State and
Revolution,
434, 465, 503;
To All
Workers, Soldiers and Peasants ,
492;
To the Citizens of Russia ,
485;
What
h
to Be Done?, 1
50-1, 152
Lermontov,
Mikhail,
222
Liberation Movement,
167, 175, 191,
193
Liberman, Simon,
505
Liberty Loan,
412
Liebknecht, Wilhelm:
Spiders and Flies,
523—4
and
η
Linde,
Sergeant
Fedor, 3I4—I5,
316, 318,
327, 381-2, 413, 439, 582;
murder
of,
438-41
Lissitzky, El,
736
Literacy,
93, 94, 600, 790
Lithuania, Lithuanians,
72, 73, 75, 80,
372,
503n,
542, 543, 697
Liundkvist, Colonel V
Α.,
673
Lloyd George, David,
574
and n,
675,
691, 704, 816
Lobanov-Rostovsky, Prince Alexei,
37
Lockhart,
Bruce,
32, 629, 641, 645
Lodz,
185
Loris-Melikov, Count Mikhail,
40—1
Louis
XVI,
King of France,
18, 639
Lozovsky,
Α.,
51
In
Ludendotff, General Erich
von, 256, 267,
281, 541, 542, 545
Lukomsky, General A. S.,
446, 450, 558,
563, 568, 664
Lunacharsky, Anatoli,
296,
325n,
391,
423, 424, 426, 429, 430, 434, 460,
489, 492, 499, 501,
5II-I2,
607,
693, 735, 736, 737, 743, 744, 784,
785;
Don Quixote,
784
Lutsk,
438, 439, 545
Luxemburg, Rosa,
747
Lvov, Prince
Georgii*
залі,
46, 49^-5
1
, 52,
70, 106, 164, 169, 172, 216, 225,
21
A,
275, 282, 286, 288-9, 321, 334,
345, 349, 352-3, 388, 549, 653,
668, 672, 681-2, 779, 809, 811;
death of
(1925), 816;
head of
Zemstvo
Union,
270, 271, 272, 274;
imprisoned by Cheka,
632, 650;
and
July Days,
425;
and Kadets,
192—3,
194, 218, 220;
landed estate at
Popovka,
49, 50, 51, 355, 668, 816;
in Paris,
652, 653, 816;
Prime
Minister of Provisional Government,
193, 271, 336
and n,
345, 354-8,
361, 365-6, 377, 382, 383, 384,
419-21, 422, 650;
reconciled with
Soviet regime,
815—16;
released from
prison,
650—1;
resignation as Prime
Minister,
421, 437;
supports Vyborg
Manifesto,
220, 22
In; in USA to plead
case for Allied intervention,
651—2;
zemstvo
work,
50—1, 159, 165, 172,
193, 194, 207, 270, 271, 272, 336
Lvov, V N.,
449-50, 451, 585
Lvov/Lemberg, 72n,
74, 255, 266, 418,
419, 697, 702
MacDonald, Ramsay,
715
Mach,
Ernst,
389
Mai-Maevsky, General V Z.,
661, 662,
663, 678
Maisky, Ivan,
579, 587
Makarii, starets ( holy man ),
28
Makhno, Nestor,
575, 661-2, 664, 665,
675, 677, 679, 706, 707, 753, 756,
769
Maklakov,
Ν. Α.,
242, 245, 246, 272,
273
Maklakov, Vasilii,
159, 276, 338,
652n
Malevich,
Kasimir, 736, 738, 739
Malinovský,
Roman,
210
Maliutin, Grigorii,
232-3, 234, 235—6,
237,238, 362, 363, 617, 690, 786,
787
908
Index
Mamontov, General K. K.,
663, 666, 670,
678
Manchuria, I68-9,
170, 184, 194, 586
Mandelstam,
Osip,
399, 606
Mannerheim, General Carl Gustav von,
671
Manuilov,
Α. Α.,
336
Manuilsky, D. Z., 460
Marie
Antoinette,
Queen
of
France, 27,
33, 34, 284
Maria Fedorovna, Dowager-Empress, 20,
191, 214, 229
Maria Pavlovna, Grand
Duchess,
291
Mariupol,
665
Markov,
General
Sergei,
558
Markovo
Republic,
183-4, 234
Martov,
Yuli,
82,
141η,
147, 148, 149,
150, 151, 152, 153, 162, 180, 198,
293, 294, 295, 296, 323, 385, 430,
432, 464, 468-9, 489, 490-1, 812
Martynov, General
E. L,
445
Marx,
Karl: Marxism,
103, 117, 119-20,
127, 130, 133, 137, 139-54, 161,
162, 292,
357η,
388, 469, 523, 614,
723, 733, 735, 740, 742, 747, 750,
758, 788, 812;
appeal in Russia,
139-41;
Capital
123, 139, 146, 162.
See also Bolsheviks, Social Democrats,
Mensheviks
Masaryk,
President Thomas,
576, 817
Maslakov, peasant rebel leader,
756
Masurian Lakes,
255;
Battle of (I9I4),
256
Mayakovsky, Vladimir,
601-2, 736, 737,
806; 150,000,000 , 742
Maynard, Sir John,
79-80
Melitopol,
665
Meller-Zakomelsky, A. N.,
185
Mensheviks, Menshevik Party,
Menshevism,
136, 152, 153—4,
I80n,
190, 198, 210,
2II-I2,
232, 293,
294, 301, 325, 371, 372, 382-3,
388, 457, 459, 461, 467, 468, 471,
472, 478, 482, 489, 490-1, 508,
578, 624-5, 626, 667, 685
and n,
692, 714, 715, 722, 760, 769, 798;
reluctance to form Soviet government,
331-4, 384, 431, 436, 464-9, 490
Menzhinsky, V R.,
501
Merezhkovsky, Dmitry,
179, 208, 352,
412, 437
Meshcherskaia, Countess,
527, 609
Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 736, 738
Miasoyedov, Colonel,
268, 272—3, 284
Mickiewicz, Adam,
73, 74, 697
Mikhail Alexandrovich, Grand Duke,
288,
327, 334, 342, 343-4, 345,
642n
Mikhail Romanov, Tsar,
3, 4, 5, 10, 61,
62
Mikhailov, V M.,
515-16
Mikhailovsky, Nikolai,
127
Mikoyan, Anastas,
693
Military Revolutionary Committee,
455,
480-1, 482, 485-6, 488, 495, 504,
507, 509, 510, 520, 562
Miliukov,
Pavel,
51, 162, 193, 194, 195,
204, 215, 273, 275, 276, 286-7,
288, 326, 334, 335, 336, 338, 344,
345, 356, 360, 381, 382, 383, 384,
385, 390, 393, 420, 439, 443, 559,
571, 717;
Miliukov Note (I9I7),
381, 383
Miliutin, Dmitry,
42, 499, 511
Miller, General K. E.,
652
Minsk, I49n,
697, 750, 753
Minusinsk,
657
Mirbach, Count
Wilhelm,
assassination
of,
632-3
Mironov, Philip,
562, 756
Mirsky: see Sviatopolk-Mirsky, Prince
Mogilev,
269, 275, 276, 312, 346, 406,
449, 450, 541, 596
Molotov,
V M.,
297
Morozov,
Sawa,
179
Moscow State Conference
(19
1
7),
447-9, 557
Moscow,
5-6, 8, 9, 49, 192, 194-5,
199-200, 233, 234, 273, 274, 333,
Index
909
345, 370, 389, 624, 701, 771, 820;
Alexandrovsky Station,
6, 448;
anti-
German riots (1
915), 285;
Arts
Theatre, 437n; Baumans funeral
procession,
198—9;
Bolshoi Theatre,
192, 447, 633, 634, 740, 805;
Brusilov s
rimerai
(1926), 817-18;
Butyrka jail,
195, 642, 643, 644, 662;
capital moved to,
550—1, 603;
Constituent Assembly elections in,
508;
Denikins advance on,
662—4,
679, 680;
Duma elections,
457, 458;
food shortages,
299, 758—9;
general
strike
(1905), 189, 199-200;
Khamovniki barracks,
759;
Lenin s
funeral
(1924), 805-6;
Łubianka
prison,
629, 631, 634, 643, 644, 684;
National and
Metropole
Hotels,
683;
October insurrection,
497, 498, 511;
officials and bureaucracy in,
688—9;
peasants living in,
108, 109;
Pokrovsky
barracks,
633—4;
post-Revolution,
605,
609;
Proletarian University,
736;
Red
Square,
6, 108, 285, 597-8, 805;
St
Basils Cathedral,
511;
Sukharevka
market,
623;
Taganka jail,
196, 198,
643, 645;
University,
50, 161, 181;
uprising
(1905)
in,
200-1, 202, 208;
Uspensky Cathedral,
6
Moussorgsky, Modest: Boris Godunov,
493
Mstislavsky, Sergei,
323, 324, 327, 333-4
Munich,
150
Murav ev, Lieutenant-Colonel
Μ. Α.,
592
Murmansk,
573
Nabokov, Vladimir,
172, 328, 345, 355,
479, 480, 501,
652n
Nagorno-Karabakh,
713
and
η
Nakhichevan,
713
Napoleon: Bonapartism,
357, 410, 411,
439, 443, 455, 589, 675
Nasbe
slovo
(Our
Mrd),
294, 296
National Bolshevism,
699—700
National Centre,
568,
642n
Nationalism,
69-83, 372-5, 702-3;
cultural,
71-5, 708, 710, 711, 716;
Russian,
70, 80, 169, 246, 247, 248,
249, 412;
and socialist parties,
70—1,
82—3.
See
aho
Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belorussia, Estonia, Finland, Georgia,
Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Tatar region,
Ukraine
Nationalist Party,
228, 229-30, 244
and
n,
246
Naval General Staff Bill,
226, 227
Navy: see Black Sea Fleet,
Kronstadt
Naval
Base
Nechaev, Sergei,
122, 132—4
and n,
137,
146;
Revolutionary Catechism,
133
Neigardt,
О. В.,
222
Nekrasov, Nikolai,
117, 336
and n,
344,
354, 356, 384, 390, 446, 450-1
Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir,
437
and
η
New Economic Policy,
613, 705, 711,
715, 742, 758, 765, 766, 769-72,
778, 789, 791-2, 806, 807, 814, 815,
816, 819;
Nepmen,
771-2
New Lessner factory,
301, 302, 396, 610
Nicholas I, Tsar,
9, 56, 123
Nicholas
Π,
Tsar,
7, 8-9,
II,
12-13,
15-24, 25, 35, 45, 54, 55, 61, 81-2,
124, 164, 165, 168, 169, 171, 172-3,
175, 176, 177/178, 184, 185, 195,
196, 201, 203; 219, 220, 221-2, 226,
229, 231, 232, 243, 271, 273, 274,
283, 287-8, 293, 326, 360, 438, 478;
abdication of (I9I7),
192, 221, 285,
338, 339-53, 379, 635;
Alexandras
relations with and influence on,
26—7,
229, 275, 276, 277, 278-9, 281, 284,
286, 289;
assumes supreme command
of army
(1915), 269-70, 275, 277;
autocratic rule and ideology of,
6—12,
14-15, 19-24, 165,
1
91-2, 226,
245—6, 259, 275—9;
coronation
(1896), 18;
and Duma,
213-17,
275—6;
early years,
Іб- ІЗ;
February
910
Index
Nicholas
Π,
Tsar
(Cont.)
Revolution,
312, 327, 332;
First
World
War,
249, 250-1, 252,
259-60, 275-9, 281, 284;
and Jewish
pogroms,
197—8;
last days and murder
of (I9I8),
242,
635-ΦΙ,
642;
and
murder of Stolypin,
230;
in
1905
Revolution,
176, 178, 186-7;
October
Manifesto,
191—2;
and Rasputin,
28,
30, 33-4, 245, 289, 290;
Repins
portrait of,
217, 348;
tercentenary
celebrations (I9I3),
3-6, 9-12, 13
Nihilists, nihilism,
131—4
Nikitin, Alexei,
45
5n,
492
Nikolaev,
604-5
Nikolaevsky, Boris,
801
Nikolai Mikhailovich, Grand Duke,
289-90
Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke,
191,
249, 256, 259, 267, 269, 285, 287,
288-9, 342, 657
Nizhnyi Novgorod,
5, 84,
1
10, 367, 527,
600, 662, 693, 762, 818;
renamed
Gorkii,
821;
Sormovo plant strike in,
371
Nobility,
35-6, 44, 47-50, 365-6;
gentry reaction ,
206-7, 227-8, 229;
in rural administration,
47, 53—4;
in
Soviet Russia,
529-30, 605-6, 609
Nogin, V P.,
396, 397, 499, 511
Nołde, Emil,
345
North Caucasian Soviet Republic,
564
Noulens, Joseph,
421
Novaia zhizn , Gorky s newspaper,
393,
399, 402, 435, 436, 477, 502, 505,
511, 514-15, 518, 535-6, 606, 821;
dosed down,
626-7
Novgorod,
520, 596
Novo-Nikolaesvk,
577
Novocherkassk,
556, 557, 558-9, 561,
562, 565, 566
Nowe
vretnia,
newspaper, II,
248
Novorossiisk
574, 679
Obolensky, Vladimir (V
Α.),
51, 193,
213, 214, 216, 218
Obukhovsky
factory,
496, 514, 759
October insurrection (1
917), 189, 321,
386, 409, 428, 456-7, 460-1, 462,
470-3, 474-551, 763, 815, 819
October Manifesto
(1905), 191, 192,
193-4, 195, 197, 203, 209, 214, 215
Octobrist Party,
170, 193-4, 224-5,
228, 229, 244
and n,
246, 247, 273,
278, 285, 286, 302, 336, 449, 571
Odessa,
174, 184, 185, 520, 575, 646,
647, 663, 722, 750;
pogrom in
(1905), 197, 198
Officers Union,
443, 445
Okhrana,
124, 174, 210, 350,
645η, 8ΙΙ
Old Believers,
64
and n,
69, 227, 233,
786
Olminsky, M. S.,
143, 649
Omsk, Omsk Government,
535, 577,
584, 585-8, 651, 652, 653, 654,
655, 657, 658-9, 675, 753
Order Number One, Soviet,
330-1, 378,
411,414, 440, 591
Ordzhonikidze,
Sergo,
297, 707, 712,
713, 715, 716, 798, 799
Orekhovo-Zuevo,
65
Orel,
463, 520, 600, 611, 662, 666, 668,
669-70, 697;
prison,
124, 648
Orenburg,
157, 653, 654, 710, 755
Orphans,
780-2
Os kin, Dmitry,
xiii, 413, 601, 669, 687,
690, 725, 813, 818;
command of
Second Labour Army
(1920), 721,
818;
command of Soviet Republics
Reserve Army,
818;
death of
(1934),
818;
and defence of Tula in civil war,
666-8, 674;
in First World War,
264-5, 268, 269, 818;
joins the Red
Army,
582;
joins SR Party
underground in Siberia,
269;
leg
amputated,
269;
military memoirs of,
818;
peasant revolt against
conscription put down by,
596,
600í
Index
911
returns as military commissar to Tula,
589, 590, 591, 592, 595, 596, 599
Osowieć,
267
Ossetians,
714
OSVAG,
569, 696
Palchinsky, P. L,
486, 779
Paléologue,
Maurice,
267, 339
Panina, Sofia,
509
Panteleev, Commissar,
592
Pares, Bernard,
22, 203, 222, 224, 246,
413, 427
Paris,
294, 323, 578, 615, 616, 652
and
n,
653, 672, 765, 816
Parvus, Alexander,
211
Pasternak, Alexander,
180—
I
Pasternak, Boris: Doctor Zhivago,
659;
1905
(poem),
203
Paustovsky,
Konstantin,
346, 369, 412
Pavel Alexandrovich, Grand Duke,
343,
344
Pavlov, I. P.,
606, 732-4
Peasant congresses,
366—7
Peasant Land Bank,
235, 238
Peasant Unions,
183, 184, 362, 373, 662,
786;
in
Antonov
revolt (STKs),
754
Peasantry,
14, 40, 46, 50, 52, 53, 54,
88-108, 109, 157, 217, 218, 219, -
222, 223, 224, 231, 232-41, 298, 299,
346-8, 351, 358-9, 362-7, 521,
533-4, 539, 564, 572, 573, 579-80,
581-2, 583, 608-9, 612, 616, 617,
618, 619, 620, 622, 655-6, 656-7,
689-90, 714, 718, 725, 729, 730,
740, 751, 765, 766, 775-80
passim,
788-93, 809;
and capitalism,
85, 92,
103, 104-5, 617;
and commune,
87,
89-91, 102, 363-4;
conformity
among,
94—5, 95—6;
and Constituent
Assembly,
507, 508, 518-19, 576;
Emancipation,
39, 40, 46-7, 48
and
n,
52, 78, 89, 97;
generational
divisions,
92-4, 362, 690, 790-1;
handicrafts,
107» 608;
influence of
soldiers on,
365, 532-3, 600-1, 602;
and kulaks ,
91, 104, 617, 620;
and
land redistribution,
364—5, 530—2;
and nationalism,
73, 75—9, 373—4,
548, 705-6;
in
1905
Revolution,
57,
106—7, 182—3;
political philosophy
of,
91-2, 98-101;
and Red Army,
594-7, 653-4, 668-9, 699, 791;
relations with landowners,
48—9, 53—4,
106-7, 205-6, 220, 363-5, 462-3,
531—2;
religious attitudes,
66—7;
revolts,
57, 653, 548, 596, 599-600,
620, 621, 653, 657-8, 662, 751-8,
768-9;
and violence,
96-8
Penza,
463, 532, 535, 576, 577, 600,
662, 753, 754
People s Courts,
I00-I,
525, 533-4
Pereverzev, P. N.,
432, 433
Perm,
53, 584, 652-3, 687, 695
Persia,
168, 290;
Russian defeat of
(1827), 74
Peshekhonov, A. V,
643-4
Peshkov, Alexei: see Gorky
Peshkov, Maxim (son of Gorky): murder
of,
822
Peshkov, Zinovy (adopted son of Gorky),
293
and
n
Peshkova, Ekaterina (wife of Gorky),
179,
187, 202, 249, 300, 307, 321-2,
398, 400, 402, 403, 428, 435, 511,
518, 603, 627, 648, 694, 822
Peter and Paul Fortress,
122—3, 134, 137,
144, 161, 167, 177, 181, 204, 273,
313, 317, 329, 432, 434, 480, 485,
488, 491-2, 509, 510, 512, 515,
536n,
636, 645
Peter I the Great, Tsar,
4, 7, 8, 20, 26,
36, 55, 62, 122, 247, 672, 684, 725
Peters, Yakov,
475, 630
PetHura, Simon,
575, 662, 665, 675, 677,
698, 705, 706, 707
Petrashevsky, M. V,
128,
I33n
Petrograd
garrison,
302, 396, 422;
in
V;
-;Ч:/;:.-;:: л>С;
912
Index
Petrograd
garrison
(Cont.)
February Days,
312—16, 330-1;
in
October insurrection,
480-1, 497
Petrograd:
set St Petersburg
Petrunkevich, I. I.,
172, 219
Piatakov,
Georgii,
706-7, 757, 803
Piatigorsk,
567
Pilsudski, Marshal Joseph,
71. 144, 185,
697, 698, 699, 702
Pisarcv, Dmitry,
131
Platinina-Maisel. Rebecca,
647
Plehve, Viacheslav
von, 41, 52, 167, 168,
170. 171, 444
Plekhanov,
Georgii,
82, 128, 130, 135,
138. 141, 146, 148, 150, 152, 180,
211, 293, 331, 385, 467;
On the
Question of Developing a Monistic View of
History,
146-7
Plezhnikov, Grigorii,
754
Pobedonostsev,
Konstantin, 7, 17, 20, 21,
22,41, 113
Podolia,
106
Podvoisky,
N.
I.,
486
Pokrovsky, General V L.,
564
Pokrovsky,
M. N.,
460
Poland, Polish,
59, 64, 71, 72, 73, 75,
76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82. 141, 144,
185, 193, 228-9. 246, 267, 374,
503n.
542, 543, 548, 677, 679, 705,
713, 816, 817;
invasion of Ukraine by,
697-8, 699, 799;
Soviet war against,
680, 700-1, 702, 716, 754;
Treaty of
Riga (I92I),
703;
uprisings,
70, 73,
228
Poliakov,
Nikolai,
139, 650
Police: see Bureaucracy
Polish Socialist Party.
71, 82, 185
Political Centre. Irkutsk,
659
Polivanov,
Α. Α.,
61, 226, 260, 275, 278,
279,
699n
Pblner,
T. L,
437
Poiovtsov, A. A.»
35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 52,
201, 247,
380n,
433
Pbltava,
78, IÖ6, 107, 233, 663
Poole, General
F. C
574
Popov,
F. G., 755, 758
Popular Socialists,
225, 325, 464
Populists, Populism,
85—6, 87, 103,
134—8, 141;
Land and Liberty (Zemlia
i volia),
137, 138; Neo-Populism, 149,
161;
Peoples Will (Narodnaia
volia),
138,
141, 144, 145, 146, 149, 152;
To the
People movement,
85, 136—7.
See
aho
Socialist Revolutionaries, Terrorism
Port Arthur,
168, 170
Vbtemkin, battleship,
184—5, 737
Potresov, A.
N.. 146, 147, 150, 152, 392
Prague, 72n,
818
Pravda,
newspaper,
245, 297, 388, 414,
425, 433, 522, 592, 627, 699, 788
Preobrazhensky,
Ε. Α.,
726, 745, 803
Preparliament,
467, 482, 485
Prittwitz, General
Friedrich von, 255—6
Progressist Party, 244n,
247, 252, 273
Progressive Bloc,
274-5, 286, 326, 341
Prokopovich,
S. N.,
487, 488, 779
Proletkult organization,
736, 737, 742,
745
Prostitution,
605, 781
Protocols of the Elders of Zion,
242
Protopopov, A. D.,
286, 302, 31
On,
312,
329
Provincial governors,
42, 43, 44—6
Provisional Government,
193, 217, 271,
274, 284,
293n,
299, 321, 334-8,
345, 349, 354-61, 364, 366, 370,
371-2, 374-8, 380, 381-4, 385,
387, 388, 393-5, 396, 398, 407, 408,
409, 410, 412, 413,
4I4n,
422, 433,
444, 445, 446, 478;
Bolshevik
insurrection and fall of,
481—500;
Directory,
455
and n; establishment of,
334—8;
First Coalition,
383—4,
409-10, 419-20, 438;
ideology of,
355-8, 360-1, 366, 370-2, 382-4,
409-10;
July Dap,
421, 422-32;
June
offensive supported by,
407—10, 411»
412, 418, 419-20;
Kerenskys
Index
913
premiership,
436—8, 441, 442—55;
and peace campaign,
380—1, 409;
Second Coalition,
436, 437, 438,
447, 467;
Third Coalition,
467
Przemyśl,
266;
Battle of (I9I4),
257
Pskov,
340, 341, 342, 344, 497, 520,
596, 644, 671
Pugachev,
777
Pugachev, Emelian, II,
ΙΟΙ, ΙΙ9,
422,
628
Pulkovo Heights, Battle for,
673, 674
Purishkevich, V M.,
196, 278, 289, 290,
679
Pushkin, Alexander,
117, 123, 276, 321,
390, 522, 812
Putiatina, Princess O. P.,
345
Putilov factory,
273, 394, 428, 431-2,
673, 688, 759
Rabkrin (Workers and Peasants
Inspectorate),
684, 694, 794, 797, 799
Rada,
376-7, 420, 543, 545, 548, 549,
662, 705, 706
Radek,
К. В.,
386, 699
Radishchev, Alexander,
122
Railways,
261, 608, 611, 721-2,
Rakhia, Eino,
483
Ransome, Arthur,
309
Raskolnikov,
Fedor,
395, 427, 430, 516,
761
Rasputin, Grigorii,
9, 10, 13, 20, 21, 24,
27, 28-34, 227, 245, 270, 276, 277,
278, 281, 284, 285, 286, 302, 343,
349, 369, 540, 607;
murder of
(1916), 289-91, 339
Rationing,
726—7
Rattel,
Major-General
N. L,
698
Ražin, Stenka,
ΙΟΙ,
628, 662
Red Army,
59, 264, 279, 460, 475, 529,
538, 539, 562, 563, 564, 565-7,
569, 571, 573, 575, 577, 580, 583-4,
589-603, 620, 621, 635, 641, 644,
passim,
698, 700-1, 702* 703,
708,
7Щ
712, 715,
7Щ
722,
725, 727, 754, 774, 782, 791,
817-18;
desertion from,
599-600,
661, 668;
education in,
600—2;
ex-
tsarist officers,
590—4;
illness, disease
and the wounded,
598—9;
mass
conscription,
594—7;
Military
Opposition,
592-4,
660n, 662n,
750,
794;
peasant deserters return to,
668—9, 699;
problems of supply,
597—8, 661;
military units: Eastern
Army Group,
583—4;
First Red Army,
584;
Second Red Army,
63
7n,
721;
Third Red Army,
652, 721;
Fourth
Red Army,
583;
Seventh Red Army,
673;
Eleventh Red Army,
712, 714;
Taman Army, 563n; Third Division,
662; 21
9th Domashki Rifle Division,
583;
First Red Cavalry Corps,
670;
Krasnokutsk Regiment,
583;
Kurilovo
Regiment,
583;
Novouzensk
Regiment,
583;
Pugachev Regiment,
583;
Latvian Rifle Brigade,
509, 514,
590, 634, 667, 669.
See
aho
Russian
Imperial Army
Red Guards,
370, 399, 411, 424, 452,
455, 462, 464, 482, 483, 485, 493
and n,
494, 514, 516, 526, 532,
536n,
539, 557, 565, 577, 578, 589-90,
594, 639, 784
Red Terror,
xi, 400, 525, 527, 531, 534,
535-6, 547, 563, 564, 591, 630-2,
641-9, 653, 660, 677, 678, 696, 707;
social origins,
520—36, 630—1, 812
Red weddings and funerals,
747—
S,
751
Reed, John,
369, 474, 486-7, 492, 493,
497, 537
Reissner,
Larissa,
761
Rennenkampf;
General
von, 255, 256
Repin, Ilya
179, 348
Republican Centre,
443
Revolution of
1905, 173-203, 207, 208,
209-10, 314, 699;
Bloody Sunday
(St Petersburg), I73--80,
185, 186,
192;
Moscow uprising, 20O-I,
202
914
Index
Revolutionary Military Council of the
Republic (RVSR).
592, 594, 696.
794
Revolutionary names,
747—8
Revolutionary Tribunals,
534, 563
Riabushmsky family,
163, 247, 273, 369,
820
Riazan.
463, 596, 600, 621
Riga.
185. 441, 459. 475;
Treaty of
(I92I),
703
Rodchenko. Alexander,
736, 738, 739
Rodichev,
Fedor,
338, 448, 509, 681
Rodzianko, Mikhail,
9-Ю, 34, 248, 252,
263, 326. 334. 341, 342. 345, 443,
446, 480, 559
Rokossovsky, Marshal
Konstantin,
264
Rolland, Romain, 402, 773. 808, 819
Romania,
281, 573, 769
Romanov Tercentenary (I9I3),
3—6,
9-12. 13. 24. 245, 314
Romanovsky, General I. P.,
558, 568
Romas, Mikhail,
84, 85, 86
Rostov,
557. 562, 563, 564, 565. 566,
660;
Battle for
(1917). 557
Rublev,
609
Rudnev family,
532
Russian Imperial Army,
55-6
1,
253—70;
calls for modernization,
58-9, 59—61;
mutinies,
57. 58, 184, 265-6, 312-16,
418;
officers and command structure,
57-8. 258-60, 263-4;
place in the
ruling system,
55-6;
revolution in,
263, 264, 265, 378-80, 407. 414-18;
military units: First Army,
255;
Second Army,
255, 261;
Third Army,
266;
Fifth Army,
418;
Seventh
Army.
418;
Eighth Army,
254. 255,
443;
Eleventh Army,
419;
Fourteenth
Army,
60;
Third Cavalry Corps,
446;
Thirty-Third Army Corps,
418; 1st
Don Cossack Division,
453; 3rd
Infantry Division,
439;
Savage
Diroion,
446,
452-Ą
4th Rifle
Brigade,
253;
First Machine-Gun
Regiment,
396, 397, 421-4, 425;
176th Regiment,
426, 430-1;
1
81st
Infantry Regiment,
302;
443rd
Infantry Regiment,
439^0;
444th
Infantry Regiment,
439-40;
Finland
(Reserve) Regiment,
311, 314, 315,
327, 381, 413, 759-60;
Imperial
Dragoons,
670;
Imperial Guards,
3-4,
55-6, 59, 282, 341, 716;
Lithuanian
Regiment,
314, 315;
Moscow
Regiment,
314, 382;
Pavlovský
Regiment,
312, 313, 317, 382, 429;
Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment,
17,
37, 55, 177, 314, 315, 324;
Semenovsky Regiment,
200, 312;
Tekinsky Regiment,
558;
Tver
Regiment,
59;
Volynsky Regiment,
312, 313, 314, 324;
Cyclist Battalion,
492;
6th Engineer Battalion,
314;
Women s Battalion of Death,
413,
419.
See also Red Army, Soldiers
Russian Monarchist Party,
196
Russian Political Conference, Paris,
562
and n,
672
Russian Renault factory,
302, 396
Russification
campaigns,
64, 80-1, 810
Russo-Japanese War
(1904-5), 18, 56.
168-70, 184, 185, 253, 281
Ruszky, General
N.
V,
340, 342
Ryazanov, David,
460
Rykov,
Alexei,
499, 511,
660n,
799, 821,
822
Ryzhkov,
S. M.,
184
Sabler,
Vladimir,
33, 273
Saburov, Prince V V,
365
St Petersburg/Petrograd, 3—5, 6, 8-9, 22,
26, 29, 37, 45, 47, 68,
72n. III-I2,
117, 124, 127, 132, 138, 146, 147,
148, 165, 167, 173, 175, 196, 197,
199, 233, 242, 250, 273, 275, 277,
297, 301, 302, 345, 367, 368, 370,
381, 383, 400;
Alexander Nevsky
Index
915
Monastery,
528;
Alexander Nevsky
Temple-Monument,
9;
Anichkov
Palace, 500—I; armed demonstration
(June
1917), 396-7, 404;
Astoria
Hotel,
683;
Bloody Sunday (January
1905), 173-80, 185, 186, 192, 199,
300, 310, 514;
capital moved to
Moscow from,
550—1, 603;
cholera
epidemics,
112;
Constituent Assembly
elections,
508;
Duma election,
457,
458;
February Revolution (1
9
1
7),
307-23, 339, 340, 348-9, 396;
Finland Station,
384—7, 483;
food
shortages,
300, 307—8;
general strikes,
189, 232;
Gostiny
Dvor, 3II,
530;
Griboyedov Canal,
313;
Hotel France,
493;
industrial crisis (I9I7-I8),
610,
624, 626;
July Days,
421-33, 435,
436;
Kazan Cathedral,
3, 9, 167, 178,
310, 319;
Kshesinskaya Mansion,
387,
425, 427, 433;
Kresty
jaü,
204, 219,
314, 324;
Liteiny Bridge,
308, 309,
310;
Liteiny
Prospekt,
37, 514;
Marinskaya Hospital, 536n; Marinsky
Palace,
216, 217, 328, 354, 381, 429,
485;
Marinsky Theatre,
4-5, 12, 24,
493, 686;
martial law in,
513;
Mikhailovsky Theatre,
290;
mutiny of
garrison (I9I7),
313-16, 330, 340,
396;
name changed to
Petrograd
(I9I4),
251;
Národný Dom,
493;
Narva Gates,
176,
I78n; Nevsky
Prospekt, 3, 4, 6, 37, 177, 180, 192,
308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 316, 319,
368-9, 382, 404, 424, 428, 493,
530, 605, 606, 673, 759, 763;
Nikolaevsky Station,
327, 340, 482,
483, 540, 673;
October insurrection,
482-97;
peasants in,
108,
III; Police
HQ,
317;
political strikes
(1917),
300-2, 309-10;
post-Revolution,
603-4, 605, 609, 610;
Preobrazhensky
Cemetery,
514;
renamed Leningrad
(1924), 805;
5t IsaacV Cathedral,
9,
144, 441, 673;
statue of Alexander
Ш,
15, 400, 482;
The Storming of the
Winter Palace staged in
(1920), 739;
Temple of Christ s Resurrection,
9;
Tercentenary Cathedral,
9;
Theological Academy,
174;
Troitsky
Bridge,
177, 309;
University,
125,
144, 165, 166, 222, 314;
Vasilevsky
Island,
759;
Vladimir
Prospekt, 312;
workers
strikes (I92I),
759-60, 761;
Yudenichs offensive against,
670—5,
681, 761;
Znamenskaya Square,
15,
187, 309, 311, 312, 313, 400.
See
aho
Peter and Paul Fortress;
Smolny
Institute; Tauride Palace; Vyborg
district; Winter Palace
Samara,
106, 206, 366, 459. 566, 575-9,
581-5, 612, 644, 653, 753, 757,
776, 795
Samarin, Iurii,
36, 277
Samosudy (mob trials),
400-1, 402, 525,
533, 534
Samsonov, General Alexander,
255, 256,
261
Sapozhkov, A. R,
756
Saratov,
44, 106, 131, 157, 223, 225,
365, 459, 463, 600, 605, 611, 621,
662, 664, 741, 752-5
Savinkov, Boris, I70n,
443-4, 446, 449,
450, 451, 559;
The Pale Horse,
209;
Yaroslavl uprising of,
642
and
n
Sazonov, S. D,
249, 251, 275, 278,
652n
Schlieffen Plan,
253-4, 256
Schreider, Grigorii,
487, 488,
S09
Sechenov, Ivan, The Refiexts of the Brain,
733
Sejm
(Finnish parliament),
375, 376
Semashko, A. I.,
423
Semenov, Grigorii,
651, 659
Semenov, Sergei,
xiii, 53, 94, 232—9, 241,
361-3, 447, 463, 609, 617, 753,
773, 789, 790, 791;
on Andreevskoe,
104, 107, 109,751-2;
as Duma deputy,
217;
in
exÜe, 234, 786;
Maliutins feud
with,
232-3, 234, 235-6, 237, 238,
916
Index
Semenov,
Sergei
(Cont.)
362, 363, 786, 787-8;
murder of
(1922), 787-8;
reforms in
Andreevskoe of,
183, 184, 233-6,
237-9, 362-3, 786-8, 789;
and
Tolstoy,
160, 183, 233, 234;
Volokolamsk co-operative movement
pioneered by,
612, 786
Semenov,
Tatiana,
362
Semipalatinsk,
654, 658
Semirechie,
710
Serafimovich, Alexander: The Iron Flood,
563n
Serbia,
247, 250-1, 258
Serfdom,
46—7, 48;
legacies of,
47, 53—4,
57, 96, 97
Serge, Viktor,
607, 609, 674, 821
Serov, Ivan,
756
Sevastopol,
520, 527, 717, 710, 720
Shaliapin,
Fedor,
5, 493, 607
Shcheglovitov, I. G.,
242, 243, 245, 273,
329
Shevchenko,
Taras,
74
Shingarev, A. L,
336, 509, 536
and
η
Shipov,
D.
M,
164, 165, 172, 194
Shklovsky, Viktor,
302, 316, 327, 606
Shkuro, A. G.,
666, 670
Shliapnikov, Alexander,
295, 297, 301,
311, 323, 476, 610, 731, 764, 765,
766
Sholokhov, Mikhail: And Quiet Fbws the
Don,
562
Shostakovich, Dmitrii,
738;
Second
Symphony ( To October ),
738
Shulgin, Vasilii,
288, 317, 318, 341, 343,
344, 377, 568, 664, 677, 678, 700
Shümsky, Olexander, 708
Shuvaev, General Dmitry,
279
Siberia,
12,
64n,
84, 86, 103, 197, 124,
148, 201, 221, 245, 269, 296, 323,
382, 388, 530, 560, 573, 577, 584-5,
587, 650, 651, 753, 769, 775, 776
Siberian Army,
584-5, 653
Sidorin, General V L,
662 -
j
Simbirsk,
142, 158-9, 165, 386, 532,
580, 584, 592, 611, 653, 753, 776-7
Simferopol,
198
Sinegub, Alexander,
487
Sipiagin,
D. S.,
8, 167
Skliansky, Emanuil,
720
Skobelev,
M. L,
317, 323, 324, 325, 371,
383, 388, 443
Skoropadsky,
Hetman
Paulo,
549, 555
Slavgorod,
657
Slavophiles, Slavophilism,
66, 80, 87, 134
Smena vekh
(Change of Landmarks),
700
Smidovich,
S. N.,
621
Smilga, Ivan,
475—6,
660n
Smolensk,
258, 596, 753, 774
Smolny
Institute,
217, 389, 452, 459,
472, 474^5, 479, 480, 482, 483-4,
486, 494, 496, 500, 501, 504, 509,
516, 537, 545, 589, 627, 673, 674,
683;
corruption in,
682; Petrograd
Soviet housed in,
438, 452, 459, 472,
474;
Second Ail-Russian Soviet
Congress (October I9I7),
470, 471,
472, 474, 475, 476, 477, 481, 483,
484, 485, 489-90, 498, 512, 589
Snowden, Ethel,
605
Social Democrats, Social Democracy,
147-8, 149
and n,
150, 151, 152,
218, 225, 292.
See
aho
Bolsheviks,
Marxism, Mensheviks
Social structure,
35, 43, 44, 162—3;
merchantry,
161;
domination of
nobility,
35, 54;
and nationality,
80;
and rationing system,
726—7;
weakness of middle classes,
43, 163—4
Socialist Encyclopedia,
736
Socialist Revolutionaries, Socialist
Revolutionary Party,
161, 218, 225,
293, 294, 301, 325, 372, 383, 395,
457, 458, 459, 467-8, 471, 472,
478, 482, 490-1, 502, 507, 508, 515,
516, 5X7-20, 576, 577-8, 584, 585,
587, 624-5, 626, 685
and n,
692,
760;
Left SRs,
464-5,
46&
Г
Index
917
480-1, 489, 491, 505, 507, 512, 513,
516, 517, 539, 549, 550, 592, 631,
632—5;
reluctance to form Soviet
government,
331—4, 384, 431, 436,
464-9, 490;
Trial
(1922),
629n,
769
Sokolnikov, Grigorii,
548
Sokolov,
Boris,
315, 517, 518, 519
Sokolov,
Ν. Α.,
675;
The Murder of the
Imperial Family,
641
Sokolov, N. D.,
324, 330, 334, 440-1
Soldiers,
55, 56, 57, 58, 257-8, 261,
303, 325, 327, 346, 350-1, 379-80,
414, 415-18, 454;
soldiers
committees,
378, 438, 444, 591;
violence against officers,
378—9,
438-41, 541, 599
Solovki, concentration camp,
767
Solovyov, Vladimir,
179, 208
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander,
66
Sormovo,
110
Sorokin, Pitirim,
322, 510, 515,
773n
Soskice, David,
456, 479
Soviet Union Treaty
(1924), 799
Soviets,
190, 199, 359, 369, 458-9,
460-1, 465, 502-3, 505-7, 512,
5Í3,
520, 612, 626, 684-90, 756,
761, 762, 811, 812;
Northern
Regional Congress of Soviets,
475,
476;
rural Soviets,
463—4, 505
and n,
506, 510, 512, 519, 579-80, 617-18,
689-90, 752, 791-2;
all-russian
congresses: First,
375—6, 397;
Second,
470, 471, 472, 474, 475, 476, 477,
478, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485,
489-91, 492, 498, 512, 589;
Third,
517;
Fifth,
633, 634, 639;
Sixth,
621;
Petrograd
sovtet:
190, 199, 204, 217,
322, 324-6, 327-31, 334-8, 349,
359, 360, 367, 376, 381, 382-3,
395, 397-8, 407, 409, 410, 413,
4I4n,
422, 435-6, 438, 443, 444,
447, 452, 470, 476, 477, 481, 485,
636;
Bolsheviks win first majority in,
455, 459;
Dumas negotiations with,
334-8;
in July Days,
423, 424-33,
435—6;
Military Commission,
327,
330;
Order Number One,
330-1,
378, 411, 414, 440;
transferred to
Smolny
Institute from Tauride Palace,
438, 474
Sovnarkom (Council of People s
Commissars),
501, 504—5, 506—7,
508, 510, 511
and n,
512, 513, 626,
631, 632, 641, 647, 782, 795-6, 804
Spala:
imperial hunting estate,
30
Spartacist Revolt, Berlin,
701
Speshnev, Nikolai,
128
Spiridonova, Maria,
512, 633, 634, 635
Stalin, Josef, II, 90n,
142, 276, 296, 297,
391, 396, 397,
433n,
544, 592, 593
and n,
594, 613, 649,
662n, 675n,
686, 699, 701, 702, 706, 707, 709,
710, 714, 715, 716, 737, 738, 765,
793-801, 812, 818, 819;
autonomization plan of,
798;
Chairman of Secretariat,
794, 795;
Commissar for Nationalities,
794, 798;
country mansion of,
684;
General
Secretary of Party
(1922), 765, 794;
and Gorky,
821—3;
growing power and
ambitions of,
794—5, 800;
head of
Orgburo,
794, 807;
head of Rabkrin,
694, 794;
Krupskaya incident,
800-1;
Lenin s illness and death,
793, 795,
797, 800-1, 805, 806;
Lenin s
suspicions and condemnation of,
795-7, 798-801;
Lenin s Testament,
797, 798-800, 801-2
and n;
patronage of,
693;
Peoples Commissar
for State Control,
682;
rivalry between
Trotsky and,
592, 593,
660n,
794,
795-7, 800, 801-4
Stanislavsky, Stanislas,
437
and n,
736,
779
Stankevich, V
В..
336, 391
Stashkov, Roman*
540—1
Stasova, Elena,
664
918
Index
State Council,
216, 219, 220, 227, 228,
229, 274
State Unity Council,
568
Statute on Socialist Land Organization,
(1
919), 729-30
Stavka,
258, 259, 261, 269, 279, 281,
282, 287, 288, 339, 342, 406, 442,
444, 446, 453, 502, 541, 558
Stavropol,
526, 567
Steinberg, I. N.,
512, 536, 635
Steklov, Iurii,
333, 334
Stepniak, S. M.,
136
Stepun, F.
Α.,
446, 448
Stockholm Peace Conference,
409
Stolypin, P.
Α.,
22, 24, 34, 44, 45, 220,
221-31, 246, 288, 363, 573, 718,
786;
assassination of
(191
1),
211,
227, 230, 231;
Governor of Saratov,
223;
Marshal of the Kovno nobility,
222—3;
Minister of the Interior,
223;
Prime Minister (1
906-1
1),
220, 221,
222, 223-30;
reforms of,
54, 99
and
n,
223, 224, 225, 226, 227-9, 230-2,
235, 237-8, 239, 240, 241, 786
Struve,
Petr,
43, 141, 148, 162, 167,
168-9
and n,
209, 247, 389, 412,
559-60, 571,
652n
Struve, VV,
251, 389
Stürmer,
Boris,
278, 284, 288
Subbotnik, 725-6
Sukhanov, Nikolai,
311, 318, 321, 322,
323-4, 330, 334, 335, 383, 387,
397, 425, 426, 430, 452, 459, 472,
489, 490, 589, 794
Sukhomlinov, General V
Α.,
61, 259,
262, 268, 273, 275, 286
Sultan-Galiev, Mirsaid,
709-10
Sumy Republic,
183
Susanin, Ivan, 10—
II
Suzdal,
5;
zemstvo,
53
Sverdlov, Yakov, 293n,
396, 397, 506,
636-7, 638, 639, 641, 686
Sviatopolk-Mirsky, Prince P. D>, 1
71-3,
І75Л79,
186
3
Sytin, General P. P.,
592
Syzran,
577
Taganrog,
526, 562, 565, 566
Tajikstan,
711
Tambov,
104, 106, 143, 157, 159, 258,
365, 422, 462-3, 534, 596, 600,
609, 611, 621, 663, 666, 730, 733,
761, 775;
rebellion
(1920-21), 619,
753-5, 757, 766-9
Tannenberg,
Battle of (I9I4),
256, 261
Tashkent,
166, 180, 710, 711
Tatar region, Tatars,
76, 578, 579, 653,
687, 708-9, 71
1
Tatlin, Vladimir,
607, 736, 738, 739
Tatyana Nikolaevna, Grand Duchess,
24,
112
Tauride Palace,
213, 215-16, 217-20,
244, 252, 287, 288, 315, 319, 322,
324, 326-31, 334-8, 344, 348, 387,
388, 452, 483, 492, 509, 513-14,
515, 517;
Catherine Hall,
217, 219,
325, 328, 330, 344, 425, 431, 515;
and July Days,
424, 425, 427, 428,
429-31, 432;
Ministerial Pavilion,
329; Petrograd
Soviet in,
324-6, 327,
328, 329;
Soviet expelled from,
438,
474
Tauride region, Crimea,
718, 719
Taxes, revolutionary,
525, 527, 528
Taylor,
E
W:
Taylorism, 722n; theories
of scientific management ,
744
Tereshchenko, Mikhail,
336
and n,
370,
377, 384, 422, 446,
455n
Terrorism,
137-8, 170.
See
aho
Red
Terror, White Terror
Theodossia,
527
Theophan, Archimandrite,
29, 33
Thomas, Albert,
412—13
Tiflis,
76, 346, 712, 714, 715
Tikhon, Patriarch,
528, 647, 748, 749
Tiumen ,
753
Tkachev, Petr,
122, 128, 130, 136, 137,
145
Index
919
Tobolsk,
636—7
Toko
і,
Senator O„
375
Tolstaya,
Alexandra,
779
Tolstaya,
Sonya,
160, 463
Tolstoy, Count Leo,
45, 49, 51, 57, 84,
87, 127,
1
60-1,
1
81-2, 222, 233, 234,
267, 463, 609, 668, 746, 801, 820;
Anna Karenina,
39, 87, 127;
estate at
Yasnaya Polyana,
49, 233, 463, 609,
668;
Hadji-Murad,
57;
The Kingdom
of God , 1
60;
Semenov
s
friendship
with,
233;
War and Peace,
87, 609, 638
Tomsk,
198, 352, 577, 584, 658, 687,
753
Tomsky, Mikhail,
821
Trade Unions,
181, 189, 245, 369, 452,
507, 623, 624, 648, 725, 731, 732
Trans-Siberian Railway,
103, 168, 576,
577, 586, 651, 652, 658
Transcaucasia, 503n,
798
Trepov, A. F.,
288, 289
Trepov, D.
F., 186, 191, 197, 220, 229
Trepov, General
F. F., 137
Treťiakov,
Sergei,
273, 510
Trotsky, L. D.,
20, 21, 79, 82
and n, 1
10,
114,
I4In,
180, 190, 199, 204, 205,
211, 291-3, 294-6, 297, 323,
325n,
350, 385,
387n,
388, 391, 392,
395n,
421, 423, 426, 434, 455, 466, 468,
470, 499, 502, 509-10, 539, 551,
577, 615,
629n,
641, 649,
660n,
661,
662
and n,
666, 670, 673, 674, 694,
695, 696, 699, 701, 715,
724n,
744,
766, 768, 794, 806, 807, 814;
Asiatic
strategy of,
703;
and Brest-Litovsk
peace talks,
540, 542, 543, 544, 545,
546, 547;
Chairman of
Petrograd
Soviet,
459;
character,
593-4, 802;
Commissar for Foreign Affairs,
500,
537, 540;
Commissar for Transport,
721—2, 731;
Commissar for War,
589-96,
660n,
661;
and Constituent
Assembly,
508-9;
death of Lenin,
806;
and defence of
Petrograd, 673, 674-5;
exile in Arctic Circle,
205;
Internationalism,
292—7;
joins
Bolshevik Party (July 1
917), 296,
325n,
459
and n; and July Days,
429,
430, 434;
and
Kronstadt
mutiny,
762,
767;
landed estate of,
684;
Lenins
opinion of,
794;
mass conscription
called for by,
594—6;
Menshevism o£
190,
2II-I2,
292, 294, 295-6;
militarization plans of,
721—5, 743;
Military Opposition to,
592—4,
660n;
and murder of imperial family,
636—7,
638, 639;
in New York,
291, 296,
323;
October insurrection,
480, 481,
482, 484, 490-1, 492-3, 498, 529;
at
October Plenum
(1923), 803-4;
and
permanent revolution ,
211;
in Peter
and Paul Fortress,
204;
pioneers mass
conscription of bourgeois labour,
529;
political trial of
(1906), 639;
on
possibility of reconstructing man,
734;
and Red Army,
589-92, 594, 595,
598-9, 602, 655, 673;
refuses post of
Deputy Chairman of Sovnarkom,
759—60, 804;
released from prison,
452, 455, 459;
resigns as Commissar
for Foreign Affairs,
548;
Results and
Prospects,
211;
rhetorical qualities of,
459—60;
rivalry between Stalin and,
794, 795-7, 800, 801-4;
Vikzhel talks
opposed by,
498, 499
Trubetskoi, Prince E. N.,
194, 208, 679
Trubetskoi, Prince
G. N.,
249, 549
Trubetskoi, Prince P. N.,
15
Trubetskoi, Prince Sergei,
38, 168, 169
Trubochny factory,
759
Trudovik Party, Trudoviks,
218, 219,
225, 274, 286, 288, 325, 337
Tsaritsyn,
157, 459, 566, 567, 571, 575,
592, 646, 660, 661, 662, 670
Tsarskoe
Selo
(later Krasnoe
Selo),
186,
288, 291, 339, 340, 341, 344, 426
and n,
430, 644;
Alexander Palace,
24,
920
Index
Tsarskoe Selo
(Cont.)
25, 27, 176, 291, 635;
Fedorov
village,
9
Tsereteli, Irakli,
225, 334, 354, 377, 382,
383-4, 388, 395, 409, 425, 431,
436, 437, 438, 441, 501, 510, 516
Tsiurupa, A. D.,
618-19
Tsushima, Battle of
(1905), 184, 248
and n
Tsvetaeva, Marina, 410, 559, 609; The
Swan s Encampment,
559
Tukhachevsky,
Marshal Mikhail,
584,
702, 756, 763, 768, 769
Tula,
46, 49,
I05n,
206, 264, 346, 463,
589-90, 592, 595, 596, 598, 599,
600, 621, 663; 666-8, 669, 674, 687,
695,
zemstvo,
46, 50, 51, 159, 206,
272
Turgenev, Ivan, Fathers and Sons,
131;
Virgin
Soil
136
Turkestan Soviet Republic,
710, 711
Turkey,
74, 246, 372,
7II-I2; Russian
war with
(1877-8), 55, 56, 59
Turkmenistan,
711
Tver,
102, 198, 347, 520, 600, 609,
818;
Tver Address,
165
Twain, Mark,
202
Tyrkova-Williams,
Ariadna,
125
Uexküll, Varvara,
32
Ufa,
580, 584, 619, 654, 709, 753;
Ufa
Conference (I9I8),
585
Ukraine, the, Ukrainians,
36, 42, 59,
70-83
passim, 98n,
103, 197, 228,
229n,
270, 336, 372, 376-7, 420,
441,
503n,
506, 530, 543, 545, 546,
547, 571, 573, 575, 599, 656. 660,
661-3, 664-5, 676, 677, 679,
705-8, 753, 756, 761, 769, 776, 778,
795, 798
and n; Directory,
705, 706,
708;
German occupation of,
548—9,
555, 573, 594;
nationalist movement
in,
73-4, 75-6, 77-9, 373
and n,
374^-S,
376-8, 543, 575, 664-5,
698, 705-6, 707, 708;
Polish invasion
of,
697-8, 699;
Soviet attempts to
conquer
(1918-19), 705, 706-7.
See
aho
Rada
Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries,
71,
373, 374, 508, 549
Ul ianov, Alexander (Lenin s brother),
138, 144-5, 434
Ul ianov, Vladimir: see Lenin
Ul ianova, Anna (sister),
142, 693
Uľianova,
Maria (sister),
145, 793, 794,
796, 797
Ungern-Sternberg, Roman,
651
Unified Labour School,
743
Union for the Defence of the Constituent
Assembly,
509, 514, 517
Union for the Defence of the Fatherland
and Freedom, 642n
Union of Cossacks,
443
Union of Front-Line Soldiers,
532
Union of Houseowners,
644
Union of Liberation,
167—8
Union of Struggle for the Emancipation
of the Working Class,
148
Union of the Militant Godless,
746
Union of the Russian People,
69,
S2,
196,
227, 245, 246
Union of Towns,
271
Union of Unions,
181, 187, 189, 190
Union of Wounded Veterans,
532
United Nobility,
206, 207, 216, 220,
227-S,
287
United States,
202, 243, 244, 263, 291,
296, 574, 650;
ARA m
Russia,
779-80;
First World War,
409, 537;
Lvov pleads case for Allied
intervention in,
651—2
Universities,
165, 166—7
Urals, III,
157, 388, 577, 637, 653,
654, 656, 664, 708, 709, 774, 776
Uritsky, Mikhail,
310, 460, 494, 509,
627
UrusoY, Prince Sergei,
42-5, 194, 195,
Index
921
Uspensky,
Gleb,
88
Ustrialov,
Nikolai, 700
Utro
Rossi, newspaper,
252, 273
Uzbekistan,
711
Vakhulin, peasant rebel
leader,
756
Valentínov,
Nikolai, 1
40-1, 143, 153,
385n
Validov, Ahmed,
708, 709
Vander velde,
Emile,
412
Vatsetis, Colonel I. I.,
584, 634-5,
660n
Vekhi {Landmarks),
209
Verderevsky, Admiral D. V, 455n
Verkhovsky, General A. L,
158, 409,
455n,
539
Versailles Peace Conference/Treaty,
570,
652, 697, 702, 703
Victoria, Queen,
25, 26
Vikzhel talks,
496, 497, 498-9
Vinnichenko, Volodimir, 373n,
377,
705-6
Violence,
398-405, 520-36
passim,
774—5;
growing fear of by propertied
classes,
68, 206, 207, 208, 522;
in
peasant society,
96—8;
and
revolutionary crowd,
188—9, 321—2,
328, 494-5
Viren,
Admiral Robert,
395
Vishniak, Mark,
372, 517-18
Vitebsk,
596, 736, 740, 749-50
Vladikavkaz,
714
Vladimir Alexandrovich, Grand Duke,
15
Vladimir,
5, 348, 351, 643, 741
Vladivostok,
576, 577, 651, 652, 657,
659
Vodovozov, Vasilii,
604, 726, 727-9
Volga region,
5, 12, 76-7, 84, 95, 101,
157, 566, 567, 576-84, 594, 596, 597,
626, 652, 653, 655, 656, 661, 662,
663, 664, 689, 690, 693, 708, 711,
752-3, 758, 768, 775-7, 778
Volgograd,
805
Vobiyi, Ivan,
648
Volochinsk,
419
Volodarsky, V,
460, 476, 626,
629n
Vologodsky,
R V,
584, 585
Volokolamsk district,
183, 233, 234, 238,
362, 447, 612, 787,
79O-I
Voloshin, Maxim,
399
Volunteer Army,
453,
546n,
556—67
passim,
570, 572, 573, 574-5,
642n,
661, 669, 675, 676;
Ice March of,
563, 564, 565, 567, 676
Voronezh,
106, 157, 463, 520, 566, 600,
619, 646, 662, 663, 670, 721, 753,
754, 790
Voroshilov, Marshal
Kliment,
297, 592,
593
and n,
670, 707, 818
Votkinsk,
653
Vpered Group, Vperedists,
735—6, 743
Vyazemsky, Prince Boris,
462—3
Vyborg district,
Petrograd, 300, 302,
308-9, 314, 334, 382, 384, 387,
395, 396, 397, 421, 423, 483, 494,
625
Vyborg Manifesto,
220—1
and n,
276,
277
Vyborg,
220, 470
Vyrubova, Anna,
33, 284, 682
Vyshnegradsky,
Ι. Α.,
158
War Communism,
597, 612—15, 623,
625, 721-32
War Industries Committee,
274, 277,
278, 301, 336, 370
Warsaw,
60,
72n,
82, 270, 285, 293, 364,
369, 698, 700-3
Wells,
H. G.,
243, 606, 607, 700, 704,
789
Western
Zemstvo
Bill
(191
1),
228-9,
246
White Terror,
563-4, 656-7, 659, 665,
676-9, 717.
See
aho
Jews
Whites, White armies,
59,
293n,
350,
460, 502, 521, 530, 549, 556, 557,
558-9, 560-88, 594, 596-7, 598,
599, 600, 604, 614,
637n,
639, 642
and n,
647, 651, 652-82, 691, 698,
922
Index
Whites, White armies
(Cont.)
699, 704, 707, 709, 716-20, 756,
761, 762, 813, 816;
and Allies,
573-5, 587, 651, 652, 653, 657, 661,
665, 671;
and anti-Jewish pogroms,
676—9;
old regime psychology and
image,
559-60, 569, 570, 573, 656,
681;
origins of movement,
453—4,
556—7, 558;
political weaknesses,
567-73, 587-8, 654-7, 664-6, 671,
680—1, 717—19;
and revenge for
revolution,
556, 564, 572—3, 582;
strategic errors,
566—7, 652, 660,
662—3.
See
abo
Civil war, Volunteer
Army, White Terror
Wilhelm,
Kaiser,
168, 284, 292, 542,
543, 544-5
Williams, Harold,
319, 368-9
Wilno/Vilnius,
267, 697;
strikes
(1893),
147
Wilson, President Woodrow, 574n,
651-2, 704, 816
Wilton, Robert,
319,
637n
Winter Palace, St Petersburg,
3, 4, 65,
122, 138, 144, 173, 176, 178, 191,
192, 213, 219, 251, 270, 277, 328,
340, 345, 348, 437, 438, 446, 450,
451, 455, 456, 457, 478, 479, 481,
482, 484, 485, 493, 530, 739;
assault
and seizure of (October
1917), 468-9,
491-2, 494, 498;
opening of State
Duma in
(1906), 213-14
Witte,
Count Sergei,
8, 17, 21, 22, 23,
35, 41, 68, 82, 113, 175,
178n,
179,
186,
I9I-2,
194-5, 197, 201, 214,
217, 220, 242
Women,
181, 299-300, 308, 368, 647,
740-2;
in peasant society,
85, 96-7,
109, 362
Women s Battalion of Death,
413, 419,
486,488
Women s Union for Equality,
181
Workers,
88, 110-21, 173
passim,
205,
297-8, 300,
30L
308-9, 311, 319,
358-9, 367-71, 396, 457, 461,
493-4, 496, 590, 610, 648, 674,
723, 724, 735, 736, 740, 744;
class-
and self-identity,
112, 114,
1
15-17,
118, 301, 523;
conditions of,
43,
III-I2, 1
12-13,
1
13-14, 605;
and
Marxism,
119-21, 147-8;
in
1905
Revolution,
180, 186, 187-8,
189-90, 199-200;
strikes and
protests, 1
14-15, 232, 275, 297,
300-1, 302, 367-8, 371, 448, 462,
580-1, 624, 626, 631, 666-7,
730-1, 758-60, 767;
study circles and
reading of, 1
17-19;
ties with the
village,
II0-II, 6I0-II
Workers Control, Decree on,
46
1 n
Workers Opposition,
731, 750, 764-5,
767, 771, 793, 794, 795
World Literature (Gorky s publishing
house),
606, 737, 783-4
Woytinsky, V S.,
429
Wrangel, General Baron Peter, 293n,
564,
660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 666, 675,
679-80, 681, 698, 702, 716-20, 751,
753, 817
Yagoda, G. G.,
822
Yakovlev, Vasilii,
637-8
and
η
Yalta,
213, 527
Yamburg,
672
Yanushkevich, General Nikolai,
259, 269
Yaroslavl ,
5, 147
and n,
642
and
η
Yenisei,
658
Yermolenko, Lieutenant D.,
432^-3
Yoffe, Adolf,
460, 540, 542, 548, 695-6
Young Pioneers,
748
Yudenich, General Nikolai,
663, 671-5.
681
Yurovsky, Yakov,
640
Yusupov, Prince Felix,
32, 289-90
Yuzovka,
665
Zaichnevsky,
Petr,
Young Russia,
131-2
Index
Zamyatin,
Yevgeny,
606, 785;
The
Cave,
603-4;
We,
744, 745
Zangezur,
713
Zarudny,
Α. Α., 205η
Zasulich, Vera,
132-3, 137-8, 150,
152
Zavoiko,
Vasilii,
445, 446, 559
Zemgor,
336, 779
Zemskii
sobor,
187
Zemstvo Union,
270, 271, 272, 274,
354
Zemstvos,
39, 47, 50, 51-3, 54, 159,
161, 164-5, 228, 573, 579, 580,
718;
National Zemstvo
Assembly,
I7I-3,
181;
Third Element,
52, 164
Zenzinov, Viktor,
324, 329-30, 498,
578, 585, 586
Zhelezniakov, A. G.,
516, 535
Zhenotdel,
741
923
Zhordania,
Noi,
714
Zhukov, Marshal
Georgi,
264, 670
Zimmerwald
Conference (1
9
1
5), 294—5
Zinoviev, Grigorii,
141
n,
297, 391, 392,
396, 397, 425, 427, 434, 544, 548,
593, 628, 639, 648, 673, 682, 683,
684, 699, 701, 704, 727, 731, 760,
767, 768, 770, 795,
802n; enmity
between Gorky and,
783;
insurrection
opposed by,
471, 472
and n,
476, 477,
800;
opposition to Stalin
(1926),
818;
resigns from Central Committee,
499, 511;
show trial
(1936), 822;
sides with Stalin against Trotsky,
795,
800, 804
Zinoviev, Lilina,
743
Zoshchenko, Mikhail,
606
Zubatov, S. V,
174
Zurich,
323, 385
Bayerische
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Figes, Orlando 1959- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)120452766 |
| author_facet | Figes, Orlando 1959- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Figes, Orlando 1959- |
| author_variant | o f of |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV011008401 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK260 |
| callnumber-raw | DK260 |
| callnumber-search | DK260 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3260 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| classification_rvk | KK 1040 NP 6000 NQ 5055 NQ 5060 NQ 5070 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)35657827 (DE-599)BVBBV011008401 |
| dewey-full | 947.08/3 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947.08/3 |
| dewey-search | 947.08/3 |
| dewey-sort | 3947.08 13 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte Slavistik |
| era | Geschichte 1891-1917 gnd Geschichte gnd Geschichte 1918-1924 gnd Geschichte 1917-1924 gnd Geschichte 1613-1891 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1891-1917 Geschichte Geschichte 1918-1924 Geschichte 1917-1924 Geschichte 1613-1891 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Russia - History - Alexander III, 1881-1894 Russia - History - Revolution, 1905-1907 Russie - Histoire - 1894-1917 (Nicolas II) URSS - Histoire - 1917-1921 (Révolution) URSS - Histoire - 1917-1936 Russland Sowjetunion Russia History Nicholas II, 1894-1917 Soviet Union History 1917-1936 Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russia - History - Alexander III, 1881-1894 Russia - History - Revolution, 1905-1907 Russie - Histoire - 1894-1917 (Nicolas II) URSS - Histoire - 1917-1921 (Révolution) URSS - Histoire - 1917-1936 Russland Sowjetunion Russia History Nicholas II, 1894-1917 Soviet Union History 1917-1936 Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 |
| id | DE-604.BV011008401 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T14:19:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0224041622 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007370832 |
| oclc_num | 35657827 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-521 DE-188 DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-521 DE-188 DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xx, 923 Seiten [64 ungezählte Seiten] Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 1996 |
| publishDateSearch | 1996 |
| publishDateSort | 1996 |
| publisher | Jonathan Cape |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Figes, Orlando 1959- A people's tragedy the Russian revolution, 1891 - 1924 Maatschappij gtt Revoluties gtt Geschichte Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd Revolutionäre Bewegung (DE-588)4177944-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4049680-6 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4126122-7 (DE-588)4177944-7 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | A people's tragedy the Russian revolution, 1891 - 1924 |
| title_auth | A people's tragedy the Russian revolution, 1891 - 1924 |
| title_exact_search | A people's tragedy the Russian revolution, 1891 - 1924 |
| title_full | A people's tragedy the Russian revolution, 1891 - 1924 Orlando Figes |
| title_fullStr | A people's tragedy the Russian revolution, 1891 - 1924 Orlando Figes |
| title_full_unstemmed | A people's tragedy the Russian revolution, 1891 - 1924 Orlando Figes |
| title_short | A people's tragedy |
| title_sort | a people s tragedy the russian revolution 1891 1924 |
| title_sub | the Russian revolution, 1891 - 1924 |
| topic | Maatschappij gtt Revoluties gtt Geschichte Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd Revolutionäre Bewegung (DE-588)4177944-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Maatschappij Revoluties Geschichte Revolution Russischer Bürgerkrieg Revolutionäre Bewegung Russia - History - Alexander III, 1881-1894 Russia - History - Revolution, 1905-1907 Russie - Histoire - 1894-1917 (Nicolas II) URSS - Histoire - 1917-1921 (Révolution) URSS - Histoire - 1917-1936 Russland Sowjetunion Russia History Nicholas II, 1894-1917 Soviet Union History 1917-1936 Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007370832&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007370832&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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