Tree rings and environment dendroecology
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| Sprache: | English |
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1996
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| 100 | 1 | |a Schweingruber, Fritz Hans |d 1936-2020 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1026351901 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Tree rings and environment dendroecology |c Fritz Hans Schweingruber |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berne [und 2 wetiere] |b Haupt |c 1996 | |
| 300 | |a 609 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 650 | 7 | |a Dendrochronologie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ecologie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Jaarringen |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Dendrochronology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Tree-rings |x Environmental aspects | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| DE-BY-TUM_katkey | 1246782 |
| DE-BY-TUM_location | LSB |
| DE-BY-TUM_media_number | TEMP2877874 |
| _version_ | 1820855620726685696 |
| adam_text | Tree Rings and Environment
Dendroecology
Fritz Hans Schweingruber
Edited by:
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL/FNP
Birmensdorf
Paul Haupt Publishers Berne • Stuttgart • Vienna
Contents
Contents
pages
Preface 5
1 Introduction 15
The growing field of dendroecology 15
The term dendrochronology 17
Large research gaps 17
Objective 19
Acknowledgements 19
2 Growth Factors 21
Genetic impact 22
Ageing 24
Tree-ring sensitivity 26
Sensitivity of the anatomical structure 26
Effect of abiotic factors 27
Light 29
Temperature 30
Precipitation 33
Wind 34
Nutrients 37
Limited root space 37
Mechanical damage to the crown, stem and roots 38
Anthropogenic air and soil pollution 39
3 Growth Zones in Perennial Plants 41
How long have tree rings existed? 43
Which plants have rings? 45
Which tissues provide a morphological picture of annual growth? 49
Growth zones in shoot xylem 49
Growth zones in the branch-stem transition area 49
Growth zones in root xylem 51
Growth zones in phloem (bast) 52
Growth zones in bark (periderm) 53
Annual growths on shoots 54
Short shoots in pine 57
Relationship between different annual growth parameters 59
Which climates promote tree-ring formation in woody plants? 59
4 Basic Biological Functions Involved in TYee-Ring Formation 63
Cell formation and differentiation 64
Cell types in the xylem 67
Influence of hormones and enzymes 69
8 Contents
5 Tree-ring Morphology 71
Genetic influence 72
Modification of the basic anatomical structure through
environmental influences 74
Cambial activity during vegetation 74
Cell differentiation 76
Cell expansion 83
Cell-wall growth 86
Growth combinations 86
Reaction wood 86
Secondary structures 88
Macroscopic aspect of tree rings 90
6 Annual Tree Growth 95
Techniques for measuring tree-ring width growth in living trees 96
Procedures : 96
Tree-ring width growth in relation to endogenous and exogenous factors 99
Period of wood increment 99
Growth patterns inside trees 103
Typical growth patterns of certain species 103
Growth patterns in relation to altitude and site 104
Growth patterns in relation to weather 104
Growth patterns in relation to water supply 104
Annual radial growth rates in relation to other rhythmically
appearing tree characteristics 105
Cell expansion in relation to endogenous and exogenous factors 108
Cell-wall thickening in relation to endogenous and exogenous factors 109
7 Growth in all Parts of a Tree 111
Growth conditions in a tree 112
Growth in stems 113
Partially absent tree rings 115
Abrupt growth reductions 115
Consistency of tree-ring widths 116
Density fluctuations 117
Growth in branches 119
Growth in roots 121
Growth throughout the entire tree 129
8 Influence of Water (Dendrohydrology) 131
Tree and site characteristics along rivers and on land with varying
water tables useful for dendrohydrological reconstructions 132
Impact of floods 142
Extreme flood influences along rivers in the temperate climate zone 143
Peak floods in dry regions : 151
Ice dams in rivers in the boreal zone 154
Salt water ingression along coasts 156
Varying water level in lakes and swamps 157
Secular variations in the water level of a lake in
northern Quebec, Canada 157
Contents 9
Relationship between water level and tree age in
the Okefenokee-swamp in Florida 160
Salt water ingression in fresh-water flood forests
(Taxodium distichum, Florida) 160
Varying water level in bogs 161
Drainage of a bog in the Swiss Jura Mountains;
Etang de la Gruere 161
Reaction of trees in the bog Etang de la Gruere to long- and
short-term climatic influences 163
Drainage of fens in the northern Lower Alps in Switzerland 166
Reconstruction of bog history in northwestern Europe 167
Flooded forests 169
Inundated forests in the Amazon Basin 169
Construction of a dike prevents overflooding 171
Ponds in southern Alaska 171
Variations in the water table in flat lands 173
Sinking water level 173
Impact of climate on the course of a river 174
The Colorado River in semiarid, southwestern America 175
The Huruni River in New Zealand s temperate climate 176
Glacier rivers in the Rocky Mountains and the Alps 176
Driftwood in northern oceans (Dendrooceanography) 178
9 Influence of Snow 183
Impact of avalanches 184
Ecological indicators for reconstructing the intensity
and frequency of avalanches 184
Age structure of a stand on an avalanche slope in
the southern Swiss Alps 189
Reaction of an individual tree to recurring avalanches 190
Tree shapes on an avalanche slope 190
Impact of creeping snow 192
Impact of snow pressure 193
Tree decline on snowy sites near the alpine tree limit 194
10 Influence of Wind 197
Impact of wind on vegetation and trees 198
Adaptation of stem shapes under continual wind stress 202
Regeneration of forest stands after strong winds 203
Changing positions of trees in stands 208
Pattern of death and regeneration brought on by wind (wave mortality) 208
Trees in the active dunes of the boreal zone 213
11 Influence of Fire 217
Forest fires 218
Tree adaptation to fire 219
Fire characteristics and their dendrochronological analysis 221
Damage to the crown 221
Damage to the xylem 222
Fires in the boreal forest of Canada 228
Fires in semiarid forest areas and their relationship to weather and climate 232
10 Contents
Fires in deciduous forests 235
Fire in the southern Alps 235
i Fire in the grasslands of North America 237
Fire in the deciduous forests of Australia 238
Impact of fire suppression on tree growth 238
Impact of lightning 239
12 Influence of Glacial Movement (Dendroglaciology) 241
Glacial-historical Methods 242
Trees near advancing glaciers 243
Reforestation of areas left behind after glacial retreat (ecesis) 245
Forests drowned in lakes dammed by advancing ice tongues 246
Reconstructing glacial movement 249
Glaciers in the Swiss Alps 249
Recent glacial movement in the Alps 252
Recent glacial movement in the Rocky Mountains 254
13 Influence of Tectonic and Volcanic Activity 257
Causing factors and reactions 258
Examples of dating volcanic eruptions 264
Mt St Helens and Sunset Crater 264
The Bronze Age eruption of the volcano Thera on
the Santorin islands in the Aegean Sea 265
The Laachersee volcano in the Eifel (Germany) 266
Volcanic eruptions influence climate 266
Examples of ground uplift and subsidence 267
Isostatic ground uplift 267
Tectonic uplift 267
Tsunamis, ground uplift and subsidence and landslides following earthquakes 268
Shifting shorelines along the Atlantic coast in New Brunswick, Canada 270
14 Influence of Mass Movement 271
Impact on trees 272
Rockfall 272
Erosion 274
Creeping and sliding slopes 276
Debris flows in the mountains 284
Rock slides 287
15 Influence of Animals 289
Stem scars caused by mammals and birds 291
Scars on young trees as a result of fraying, browsing
and ramming by hoofed animals 292
Beaver activity 295
Damage caused by porcupines 295
Trees ringed by woodpeckers 298
Browsing by wild and domestic animals 298
Defoliation caused by insects 302
Periodic larch bud moth (Zeiraphera diniana GN) outbreaks 302
Periodic cockchafer (Melolontha hippocastani and
Melolontha melelolontha) outbreaks 306
Contents U
Aperiodic spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana,
Ch occidentalis outbreaks 308
Hormonal disturbances of the cambial activity of Pinus halepensis
by the bast scale, Matsucoccus josephi 312
Compression-wood formation caused by the woolly aphid (Adelges piceae) 312
Pith flecks caused by cambium-mining insects (Agromyzidae, Diptera) 315
16 Influence of Fungi and Mistletoe 317
Impact of increment boring on a tree 318
Oak decline in northern Germany 321
Fungi that influence the cambium 322
Cancer (Cryphonectria [Endothia] parasitica) 323
Rust (Puccinia arrhenatheri) on berberitzen (Berberis v ulgaris) 323
Traumatic intercellular canals in cherry species 324
Gaps in a stand due to diseases 325
Mistletoe 326
17 The Mutual Influence of Competition and Cooperation 331
Competition 332
Population growth 333
Individual tree growth 335
Cooperation 337
The dynamics of shrub formations 339
18 Influence of Man 341
Fertilization 342
Impact of fertilization on volume growth 343
Relationship between fertilization, climate and tree growth in Central Europe 344
Impact of fertilization on the structure of the wood 345
Thinning in managed forests 345
Historical forest utilization 347
Tree Pruning 349
Pruning conifers 349
Pruning angiosperms 352
Pollarding 353
Replanting Trees 356
Resin tapping 357
Soil compression 359
Natural reforestation following anthropogenic utilization 360
Natural reforestation of agricultural land in Switzerland 361
Forest destruction and natural reforestation in the subalpine zone
in Colorado, USA 363
Decline of a century-old irrigation network in Valais, Switzerland 365
A protection forest on a rocky cliff 366
Influence of tree care on tree growth 367
Crown pruning 368
Grafting 368
Hypothesis of forest decline 369
Introduction 369
Main emphases in research 369
Dendrochronological methods 373
12 Contents
How do trees and forests die? 373
# How healthy or sick is a tree or a forest? 376
iDo climate and weather influence a tree s health? 386
Does anthropogenic pollution influence tree growth? 391
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as a growth-influencing factor 404
Using tree rings as chemical data carriers for
the construction of pollution chronologies 406
Prehistoric utilization of wood and forests 414
The utilization of wood and forests in prehistoric southern Central Europe 414
Raw materials for tools and appliances 416
Raw material for construction wood 418
Neolithic man influenced the landscape 420
Dated piles used as foundations for the reconstruction of forest utilization 421
Neolithic forest utilization 426
Sources of error 428
Forest utilization in recorded history 432
Wood transport 433
19 Influence of Climate (Dendroclimatology) 439
Introduction and questions 440
Methodical basics 441
Meteorological data 441
Site and stand selection 441
Technical methods 444
Analyzing continuous data series 445
Introduction 445
Material 446
Statistical methods 446
Tree-internal data series 449
Chronologies along changing gradients 450
Millennial chronologies 456
Chronologies from the tropics and subtropics 457
Chronologies from semiarid regions 460
Chronologies from subalpine and boreal zones in both hemispheres 466
Chronologies from temperate zones in the northern Hemisphere 470
Networks 471
Problems of interpretation of dendroclimatological networks 475
Growth rhythms over many years 477
Analyzing discontinuous data series 480
Definition of the terms: event years, pointer years, pointer values,
pointer intervals, and abrupt growth changes 480
Event years 483
Master plots 484
Geographical distribution of event years 486
Pointer years in trees and on sites 487
Pointer values along high elevation gradients 490
Pointer values in beech growing at ecological limits in Switzerland 497
Pointer years in different geographical regions 500
Drought 501
Summer temperatures 503
Wind stress 504
Pointer years specific to individual species 508
Contents 13
Pointer years caused by fruiting (mast year) 511
Cracks in the stem caused by drought 512
Cracks in the stem caused by frost 514
Injuries caused by hail 516
Difficulties in working with pointer years 517
Difficulties in working with response functions 518
Difficulties in working with mean curves 522
Growth zones in fossil stems are expressions of climatic conditions
in geological periods 524
The tree s architecture as an expression of climatic conditions 527
Examples from northern Quebec, Canada 527
Dating tree rings 528
Oscillations of tree limits as an expression of climatic changes 532
Plant reactions in relation to site factors 532
Recent oscillations in tree limits 535
History of Dendroclimatology 537
State of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century 537
Morphological variability of tree rings in different climate zones
and on different sites 539
The period of Andrew Ellicott Douglass (1867-1962) 541
Dendroclimatology in Europe between 1939 and 1961
The period of Bruno Huber 544
Development of dendrochronological research since the 1950s 548
20 Isotope Ratios as Temporal and Ecological Indicators 549
Basic information 550
The radioactive carbon (14C) (In memoriam Bernd Becker) 550
Impact of the earth s magnetic field causes a long-term variation 551
Sunspot activity has an impact on secular variations 552
Hydrogen bomb explosions 553
Impact of fossil-fuel burning on the ^C^C ratio 554
Consequence for the calibration of dating organic matter 554
Stable isotopes 556
Deuterium (WH= A2H or A D) 556
Oxygen 18 (18O/16O) 557
Carbon 13 (13C/12C) 558
Influence of climate on the 813C/12C 562
Perspectives in tree-ring research using stable isotopes 562
21 Literature 565
Index of Terms 603
|
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| id | DE-604.BV010990567 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T14:18:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3258054584 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007356397 |
| oclc_num | 36525890 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-703 DE-12 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-29 DE-Eb1 DE-83 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-703 DE-12 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-29 DE-Eb1 DE-83 DE-188 |
| physical | 609 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| publishDate | 1996 |
| publishDateSearch | 1996 |
| publishDateSort | 1996 |
| publisher | Haupt |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Schweingruber, Fritz Hans 1936-2020 Tree rings and environment dendroecology Dendrochronologie gtt Ecologie gtt Jaarringen gtt Umwelt Dendrochronology Tree-rings Environmental aspects Autökologie (DE-588)4143684-2 gnd Dendrochronologie (DE-588)4149072-1 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4143684-2 (DE-588)4149072-1 (DE-588)4043207-5 |
| title | Tree rings and environment dendroecology |
| title_auth | Tree rings and environment dendroecology |
| title_exact_search | Tree rings and environment dendroecology |
| title_full | Tree rings and environment dendroecology Fritz Hans Schweingruber |
| title_fullStr | Tree rings and environment dendroecology Fritz Hans Schweingruber |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tree rings and environment dendroecology Fritz Hans Schweingruber |
| title_short | Tree rings and environment dendroecology |
| title_sort | tree rings and environment dendroecology |
| topic | Dendrochronologie gtt Ecologie gtt Jaarringen gtt Umwelt Dendrochronology Tree-rings Environmental aspects Autökologie (DE-588)4143684-2 gnd Dendrochronologie (DE-588)4149072-1 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Dendrochronologie Ecologie Jaarringen Umwelt Dendrochronology Tree-rings Environmental aspects Autökologie Ökologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007356397&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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