Antitrust in a global economy this volume contains articles based upon lectures delivered in condensed form, followed by panel discussions, during the Twentieth Annual Fordham Corporate Law Institute on Antitrust in a Global Economy on October 21 and 22, 1993
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Transnational Juris Publ. u.a.
1994
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| Schriftenreihe: | Fordham Corporate Law Institute: Annual proceedings of the Fordham Corporate Law Institute
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Antitrust in a global economy |b this volume contains articles based upon lectures delivered in condensed form, followed by panel discussions, during the Twentieth Annual Fordham Corporate Law Institute on Antitrust in a Global Economy on October 21 and 22, 1993 |c ed.: Barry Hawk |
| 264 | 1 | |a Irvington-on-Hudson, NY |b Transnational Juris Publ. u.a. |c 1994 | |
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| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD III CHAPTER 1 CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN
ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT BY ANNE K. BINGAMAN 1 CHAPTER 2 PERSPECTIVES ON
U.S. INTERNATIONAL ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT BY JANET D. STEIGER I.
INTRODUCTION 15 II. RECENT INTERNATIONAL ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS 16 III.
COOPERATION IN DEVELOPING STRONG COMPETITION EN- FORCEMENT WORLDWIDE 21
IV. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, COORDINATION AND HARMON- IZATION 24 A.
COOPERATION: THE U.S.-EC COOPERATION AGREEMENT 25 1. NOTIFICATION 26 2.
INFORMATION SHARING 26 3. COMITY 26 B. COORDINATION 26 C. SUBSTANTIVE
HARMONIZATION 27 V. NAFTA 29 VI FORDHAM CORPORATE LAW INSTITUTE VI.
CONCLUSION 30 CHAPTER 3 A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE FEDERAL TRADE
COMMISSION S INVESTIGATIVE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY BY JAMES C.
EGAN, JR. I. INVESTIGATIVE AUTHORITY 31 A. INGENERAL 31 B. SPECIFIC
INVESTIGATIVE POWERS 32 II. ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY 34 A. CONSUMER
PROTECTION 35 1. ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT 35 A. ADJUDICATION 35 B.
RULEMAKING 37 2. JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT 37 B. ANTITRUST 39 1.
ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT 39 A. ADJUDICATION 39 B. RULEMAKING 40 2.
JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT 40 III. LITIGATING AUTHORITY 40 CHAPTER 4 EC AND
U.S. EXTRATERRITORIALITY: ACTIVISM AND COOPERATION BY JOSEPH P. GRIFFIN
I. INTRODUCTION 43 II. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EC 44 A. ARTICLES 85(1) AND
86 44 B. INTERNATIONAL COMITY 47 C. REGULATION OF MERGERS AND JOINT
VENTURES 49 D. RECENT ENFORCEMENT POLICY 51 III. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE U.S
52 A. SECTIONS 1 AND 2 OF THE SHERMAN ACT 52 TABLE OF CONTENTS VII B.
INTERNATIONAL COMITY 55 C. MERGERS AND JOINT VENTURES 58 D. RECENT
ENFORCEMENT POLICY 61 IV. THE EC/U.S. ANTITRUST COOPERATION AGREEMENT 63
A. POSITIVE COMITY 66 B. AVOIDANCE OF CONFLICTS 67 V. IMPLICATIONS FOR
THE FUTURE 68 A. IMPLEMENT VS. EFFECT 68 B. APPRECIABLE VS.
SUBSTANTIAL EFFECT 70 C. INTERNATIONAL COMITY 70 1. ACTIONS INITIATED
BY THE U.S. GOVERNMENT 71 2. COMITY AND COMPULSION 74 VI. CONCLUSION 78
CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTING COMPETITION POLICY ON RECENTLY LIBERALIZED
ECONOMIES: THE CASE OF VENEZUELA BY ANA JULIA JATAR I. INTRODUCTION 79
II. ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA 80 III. SOME VENEZUELAN
BACKGROUND: ECONOMIC POLICY AND THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK 81 A. PRICE CONTROLS
AND TRADE POLICY: THEIR IMPACT ON MARKET STRUCTURE AND COMPETITION 82
TABLE 1 CONCENTRATION OF PRODUCTION IN LATIN AMERICA 83 TABLE 2
INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATION FOR SELECTED INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN VENEZUELA BY
THREE DIGIT CIIU, 1990 83 IV. THE LEGAL BACKGROUND 86 A. THE LAW TO
PROMOTE AND PROTECT THE EXERCISE OF FREE COMPETITION 87 B. GOALS AND
SCOPE OF THE COMPETITION LAW 88 C. GENERAL AND PARTICULAR PROHIBITIONS
88 D. BILATERAL RESTRICTIVE PRACTICES 89 E. UNILATERAL CONDUCT
RESTRICTING COMPETITION 89 VIII FORDHAM CORPORATE LAW INSTITUTE FIGURE
1. PROHIBITIONS UNDER THE VENEZUELAN LAW . 90 F. MERGERS AND
ACQUISITIONS 90 G. THE ENFORCEMENT AGENCY AND THE PENALTIES 91 H.
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE LAW 91 I. GENERAL COMMENTS 93 V.
COMPETITION POLICY DILEMMAS 94 A. CONSUMER WELFARE VS. FAIRNESS 94 B.
THE CONDUCT VS. STRUCTURE DEBATE 96 VI. COMPETITION POLICY IN PRACTICE
97 A. FROM CONTROLLING PRICES TO PROSECUTING CARTELS 97 B. THE CRISIS OF
INSTITUTIONS CREATED FOR COOPERATION AMONG COMPETITORS 98 C. CONFLICTS
WITH OTHER EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL STRUCTURES 99 D. PRICE
FIXING AGREEMENTS: THE CARACAS STOCK EX- CHANGE CASE 100 E. GOVERNMENT
REGULATIONS AS BARRIERS TO ENTRY 100 F. SPECIAL PROBLEMS WITH THE
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 101 G. FROM INWARD-LOOKING, HIGHLY DIVERSIFIED
INDUS- TRIES TO INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS: HOW TO ENFORCE MERGER
REGULATIONS 102 VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 104 A. THE LAW MAKES
ILLEGAL THOSE PRACTICES THAT HAVE BEEN ACCEPTED OR EVEN PROMOTED BY THE
GOVERN- MENT 104 B. SETTING COMPETITION GOALS: EMPHASIS ON EFFICIENCY
MUST BE MADE FROM THE START 105 C. DEREGULATION BECOMES AN IMPORTANT
STRATEGY TO DEAL WITH SOME ANTICOMPETITIVE STRUCTURES 106 D. ANTITRUST
AS A COMPLEMENT OF TRADE LIBERALIZA- TION 106 E. THE COMPETITION LAW AS
A SIGNALING DEVICE 107 TABLE OF CONTENTS I X CHAPTER 6 INTERNATIONAL
ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT BY A. PAUL VICTOR ANNE K. BINGAMAN TERRY CALVANI
DR. ANA JULIA JATAR MARK R. JOELSON JANET D. STEIGER DR. KURT STOCKMANN
PANEL DISCUSSION 109 CHAPTER 7 EC ANTITRUST LAW AND ENERGY BY KURT
LENNART RITTER I. INTRODUCTION 127 II. REVIEW OF THE BASIC TREATY
PROVISIONS MOST LIKELY TO APPLY IN THE ENERGY SECTOR 131 A. MEANS FOR
HARMONIZING NATIONAL LAW 131 B. APPLICATION OF EXISTING COMMUNITY LAW
132 1. PROVISIONS ADDRESSED TO MEMBER STATES 132 2. PROVISIONS ADDRESSED
TO COMPANIES (UNDER- TAKINGS) 133 C. EXCEPTIONS FOR REASONS OF PUBLIC
INTEREST 134 III. THE COMMISSION S CHOICE OF APPROACH TO LIBERALIZA-
TION 137 IV. HARMONIZATION 138 A. EFFORTS AND PRIORITIES OF THE
COMMISSION 138 1. PHASE 1: COUNCIL DIRECTIVES ON PRICE TRANS- PARENCY
AND THE TRANSIT OF ELECTRICITY AND GAS, 1990ANDL991 139 2. PHASE 2:
DIRECTIVE PROPOSALS OF 1992 ON PRO- DUCTION, LINE CONSTRUCTION,
UNBUNDLING AND TPA 140 X FORDHAM CORPORATE LAW INSTITUTE 3. PHASE 3:
EXPANDED TPA INCLUDING SMALLER INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMERS AND DISTRIBUTION
COMPA- NIES (PLANNED FOR 1995) 142 B. CURRENT STATUS OF THE PROGRAM 143
1. OBJECTIONS OF THE COUNCIL 143 2. POSSIBLE REACTIONS OF THE COMMISSION
144 V. EFFORTS OF THE COMMISSION WITH RESPECT TO THE APPLICATION OF
EXISTING COMMUNITY LAW 146 A. PROCEEDINGS AGAINST MEMBER STATES 146 B.
PROCEEDINGS AGAINST UNDERTAKINGS 146 1. ELECTRICITY 146 A. IMPORTS 146
B. EXPORTS 147 C. NEW INDEPENDENT POWER GENERATORS 148 D. NEW POWER
LINES 149 E. TPA 150 2. GAS 151 A. IMPORTS 151 B. TERRITORIAL
RESTRICTIONS 151 C. TPA 152 3. PRICE DISCRIMINATION 152 4. FINAL REMARKS
ON THE CASES 153 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE 154 TABLE 1.
ELECTRICITY PRICES FOR INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS 157 TABLE 2. GAS PRICES FOR
INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS 157 CHAPTER 8 EEC COMPETITION LAW IN THE ENERGY
SECTOR BY WILLIAM T. LIFLAND JACQUES H. J. BOURGEOIS DR. KURT RITTER
PANEL DISCUSSION 159 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI CHAPTER 9 DEALING WITH ABUSE
OF MARKET POWER BY SIR BRYAN CARSBERG DR. MARTIN HOWE I. INTRODUCTION
165 II. OUTLINE OF THE LAW 166 III. SCOPE OF THE LAW 170 IV. CASE
SELECTION 175 V. GUIDANCE AND TRANSPARENCY 178 VI. POWERS AND PENALTIES
179 VII. CONCLUSION 183 CHAPTER 10 COMPETITION AND EFFICIENCY BY
FREDERIC JENNY I. INTRODUCTION 185 II. THE GOALS OF ANTITRUST LAW 187
III. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND ANTITRUST LAW 197 A. ARE MONOPOLY RENTS
PERMANENT? 200 B. ARE SOCIAL COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH NONCOMPETITIVE
SITUATIONS IMPORTANT? 201 C. STATIC INEFFICIENCIES VERSUS DYNAMIC
INEFFICIENCIES . 205 D. HOW SHOULD AN ANTITRUST LAW INCORPORATING THE
TEACHINGS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS BE DESIGNED? 207 IV. EFFICIENT
ENFORCEMENT OF A COMPETITION POLICY DE- SIGNED TO PROMOTE EFFICIENCY 212
V. CONCLUSION 218 XII FORDHAM CORPORATE LAW INSTITUTE CHAPTER 11 PRIVATE
RIGHTS AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST UNDER CANADA S COMPETITION ACT:
PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS AND THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE DIRECTOR OF
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH BY GEORGE N. ADDY I. INTRODUCTION 221 A.
INDEPENDENCE OF THE DIRECTOR 223 B. TRANSPARENCY 225 II. RIGHTS OF
DEFENDANTS: PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS WITH RESPECT TO THE DIRECTOR S
INVESTIGATORY POWERS 226 A. INFORMATION-GATHERING POWERS 226 1. WRITTEN
RETURNS, PRODUCTION OF RECORDS AND ORAL EXAMINATIONS 226 2. SEARCH AND
SEIZURE 227 B. PROTECTION WITH RESPECT TO DISCLOSURE OF INFORMA- TION
229 1. SECTION29 230 A. CANADIAN-LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY 230 B. THE
PURPOSES OF THE ADMINISTRATION OR ENFORCEMENT OF THIS ACT 231 2.
NON-SECTION 29 INFORMATION 232 III. RIGHTS OF COMPLAINANTS: PROCEDURAL
SAFEGUARDS WITH RESPECT TO NONENFORCEMENT DECISIONS BY THE DIREC- TOR
233 A. PUBLIC ENFORCEMENT 233 1. INQUIRY 233 A. COMPELLING AN INQUIRY
233 B. ACCOUNTABILITY DURING INQUIRY 234 C. DISCONTINUANCE OF INQUIRY
235 2. PROCEEDING TO LITIGATION 235 A. PROSECUTION BY THE ATTORNEY
GENERAL BE- FORE THE COURTS 236 B. APPLICATION BY THE DIRECTOR TO THE
TRIBU- NAL 236 B. PRIVATE ACTION: SECTION 36 238 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII
1. CONSTITUTIONALITY 238 2. AVAILABILITY OF PRIVATE ACTION 239 A. SCOPE
240 B. EQUITABLE RELIEF 240 C. BURDEN OF PROOF. 240 D. OTHER
CONSIDERATIONS 241 IV. CONCLUSION 241 CHAPTER 12 CASE SELECTION AND
ENFORCEMENT PRIORITIES BY GEORGE N. ADDY SIR BRYAN CARSBERG FREDERIC
JENNY JANET D. STEIGER DR. KURT STOCKMANN DR. JOHN TEMPLE LANG
ROUNDTABLE ONE 243 CHAPTER 13 INVESTIGATORY POWERS, FACT FINDING,
PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES, TRANSPARENCY AND INDEPENDENCE BY BERNARD VAN DE
WALLE DE GHELCKE I. INTRODUCTION 279 II. INVESTIGATORY POWERS 280 A.
METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS IN GENERAL 280 B. SPECIFIC ISSUES 282 C. IMPACT
OF THE INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE ON LATER PROCEEDINGS 286 III. FACT
FINDING 286 A. MONITORING AND PERMANENT SURVEILLANCE 286 B. FACT FINDING
IN SPECIFIC CASES 287 C. ORGANIZATION AND USE OF FACTUAL EVIDENCE 288
IV. PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES 288 A. WHICH PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES? 289 XIV
FORDHAM CORPORATE LAW INSTITUTE B. AT WHAT STAGE CAN REMEDIES BE
EFFECTIVELY EXER- CISED? 290 C. RIGHTS OF PLAINTIFFS AND THIRD PARTIES
291 V. TRANSPARENCY 292 A. PROCEDURAL TRANSPARENCY INCLUDING SPECIFIC
CASES 292 B. TRANSPARENCY REGARDING POLICY 293 VI. INDEPENDENCE 293 A.
THE PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENCE 293 B. FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE 294 CHAPTER
14 INVESTIGATORY POWERS, FACT FINDING, PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES,
TRANSPARENCY AND INDEPENDENCE OF ANTITRUST AUTHORITIES IN SPAIN BY J. E.
SORIANO I. INTRODUCTION 295 II. METHODS AND GENERAL INSTRUMENTS 297 A.
INVESTIGATORY POWERS 297 B. CONFIDENTIALITY 298 C. COMPLIANCE 298 D.
INTERIM ARBITRATION 298 III. SPECIFIC ISSUES 299 A. ON-THE-SPOT
INSPECTIONS 299 B. WRITTEN REQUESTS OF INFORMATION 300 C. IMPACT OF THE
INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE ON LATER PROCEEDINGS 300 D. FACT FINDING IN
SPECIFIC CASES 301 E. ORGANIZATION AND THE USE OF FACTUAL EVIDENCE 301
F. PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES 302 G. AT WHAT STAGE MAY POWERS BE EXERCISED?
302 1. PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES AT ANY STAGE? 302 2. PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES
AT THE PREDECISIONAL STAGE 303 H. CONFIDENTIAL FILES 303 I. RIGHTS OF
THE PLAINTIFFS AND THIRD PARTIES 304 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV J.
TRANSPARENCY 304 K. INDEPENDENCE 305 CHAPTER 15 INVESTIGATORY POWERS OF
ANTITRUST AUTHORITIES AND PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES UNDER GERMAN LAW BY KURT
STOCKMANN I. INTRODUCTION 307 II. INVESTIGATORY POWERS 310 A.
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS 310 1. GENERAL REMARKS 310 2. CARTEL
AUTHORITIES 311 A. REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION 312 B. INSPECTION,
EXAMINATION, SEARCH AND SEIZURE 315 C. WITNESSES AND EXPERTS 316 D.
LEGAL REMEDIES 317 3. COURTS 318 B. ADMINISTRATIVE-FINE PROCEEDINGS 318
1. GENERAL REMARKS 318 2. CARTEL AUTHORITIES 319 A. REQUESTS FOR
INFORMATION 319 B. SEARCH AND SEIZURE 320 C. WITNESSES AND EXPERTS 322
D. LEGAL REMEDIES 322 3. COURTS 323 III. PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES 323 A.
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS 323 1. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS BEFORE
CARTEL AUTHORITIES 323 A. INSTITUTION OF PROCEEDINGS 323 B. ADMISSION TO
PROCEEDINGS 324 C. RIGHT TO BE HEARD 325 D. ORALHEARING 326 E. ACCESS TO
FILES 326 XVI FORDHAM CORPORATE LAW INSTITUTE F. STATEMENT OF REASONS,
LEGAL REMEDIES AND SERVICE 327 2. APPEALS IN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
328 A. RIGHT TO APPEAL 328 B. SUSPENSIVE EFFECT 329 C. ORAL HEARING 330
D. ACCESS TO FILES 330 E. DECISION ON THE APPEAL 331 3. APPEALS ON
POINTS OF LAW IN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS 331 A. RIGHT TO APPEAL ON
POINTS OF LAW 331 B. REASONS FOR APPEAL ON POINTS OF LAW 332 C. DECISION
ON THE APPEAL ON POINTS OF LAW .. 333 B. ADMINISTRATIVE-FINE PROCEEDINGS
333 1. CARTEL AUTHORITIES 333 A. RIGHT TO BE HEARD: DEFENSE ATTORNEY 333
B. ACCESS TO FILES 334 C. STATEMENT OF REASONS, LEGAL REMEDIES AND
SERVICE 334 D. PUBLICITY 334 2. APPEALS IN ADMINISTRATIVE-FINE
PROCEEDINGS... 335 3. APPEALS ON POINTS OF LAW IN FINE PROCEED- INGS 335
CHAPTER 16 INVESTIGATORY POWERS, FACT FINDING, PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES,
TRANSPARENCY AND INDEPENDENCE OF ANTITRUST AUTHORITIES BY BERNARD VAN DE
WALLE DE GHELCKE GEORGE N. ADDY SIR BRYAN CARSBERG JAMES C. EGAN DR.
MARTIN HEIDENHAIN GIULIANO MARENCO JOSE E. SORIANO GARCIA DR. KURT
STOCLUNANN ROUNDTABLE TWO 337 TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII CHAPTER 17
CONTROLLING THE SHIFTING SANDS: MINORITY SHAREHOLDINGS UNDER EEC
COMPETITION LAW BY BARRY E. HAWK HENRY L. HUSER I. INTRODUCTION 373 II.
BEFORE THE SHIFTS BEGIN: EEC CONTROL THRESHOLDS AFTER PHILIP MORRIS 375
A. THE PHILIP MORRIS JUDGMENT 376 B. POST-PHILIP MORRIS COMMENTARIES AND
DECISIONS 378 C. SUMMARY 381 III. THE SANDS BEGIN TO SHIFT: EXPANDING
THE CONCEPT OF DECISIVE INFLUENCE UNDER THE MERGER REGULATION 382 A.
SOLE CONTROL 383 B. JOINT CONTROL 386 C. SUMMARY 392 IV. SHAVING TOO
CLOSELY IN A SANDSTORM? GILLETTE S EXPAN- SION OF THE PHILIP MORRIS
INFLUENCE STANDARD 394 A. SHIFTING THE LOWER BOUNDARY OF THE PHILIP
MORRIS INFLUENCE STANDARD: SOME INFLUENCE UNDER AR- TICLE 86 395 B.
SHIFTING THE UPPER BOUNDARY OF THE PHILIP MORRIS INFLUENCE STANDARD?:
BACK DOOR APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 85 TO CONCENTRATIONS 402 V.
CONCLUSION 407 CHAPTER 18 MERGER POLICY AND MARKET DEFINITION UNDER THE
EC MERGER REGULATION BY DENNIS W. CARLTON WILLIAM D. BISHOP I.
INTRODUCTION 409 II. EVIDENCE ON MERGERS 410 XVIII FORDHAM CORPORATE LAW
INSTITUTE A. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES 416 B. APPLICATION IN THE U.S. AND
EUROPE 421 IV. DIFFERENCES IN STRINGENCY OF ENFORCEMENT 422 V. SHOULD
THERE BE ANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE EC IN MERGER POLICY?
424 BIBLIOGRAPHY 426 FIGURE 1 ANNUAL NUMBER OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS
428 FIGURE 2 ANNUAL NUMBER OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS PER BILLION
DOLLARS OF REAL GNP 429 FIGURE 3 RATIO OF ASSETS ACQUIRED TO GNP 430
FIGURE 4 NUMBER OF MERGERS AND THEIR VALUE 431 FIGURE 5 NUMBER OF
MERGERS AND THEIR VALUE AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP 432 FIGURE 6 DEADWEIGHT
LOSS FROM MONOPOLY 433 FIGURE 7 EFFICIENCIES VS. COMPETITIVE HARM 434
CHAPTER 19 COMMITMENTS IN EC MERGER CONTROL BY DR. MARTIN HEIDENHAIN I.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 435 II. OBLIGATIONS IN THE FIRST PHASE PROCEEDINGS
439 III. OBLIGATIONS IN THE SECOND PHASE PROCEEDINGS 441 IV. OBLIGATIONS
IN NESTLE I PERRIER AND DUPONT/ICI 443 V. SUMMARY 448 CHAPTER 20 EEC
MERGER REGULATION BY PROFESSOR ELEANOR FOX PROFESSOR DENNIS W. CARLTON
PROFESSOR BARRY E. HAWK DR. MARTIN HEIDENHAIN FREDERIC JENNY GIULIANO
MARENCO PANEL DISCUSSION 451 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX CHAPTER 21 EC
COMPETITION LAW AND MEMBER STATE COURTS BY JACQUES H. J. BOURGEOIS I.
INTRODUCTION 475 A. PRELIMINARY FACTS AND FIGURES 476 TABLE 1 NUMBER OF
ARTICLE 85 AND 86 CASES ENFORCED BY NATIONAL COURTS 476 TABLE 2
ENFORCEMENT OF EC COMPETITION LAW BY EC COMMISSION 477 II. OVERVIEW OF
THE LAW ON ENFORCEMENT OF EEC COMPE- TITION RULES 479 A. GENERAL ASPECTS
OF EC COMPETITION LAW 479 B. EC LAW ENFORCEMENT BY NATIONAL COURTS 481
III. THE NOTICE 485 A. THE COMMISSION S ENFORCEMENT POLICY 485 1. THE
RESPECTIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION AND NATIONAL COURTS 485 2. EFFECT
OF THE REJECTION OF A COMPLAINT 486 B. COMMISSION VIEWS ON THE
APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 85 AND 86 BY NATIONAL COURTS 487 1. ENFORCEMENT
OF ARTICLE 85(1) 487 2. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 85(3) 489 C. COOPERATION
BETWEEN NATIONAL COURTS AND THE COMMISSION 491 1. INFORMATION OF A
PROCEDURAL NATURE 491 2. INFORMATION OF A LEGAL NATURE 491 3.
INFORMATION OF A FACTUAL NATURE 492 4. SOME COMMENTS 492 IV. CONCLUSION
494 XX FORDHAM CORPORATE LAW INSTITUTE CHAPTER 22 ROLE OF COURTS:
JUDICIAL REVIEW OF COMPETITION AUTHORITIES AND PRIVATE ACTIONS BY
JACQUES H. J. BOURGEOIS JUDGE CHRISTOPHER BELLAMY DR. MARTIN HEIDENHAIN
FREDERIC JENNY GIULIANO MARENCO DR. KURT STOCKMANN ROUNDTABLE THREE 497
CHAPTER 23 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND THE ENFORCEMENT
OF COMMUNITY ANTITRUST LAW BY JOHN TEMPLE LANG I. INTRODUCTION 525 II.
SOME CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 527 III. WHY
DID THE COMMUNITY NEED AN ANTITRUST LAW? 534 A. SHOULD NATIONAL
COMPETITION AUTHORITIES APPLY COMMUNITY COMPETITION LAW? 537 B. WHAT
MEASURES ARE NOW NEEDED TO ENABLE NA- TIONAL AUTHORITIES TO APPLY
COMMUNITY COMPETI- TION LAW EFFECTIVELY? 543 C. THE PRINCIPLE OF
SUBSIDIARITY IN COMMUNITY ANTI- TRUST LAW TODAY 543 D. EXISTING RULES
REGULATING THE POWERS OF NATIONAL ANTITRUST AUTHORITIES WHEN APPLYING
COMMUNITY ANTITRUST LAW 546 E. ANTITRUST CASES HANDLED BY NATIONAL
ANTITRUST AUTHORITIES 549 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI F. EXCLUSIVE POWERS OF
THE COMMISSION: THE MERGER REGULATION 550 G. EXCLUSIVE POWERS OF THE
COMMISSION: THE ECSC TREATY 551 H. OTHER EXCLUSIVE POWERS OF THE
COMMISSION 552 I. EXCLUSIVE POWERS OF NATIONAL ANTITRUST AUTHORITIES 553
J. EFFECTS OF GROUP EXEMPTIONS 553 K. EFFECTS OF INDIVIDUAL DECISIONS OF
THE COMMISSION.. 562 L. EFFECTS OF THE COMMISSION S ADMINISTRATIVE
LETTERS 566 M. COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL EFFECTS OF FINDINGS OF FACT IN
DECISIONS APPLYING COMMUNITY ANTITRUST LAW 568 N. COOPERATION BETWEEN
THE COMMISSION AND NATION- AL AUTHORITIES IN CASES UNDER COMMUNITY LAW
571 O. OTHER DUTIES OF COOPERATION IN THE CONDUCT OF CASES BEING DEALT
WITH UNDER COMMUNITY LAW AND NATIONAL LAW 575 P. COOPERATION WITH
NONCOMPETITION AUTHORITIES PRI- MARILY APPLYING NATIONAL LAW 580 Q. TO
WHAT EXTENT WOULD NATIONAL AUTHORITIES ACTIONS BIND THE COMMISSION? 583
R. CASES IN WHICH THE MEMBER STATE OR A STATE COMPANY IS THE REAL
DEFENDANT 585 S. COMMISSION PRIORITIES IF THERE WERE EFFECTIVE NATIONAL
ENFORCEMENT OF EC ANTITRUST LAW 587 T. SHOULD NATIONAL LAWS BE SIMILAR
TO COMMUNITY COMPETITION LAW? 589 U. TO WHAT EXTENT ARE NATIONAL
COMPETITION LAWS BASED ON COMMUNITY LAW AN ADEQUATE SUBSTITUTE FOR
APPLYING COMMUNITY LAW? 589 V. A COMMUNITY REGULATION ON THE PROCEDURE
OF NATIONAL ANTITRUST AUTHORITIES WHEN APPLYING COMMUNITY LAW 594 W.
SHOULD NATIONAL ANTITRUST AUTHORITIES HAVE POWER TO APPLY ARTICLE 85(3)?
597 X. SHOULD NATIONAL AUTHORITIES HAVE POWER TO WITH- DRAW A GROUP
EXEMPTION FROM INDIVIDUAL AGREE- MENTS? 601 XXII FORDHAM CORPORATE LAW
INSTITUTE Y. SHOULD NATIONAL ANTITRUST AUTHORITIES HAVE POWER TO REFER
QUESTIONS OF COMMUNITY LAW TO THE COURT IN LUXEMBOURG? 602 IV.
CONCLUSION 603 CHAPTER 24 THE UNEASY ENFORCEMENT OF ARTICLE 85 EEC AS
BETWEEN COMMUNITY AND NATIONAL LEVELS BY GIULIANO MARENCO I.
INTRODUCTION 605 II. POWERS OF THE COMMISSION 606 A. NEGATIVE CLEARANCES
606 B. EXEMPTIONS 607 C. THE POWER TO FIND AN INFRINGEMENT 608 III.
POWERS OF NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION 610 IV. POWERS OF NATIONAL COURTS 612
V. INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE POWERS OF THE COMMIS- SION, THE
NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND THE NATIONAL COURTS 614 VI. HOW THE SYSTEM
HAS WORKED AND ATTEMPTS TO IMPROVE IT 620 CHAPTER 25 ENFORCEMENT BY
NATIONAL AUTHORITIES OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND MEMBER STATES ANTITRUST
LAW BY MIGUEL A. FERNANDEZ ORDONEZ I. THE BACKLOG 629 II. WHY NATIONAL
AUTHORITIES ARE NOT APPLYING EC ANTITRUST LAW 630 III. THE LONG-TERM:
INDEPENDENCE OF EC ANTITRUST AU- THORITIES AND PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES 631
A. ON THE INDEPENDENCE AND THE JURISDICTION OF THE EC ANTITRUST
AUTHORITY 632 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIII B. PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES 633 IV.
THE SHORT-TERM MEANS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN NATIONAL AND COMMUNITY
AUTHORITIES 634 A. ON THE ISSUE OF DISTRIBUTION OF JURISDICTION 634 1.
THE SYSTEM WORKS 635 2. THE SYSTEM DOES NOT WORK 635 B. ON PROCEDURAL
CHANGES 636 V. THE DEREGULATION OF ANTITRUST LEGISLATION 636 CHAPTER 26
ENFORCEMENT OF EC AND NATIONAL COMPETITION LAW BY MEMBER STATE
COMPETITION AUTHORITIES BY DR. JOHN TEMPLE LANG JACQUES H. J. BOURGEOIS
SIR BRYAN CARSBERG MIGUEL A. FERNANDEZ ORDONEZ FREDERIC JENNY DR. KURT
STOCKMANN ROUNDTABLE FOUR 639
|
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T13:37:41Z |
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| isbn | 1564250342 9065448292 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XXIII, 662 S. |
| publishDate | 1994 |
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| spellingShingle | Antitrust in a global economy this volume contains articles based upon lectures delivered in condensed form, followed by panel discussions, during the Twentieth Annual Fordham Corporate Law Institute on Antitrust in a Global Economy on October 21 and 22, 1993 Antitrustpolitik (DE-588)4128555-4 gnd |
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| title | Antitrust in a global economy this volume contains articles based upon lectures delivered in condensed form, followed by panel discussions, during the Twentieth Annual Fordham Corporate Law Institute on Antitrust in a Global Economy on October 21 and 22, 1993 |
| title_auth | Antitrust in a global economy this volume contains articles based upon lectures delivered in condensed form, followed by panel discussions, during the Twentieth Annual Fordham Corporate Law Institute on Antitrust in a Global Economy on October 21 and 22, 1993 |
| title_exact_search | Antitrust in a global economy this volume contains articles based upon lectures delivered in condensed form, followed by panel discussions, during the Twentieth Annual Fordham Corporate Law Institute on Antitrust in a Global Economy on October 21 and 22, 1993 |
| title_full | Antitrust in a global economy this volume contains articles based upon lectures delivered in condensed form, followed by panel discussions, during the Twentieth Annual Fordham Corporate Law Institute on Antitrust in a Global Economy on October 21 and 22, 1993 ed.: Barry Hawk |
| title_fullStr | Antitrust in a global economy this volume contains articles based upon lectures delivered in condensed form, followed by panel discussions, during the Twentieth Annual Fordham Corporate Law Institute on Antitrust in a Global Economy on October 21 and 22, 1993 ed.: Barry Hawk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antitrust in a global economy this volume contains articles based upon lectures delivered in condensed form, followed by panel discussions, during the Twentieth Annual Fordham Corporate Law Institute on Antitrust in a Global Economy on October 21 and 22, 1993 ed.: Barry Hawk |
| title_short | Antitrust in a global economy |
| title_sort | antitrust in a global economy this volume contains articles based upon lectures delivered in condensed form followed by panel discussions during the twentieth annual fordham corporate law institute on antitrust in a global economy on october 21 and 22 1993 |
| title_sub | this volume contains articles based upon lectures delivered in condensed form, followed by panel discussions, during the Twentieth Annual Fordham Corporate Law Institute on Antitrust in a Global Economy on October 21 and 22, 1993 |
| topic | Antitrustpolitik (DE-588)4128555-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Antitrustpolitik Konferenzschrift 1993 New York, NY |
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