The dhimmi jews and Christians under Islam
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Rutherford
Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
[1985]
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| Ausgabe: | Revised and enlarged English translation |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The dhimmi |b jews and Christians under Islam |c Bat Ye'or ; with a preface by Jacques Ellul ; translated from the French by David Maisel, Paul Fenton and David Littman |
| 250 | |a Revised and enlarged English translation | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Rutherford |b Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |c [1985] | |
| 300 | |a 444 Seiten |b Illustrationen |c 24 cm | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Dhimmis - History | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgments Author’s Note Abbreviations Illustrations Preface by Jacques Ellul Introduction լ7 19 շ¡ 23 25 35 PART ONE 1 HISTORICAL OUTLINE Origins of the Dhimma 43 47 2 ASPECTS OF THE DHIMMI CONDITION Conquest and Annexation of Territories Discriminatory Taxes a) Kharaj b) Jizya c) Other Taxes (avariz: irregular taxes) Public Administration Inequality before the Law: Invalidity of the Dhimmi’s Oath Religion a) Places of Worship b) Liturgy c) Persecutions and Forced Conversions Segregation and Humiliation Process of Colonization 51 51 52 52 53 54 55 56 57 57 59 60 62 67 FOREIGN PROTECTION Commercial and Political Protections Interfaith Relations Factors of Political Manipulation Economic and Religious Rivalries Nationalism 78 80 86 88 91 93 3 4 EMANCIPATION * Muslim Reaction From Emancipation to National Independence 7 98 105 107
8 Contents PART ľWO Г) b 7 JIHAI) AND DHIMMA: MODERNFORMULATIONS The Jihad against Israel The Palestinian Dhiimna Arab Nationalism and Dhimmi Condition Arab Umma, and Dhimmi State: Israel—the Ideological Conflict Opprobrium as a Necessity Production of՜ Hatred III F DHIMMI ARCHETYPE INMODERN ARAB NATIONALISM Archetype and Condition The Dhimmi Archetype in the Arab-Palestinian Consciousness Ibleration or Oppression? Fundamentalism Present and Future: a Challenge PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS: EHE DEGRADATION AND NOBILITY OF EHE OPPRESSED Ehe Super-Ego of the Dominating Group Alienation of the Dhimmi The Dhimmi Syndrome Exclusion of the Dhimmis from History Oriental Zionism Ehe Existential Significance of the Dhimmis’ Condition Community Eies Messianic Expectations Epilogue 113 П4 118 119 122 124 125 127 127 130 !31 133 137 140 140 141 143 144 146 150 153 154 156 DOCUMENTS I JURISTS’ TEXTS 1. Jihad (Ihn Ahi Zayd aUQayrawani, Ihn Khaldun) 2. Conquest Peace treaty between Habib b. Musiamo and the (հոտէաոտ of Tiflis (Georgia, circa 653) The conquest of Christian Armenia The conquest of Christian Egypt Umar b. al-Khattab’s letter to Su’d b. Abu Wakkas, the conqueror of as-Sawad (Iraq) How the land a nd the inhabitants of as-Sawad should be considered (al-Baladhuri) 161 162 162 163 163 164 164
Contents 3. Fate of the Annexed Territories and Conquered Peoples Umar b. al-Khattab (634-644) replies to the Muslims who demand the sharing out of the lands of Iraq and Syria (-Palestine) amongst the conquerors The people of the countries of war and the bedouin who converted to preserve their lands and possessions Difference between tithed land and kharaj land Concerning the costume and appearance of the tributaries Letter from Umar to Abu Ubay da after the conquest of Syria and Palestine Battle procedures (Abu Yusuf) 4. Dhimmi Taxation and its Usage Booty Fay (Ibn Taymiyya) 5. Jizya and Kharaj (11th century) Poll tax and land tax (al-Mawardi) 6. Expulsion of the Natives from State Administration Traditions concerning the caliph Umar b. al-Khattab (634-644) Some of the conquerors’ regulations in Syria-Palestine Caliph Umar b. Abd al-Aziz (717—720) to the imperial governors (Ghazi b. al-Wasiti) 7. Constraints on Dhimmis Churches Poll-tax (Ibn Naqqash) 8. Decree of Caliph al-Mutawakkil (850) (al-Tabari) 9. Zoomorphic Discriminatory Badges(9th century) (al-Maliki) 10. Dhimmis’ Servitudes in Seville (circa 1100) (Ibn Abdun) 11. The Jizya’s Meaning: Edict of Caliph al-Amir bi-Akham Illah (1101-1130) (Ibn Naqqash) 12. Forced Conversions in the Maghreb (al-Marrakushi) 13. Prestige and Honour Forbidden to Jews and Christians (circa 1220) (Ibn al-Fuwati) 14. Dhimmis in the Maghreb and Egypt (1301) (Ibn Naqqash) 15. Synagogues and Churches (Ibn Taymiyya) 16. Places of Worship, Clothes, and Behavior of Dhimmis 9 165 165 165 167 169 170 170 172 172 173 175 175 180 180 181 182 183 185
185 186 187 187 188 189 190 192 194 196
10 17. 18. 19. 20. Contents Distinctive clothing (Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya) Dismissal of Christian Officials in Egypt (1419) (Ibn Taghribirdi) Contempt and Praise for Dhimmis (Ibn Askar) Jewish dietary laws (al-Jili) Silence and protection of dhimmis ( 16th century) (ash-Sha’arani) The Manner of Collecting the Jizya (al-Maghili, al-Adawi) Traditions and Attitudes towards Dhimmis (18th century) (al-Damanhuri) 196 198 199 200 200 201 202 II ASPECTS OF THE DHIMMIS’ EXISTENCE As Observed ORIENT 21. Baghdad A description by Obadyah the Norman proselyte (Johannes), born in Oppido, southern Italy, a priest converted to Judaism (1102) (Obadyah) 22. A Courageous Copt in Twelfth Century Egypt (Ibn Naqqash) 23. The Copt’s Testimony Refused (Ghazi b. al-Wasiti) 24. Conversion of Christians (Egypt) (Ghazi b. al-Wasiti) 25. A Jewish Vizier in Baghdad (1290) Muslim censorship of the dhimmis (Ghazi b. al-Wasiti) 26. Copts Claim Egypt as their Land (14th century) (al-Asnawi) 27. Account of a Danish traveller (1761) In Cairo In Yemen Linguistic discrimination (Niebuhr) 28. Christians in Syria-Palestine (18th century) Rivalries between communities The European merchants of Cairo in 1785 Behavioral distortions resulting from oppression (Volney) 205 205 206 207 207 209 210 211 212 212 213 213 214 215 216 217
Contents 29. On the Way to Jerusalem (1807) (Ali Bey) 30. Jews and Samaritans in Palestine (1816) (Buckingham) 31. Visit to the Jews of Hebron (1836) (Stephens) 32. Improved Conditions in Syria-Palestine (1836) Judiciary system (Campbell) 33. A Visit to Israel’s Holy Places (1839) The chances of evangelisation in Palestine (Bonar, M’Cheyne) 34. The Prince of Wales Visits Hebron (1862) (Wilson) լi 218 220 222 224 224 225 226 227 THE ERA OF EMANCIPATION 35. Nineteenth Century Ottoman Palestine Obstacles to dhimmi emancipation in Palestine (Finn) 36. Abduction of Christian Children; Weakness of Governor (Aleppo 1842) (FO) 37. Riots and Massacres in Aleppo (1850) (FO) 38. Muslims, Orthodox Christians and Protestants in Nablus (1853) (FO) 39. Expulsion of Protestants from Nablus (1856) (FO) Appeal ofJerusalem Protestants (FO) 40. Impunity of the Ulama in Palestine (FO) 41. Christians in Jerusalem (1858) (PP) 42. Expulsion of Christian Villagers near Nablus(1858) (PP) 43. Report on the Christians in Aleppo (1859) (FO) 44. Slaughter of Christians at Hasbeya and Rasheya (June 1860) (FO) 45. Massacre of Christians in Damascus (July1860) Memorandum (PP) 46. Situation of the Christians throughoutSyria(1860) (FO) 228 234 241 242 244 246 249 251 252 253 254 257 259 259 270
12 Contents 47. Refusal to Condemn Murderers (FO) 48. Causes of the Massacres (Syria, I860) (FO) 49. Responsibility of Muslim Notables (FO) 50. Exodus of Christians from Damascus (FO) Abduction of Christian women by warring Bedouin (FO) 51. Frustrated Christians Seek Revenge against Damascus Jews (1860) The Heads of the Jewish community at Damascus to Sir Moses Montefi, ore (PP) 52. Armenians in Armenia (1869) Extinction of the dhimmi peasantry (PP) 53. Obstacles to Christian Emancipation (1870) (PP) 54. Disturbances on Mt. Carmel (1877) (PP) 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. MAGHREB Jews and Converts in Morocco (circa 1790) Discrimination after conversion (Lemprière) Sultan’s Agents and Courtiers (circa 1790) (Romanelli) Dehumanisation of the Dhimmi in Tunisia (1800) (Frank) Sack of the Jewish Quarter of Fez (1820) (an-Nasiri) The Dhimma in Algeria and Morocco (early 19th century) Revolt of the dhimmis The dhimma and the payment of thejizya in 1815 Discriminatory dress Messianism Christians reside in Jewish quarter Collective reprisals during a rebellion at Algiers (1804) (Barton Lord) Change of Reign in Algiers (early 19th century) (Broughton) Jews of Algiers before the French Conquest (1825) (Shaler) Emancipation in Algeria and Dhimmi Notables (Campbell) 271 272 274 276 278 278 279 281 283 289 290 291 291 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 298 298 299 300 303
Contents 63. The Sultan of Morocco Defines Jewish Rights (1841) (Sultan Mulay Abd ar-Rahman) 64. Vestmental Discrimination in Morocco (1850) (Godard) 65. Defenceless Dhimmis of Morocco (19th century) (Brooke, Leared, Bonsai) 66. Restrictions of Movement and Residence Morocco (1789) (Lemprière) Christians are no longer insultedin Tunis (1835) (Russell) 67. Impurity of Infidels in Morocco (1789 and 1889) (Lemprière, Leared) 68. Purity of Arab Land At Kerwan At Sfax (Hesse-Wartegg) At Shellak (Morocco) in 1890 At Fez (Kerr) In Yemen (Wyman Bury) 69. Economic Importance of the Dhimmis and their Exploitation (Lemprière, Brooke, Leared) In Egypt (Paton) 70. Servitudes in the Maghreb (1870) (Hesse-Wartegg) 71. Wages in Marrakesh (1876) Dhimmi notables—instruments of therulers—and the oppressed (Halévy) 72. Oppressors and Dhimmis in Marrakesh (1876) (Halévy) 73. Refusal to Emancipate the Dhimmis in Morocco (Crawford, Leared) 74. Unpunished Crime (1880) (Jewish Chronicle, Miguerez) 75. The Dhimmi as Parasite (Trotter) 76. The Dhimmi as Scapegoat (Stutfield) 77. Influence of International Opinion (Bonsai) 78. The Sultan of Morocco Protects the Jews Edict forbidding the persecution of the Jews at Demnat (1884) (Leven) Letter to the Caid of Marrakesh (1892) (Sultan Mulay Hassan) 13 304 305 305 308 308 309 309 309 309 309 310 310 310 310 311 312 313 315 316 317 319 320 323 324 325 325 326
14 Contents 79. Payment of the Jizya in Marrakesh (1894) (AIU) 80. A Court Dhimmi in Morocco (1906) (Slouschz) 81. Jews, Berbers, and Arabs (Libya, 1906) (Slouschz) 82. Expropriation in Tripolitania (Libya, 1908) (Slouschz) 327 327 328 329 PERSIA 83. Forced conversions of Greek Christians and Jews (1843-45) (Wolff) 84. Forced Converts and the Condition of Jews(1850) The situation of Persian Jews (Benjamin) 85. Servitudes in Persia (Leven) 86. Official Edicts of Protection (1875 and 1897) (Leven, Shah Muzaffar ad-Din) 87. The Descendants of Forced Converts (1929) (Sémach) 330 331 333 336 337 338 ARABIA 88. Expulsion of the Jews from San’a (Yemen, 1666) (Ibn ar-Rijal) 89. Toleration at Maskat (1828) (Wellsted) 90. Edict Promulgated by the Imam Yahya of Yemen (1905) (Sémach) 91. Behavioral Distortions Resulting from Oppression (Yemen, 1910) (Sémach) 92. Yemen (1914) (Wyman Bury) 93. On the Arabian Coast (1947) (Meulen) 339 340 340 341 344 344 III ASPECTS OF THE DHIMMIS’ EXISTENCE As Experienced 94. Forced Conversions and Degradation (12th century) Under the Almohads (Spain and the Maghreb) (Ibn Aqnin) In Yemen (ca, 1200) , (Maimonides) 346 346 351
Contents 95. Palestinian Jew Seeks Refuge in Christian Spain (1291) (Isaac b. Samuel of Acre) 96. The Bread of Tears (1600) (Samuel b. Ishaq Uceda of Safed) 97. Life in the Mellah of Fez (1610-1613) (Serero) 98. Elegy of a Persian Jewish Poet (17th century) During the forced conversions under Abbas II (1641—1666) (Hizkiya) 99. Trial and Sufferings in Yemen (1666): Two Versions of History The version of the victims The version of the oppressors (Se’adyah ha-Levi, Ibn al-Wazir) 100. Description of the Status of Non-Muslims in Palestine (1700) (Gedaliah of Siemiatyce) 101. Reign of Terror in Fez (1790-1792) (Ibn Attar) 102. Jews of Afghanistan and the Forced Conversions in Meshed (1839) (Gorgi) 103. Jews of Palestine before 1847 (Reischer) 104. Jews of Baghdad (1877) (Bekhor-Husayn) 105. Jews of Morocco (1888) (Ben Shimon) 106. Jews of Tunis (1888) (Fellah) 107. Return of the Exiles to Zion Dhimmis from Yemen (1881—1910) (Anon., Lucciana, Sémach) Arrivals from Urfa, in the region of Upper Mesopotamia (1896) Daily life in Yemen (about 1945) 108. Expulsion of Jews from the HolyLand (1892—1896) Jerusalem (Ben Oliel) The Hauran (Angel) 109. Muslim Colonization of Palestine(1875-1885) (Oliphant) 15 352 354 355 359 359 361 361 363 364 366 369 371 372 373 375 376 376 377 380 382 382 384 385 IV MODERN PERIOD 110. The Mufti of Jerusalem and the Nazis(1943-1944) (Pearlman) 389
16 Contents 111. The Palestinian Dhimma (Fatah Yearbook, 1968) 1 !2. Jihad in Modern Times (1968) The definition ofjihad The cause fur which jihad is legislated (Ghoshah) Opening speech (Khalid, al-Dibani) Various grades ofjihad lì ringing the war to an end (Za hra) 113. Khomeini on Government, Jihad and Impurity Impurity of the Infidel (Khomeini) 114. Arafat on Religious Brotherhood and Jihad ! 15. Egyptian Copts Appeal to President Sadat (1972) 116. Lebanon: Statements by Archbishop Ignace Mubarak ( 1947) and Bashir Gemayel ( 1982) Bibliography —Books and Articles Mentioned in the Text, Notes, or Documents Muslim Historians and Theologians mentioned in this study: a Selected List British Secretaries of State, Ambassadors, Consuls, Vice-Consuls and Agents: a Selected List Index A (Persons, Peoples, Tribes, Institutions) Index В (Places) Index C (Selected Arab and Turkish Technical Terms) Index D (General) 390 390 390 391 392 395 395 396 396 397 399 402 407 407 419 421 424 432 437 439
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| id | DE-604.BV005319688 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-09-19T15:01:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-27T16:03:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0838632335 0838632629 |
| language | English French |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003327168 |
| oclc_num | 470271829 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-29 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-29 DE-188 |
| physical | 444 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| publishDate | 1985 |
| publishDateSearch | 1985 |
| publishDateSort | 1985 |
| publisher | Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Bat Yeʾor 1933- The dhimmi jews and Christians under Islam Asien Dhimmis - History Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd Judentum (DE-588)4114087-4 gnd Christ (DE-588)4010071-6 gnd Ḏẖimmī (DE-588)4541704-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027743-4 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4010074-1 (DE-588)4114087-4 (DE-588)4010071-6 (DE-588)4541704-0 |
| title | The dhimmi jews and Christians under Islam |
| title_alt | Le dhimmi |
| title_auth | The dhimmi jews and Christians under Islam |
| title_exact_search | The dhimmi jews and Christians under Islam |
| title_full | The dhimmi jews and Christians under Islam Bat Ye'or ; with a preface by Jacques Ellul ; translated from the French by David Maisel, Paul Fenton and David Littman |
| title_fullStr | The dhimmi jews and Christians under Islam Bat Ye'or ; with a preface by Jacques Ellul ; translated from the French by David Maisel, Paul Fenton and David Littman |
| title_full_unstemmed | The dhimmi jews and Christians under Islam Bat Ye'or ; with a preface by Jacques Ellul ; translated from the French by David Maisel, Paul Fenton and David Littman |
| title_short | The dhimmi |
| title_sort | the dhimmi jews and christians under islam |
| title_sub | jews and Christians under Islam |
| topic | Asien Dhimmis - History Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd Judentum (DE-588)4114087-4 gnd Christ (DE-588)4010071-6 gnd Ḏẖimmī (DE-588)4541704-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Asien Dhimmis - History Islam Juden Christentum Judentum Christ Ḏẖimmī |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003327168&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT batyeʾor ledhimmi AT batyeʾor thedhimmijewsandchristiansunderislam |