Sex roles and personal awareness
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Morristown, N.J.
General Learning Pr.
1978
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Sex roles and personal awareness |c Barbara Lusk Forisha |
| 264 | 1 | |a Morristown, N.J. |b General Learning Pr. |c 1978 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819668693985001472 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Sex roles and personal awareness
Autor: Forisha-Kovach, Barbara
Jahr: 1978
CONTENTS
Introduction 2
Why We Study Sex Roles 5
Some Basic Assumptions 5
I CULTURE AND BIOLOGY:
WHY ARE MEN MASCULINE AND WOMEN FEMININE? 8
? 1. Masculine and Feminine: Are Men and Women Really
Different? 10
Three Case Histories 11
Marlene 12 Edward 14 Implications 15
Annette 16 Implications 17
Roles and Statuses 18
Sex Roles, Gender Identify, and Masculine/Feminine
Stereotypes 19 ; j
The Institutionalization of Sex Rotes 20 J Learning Sex-
Differentiated Behavior 22 Sex Roles and Masculine/
Feminine Stereotypes 23 » Existence of Sex
Differences 27
The Androgynous Alternative 29
Process-Oriented Versus Role-Oriented
Behavior 30 Characteristics of Process Orientation 31
Summary 36
Exercise: Sex-Rote Reversal 37
References 37
2. The Origins of Sex Roles: Is Anatomy Destiny? 40
Historical Origins 43
Hunting and Gathering Societies 44 New Stone
Age 46 The Spread of Christianity 46 The
Industrial Revolution 47 The Victorian
Era 48 Modern Times 49
The Biological Argument 50
Physical Differences in Humans 51 Research on
Animals 52 Evidence on Humans 54
The Sociocultural Echo 56
Barry, Bacon, and Child 56 Mead, Ardrey, and
Lorenz 57 Lionel Tiger 57 = Sigmund
Freud 58 ErikErikson 60 Talcott Parsons 60
The Sociocultural Counterargument 61
Jane Lancaster 62 Margaret Mead s Early
Work 63 Whiting and Edwards 63 Jeanne
Block 64 Helen Hacker 64 One Final
Argument 65
Biology Versus Culture: A Summation? 66
Power and Mythology 68
Summary 72
Exercise: Your Inner Setf and the Opposite Sex 73
References 73
D ANDROGYNY AND SEX ROLES:
THE VISION 80
3. The Vision of Androgyny: The Individual in Process 82
Process Orientation and Androgyny 85
Characteristics of Process-Oriented Individuals 87
Angela 89 Implications 92 Other Personal
Accounts 92
Research on Androgyny 94
Bern s Studies on Androgyny 95 Studies on Masculinity
and Femininity 96
Creativity and Sex Roles 98
The Underside of Androgyny 100
Interpersonal Implications 102
Summary 105
Exercise: Instrumental and Expressive Subpersonalities 106
References 106
4. Person to Person: The Intimate Relationship 110
Characteristics of a Process-Oriented Relationship 111
What Is Love? 113
Love in a Process-Oriented Relationship 114
Androgyny and Love Relationships 116
The Egalitarian Marriage: Myth or Fact? 118
Garland s Sample of One 118 Poloma s Findings on
Primary Control and Husbands 119 Rapoport and
Rapoport: Dual-Career Marriages in Britain 119 Bailyn
on Coordinate Marriages in Britain 121
Intimate Relationships: Emphasis on the Individual 121
Ramefs Primary Relationships 122 Conflicting
Results ofRamey and the Rapoports 124
Love and Sex Before Marriage 126
Two Case Histories 127
Eileen and Derek 127 Implications 130 Beth and
Glen 132 Implications 134
Summary 134
Exercise: Being Alone and Being With Others 135
References 136
III ANDROGYNY AND SEXROLES*
THE REALITY 140
5. The Search for Stability: Standardizing the Individual 142
Characteristics of Role-Oriented Individuals 143
Sex-Role Stereotypes 147
Impact of Sex-Role Stereotypes 149
Differences in Intellectual Functioning 151 Differences in
Emotional Expression 153
T Am Playing Masculine and You Are Playing Feminine 157
The Masculine Case 158
Mark 159 Implications 160
The Feminine Case 161
Louise 162 Gloria 163 Peggy 165
Implications 166
Summary 167
Exercise: Enlarging the Area of Freedom 168
References 169
6. Masculine and Feminine Scripts: The Locus of Power and
Security 172
Women s Acceptance of Dependent Behavior 173
Mary Bem 174 Angela 175 Sylvia 175
Elise 176
The Sex-Role Trap 177
The Power of Men and the Incentive to Achieve 178
Leonard 180 Implications 181
Relationships of Single People 182
The Singles Bar: The Search for Male Approval 182 The
Price of Male Approval 183 Single Men Relating to
Women 184 Single Men Versus Single Women 185
Same-Sex Friendships 186
Friendships Between Women 187 Friendships Between
Men 188
Platonic Opposite-Sex Relationships 190
Group Settings 192
Men s and Women s Expectations of Each Other 194
Confident Women and Anxious Men? 195
Summary 196
Exercise A: Sharing Ourselves 197
Exercise B: The Roles We Play 198
References 199
7. Marriage and Romantic Love: Sources of Marital
Dissatisfaction 202
Marriage: The Sought-After Institution 203
Characteristics of a Role-Oriented Relationship 208
Love in a Role-Oriented Relationship 209
Love and Power 209 Romantic Love: Ecstasy and
Despair 210
Traditional Roles Within a Marriage 211
To Be a Wife 212 Man as Breadwinner and Financial
Provider 216 Examples of Role-Oriented
Marriages 219
Dorothy 219 Alex 220 Implications 222
Maintaining the Form and Losing the Process 222
Companionship, Communication, and
Empathy 223 Sexual
Relationships 224 Diminishing Returns in the Role-
Oriented Marriage 225
Expectations of Young Men and Women 227
Summary 229
Exercise: Our ideal Man and Ideal Woman 229
References 230
8. Social Class and Role Expectations: Marriage
and External Forms 234
Social Classes and Ethnic Groups 236
The Upper Class 236 The Upper-Middle
Class 237 The Lower-Middle Class 239 The
Working Class 240 The Lower Class 242 The
Black Culture 243 Other Ethnic Groups 245 The
Influence of Social Class and Ethnic Group 246
The Influence of Social Class on Marriage 246
Case Histories 250
Luis 250 Tony 251 Christine 253 Andrea 255
Summary 257
Exercise: Sex Roles, Social Class, and Family Belief Systems 259
References 259
9. Androgynous Individuals in a Masculine/Feminine World:
Barriers to Being Fully Human 262
The Economic Sphere and Pretensions of Power 265
Women and Work 267
Lorraine 269 SyMa 271
Discrimination Against Women 272
Discrimination in the Business World 275 The Ivory
Tower: For Males Only? 277 Evaluation ofthe Work of
Women 280 Perceptions of Discrimination 280
Career Women: Where Do They Come From and What Are They
Like? 282
Is a Career Really Good for Anybody? 287
Women s Expectations 289
Power for Self-Enhancement or Self Destruction 290
Janine 292 Implications 293
Enemies and Friends Within: Changing Ourselves 293
Summary 295
Exercise: Choosing Our Life Directions 296
References 297
IV THE f^tSf^NGBOARD TO FREEDOM
OR RATIONALE FOR RESIGNATION? 304
10. Socialization of Boys and Girls: Examining Our Personal
Heritage 306
Role-Oriented Families: The Separation of Power and Love 308
The Negative Effects of Power 310 Other Characteristics
of Role-Oriented Families 311 Pressures Toward Role
Orientation 313
Theories of Development 315
The Process-Oriented Alternative: The Balance of Power and
Love 319
The Training of Men and Women 322
Differential Treatment of Boys and Girls 323 What It
Means To Be a Man 327 What It Means To Be a
Woman 330
Are Boys and Girls Really Different? 331
Cognitive Differences and Personality 334 The Need To
Achieve 336
Socializing Men and Women Versus Socializing Human Beings 337
Summary 339
Exercise: Reliving Our Childhood 340
References 341
11. Ever-Present Mothers and Peripheral Fathers: Is the
Traditional Pattern Changing? 346
Learning by What We Do 350
The Impact of Full-Time Mothering 352
Children of the Working Mother 353
Research on Infants and Children 355 Differential
Effects on Boys and Girls 357 Adolescents and Youths:
Effects of Maternal Employment 358
Cynthia 360 Implications 362
The Father Problem 362
Father Availability 363 Father Absence 365
Fathers as Equal or Primary Caretakers 367
Growing Up with Father 369
Evelyn 370 John 371 Implications 373
Summary 373
Exercise: Attitudes Toward Fathers and Mothers 374
References 375
Epilogue: Toward Androgyny?Integrating the Vision and the
Reality 382
The Sex-Role Cycle: Learning and Transmitting Sex Roles 383
Societal Factors Affecting the Sex-Role Cycle 385
Pressures Toward Change 386
Technological Pressures 386 Pressures by Recent Social
Movements 387 Intellectual Pressures 388
The Process of Individual Change 390
Resolution of Conflict: Becoming Ourselves 393
GLOSSARY 395
NAME INDEX 401
SUBJECT INDEX 407
|
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| author_sort | Forisha, Barbara L. |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV005196431 |
| classification_rvk | CR 6000 MS 2850 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)301274912 (DE-599)BVBBV005196431 |
| discipline | Soziologie Psychologie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV005196431 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T11:31:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0382180305 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003215951 |
| oclc_num | 301274912 |
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| physical | XVII, 414 S. |
| publishDate | 1978 |
| publishDateSearch | 1978 |
| publishDateSort | 1978 |
| publisher | General Learning Pr. |
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| spellingShingle | Forisha, Barbara L. Sex roles and personal awareness Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Persönlichkeitsentwicklung (DE-588)4075995-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071776-8 (DE-588)4047704-6 (DE-588)4075995-7 |
| title | Sex roles and personal awareness |
| title_auth | Sex roles and personal awareness |
| title_exact_search | Sex roles and personal awareness |
| title_full | Sex roles and personal awareness Barbara Lusk Forisha |
| title_fullStr | Sex roles and personal awareness Barbara Lusk Forisha |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sex roles and personal awareness Barbara Lusk Forisha |
| title_short | Sex roles and personal awareness |
| title_sort | sex roles and personal awareness |
| topic | Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Persönlichkeitsentwicklung (DE-588)4075995-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschlechterrolle Psychologie Persönlichkeitsentwicklung |
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