American government people, institutions, and policies

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Veröffentlicht: Boston u.a. Houghton Mifflin 1986
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text Brief Contents Preface PART I 1 2 3 4 5 PART II 6 7 6 9 10 PART III 11 12 13 14 PART IV 15 16 17 16 xvii Foundations of American Government Understanding Politics 4 The Constitution 24 Civil Liberties 5Ô Federalism 94 Stote ond Local Government 130 Acting in Politics Public Opinion and Political Participation 174 Political Parties 216 Campaigning and Voting in Elections 256 The Mass Media 300 Interest Groups 336 Political Institutions Congress 380 The Bureaucracy 424 The Presidency 466 The Courts 516 Public Policy Government and the Marketplace Equality and Social Policy 592 Managing the Economy 636 Foreign and Military Policy 676 554 Appendixes The Declaration of Independence in Congress July 4, 1776 The Constitution of the United States of America A3 Federalist No. 10 1767 A14 Presidents of the United States A19 Twentieth-Century Justices of the Supreme Court A20 Party Control of the Presidency, Senate, and House of Representatives 1901-1967 A21 Glossary G1 Author Index Subject Index I-1 1-5 Contents Preface The Separation of Powers The Battle for Ratification xvii Understanding Politics 4 Policy, Politics, one! Government—How Do They Relate? 7 What Is Politics? The Constitution as a Political Structure 42 The Legislature: The First Branch 43 The President: The Foundation for Power 47 The Judiciary: The Exercise of Unmentioned Power 49 Changing Rules and Changing Customs: Why the Constitution Has Endured 51 8 Government and Politics 77ie Amendment Process The Amendments 52 11 A Frarnework for Explaining Political Decisions 14 Political Actors and Their Goals 15 Rules Affect Outcomes 16 The Context of Political Decisions Is Important Overview of This Dook 51 Beyond the Constitution: Informal Changes in the System 54 Reflections on the Constitutional Framework 19 Summary 56 56 21 3 2 42 The Constitution as a Political Outcome PART I Foundations of American Government 1 37 38 The Constitution Civil Liberties 56 Federalism and the Dill of Rights 24 States’ Rights versus Individual Rights 61 61 The Situation in 1787 26 The Fourteenth Amendment: A Turning Point A Confederation in Crisis A Move toward Reform 27 29 First Amendment Freedoms Making a Constitution 29 Freedom pf the Press Freedom of Speech Politics, Men, and Ideas 30 The Struggle over Representation Freedom of Assembly 34 Freedom of Religion 63 67 68 76 8Q 81 їх Contents x Criminal Procedures and the Dill of Rights 66 Self-Incrimination 86 Search and Seizure and the Exclusionary Rule 88 Cruel and Unusual Punishment: The Death Penalty 89 The Right to Counsel 92 92 124 Nixon and Reagan: Limited Help to the States 125 States’ Use of the Courts 127 Summary 91 Jury Trials ■ 91 Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping Summary Trying to Get Power Dock to the States 128 5 State and Local Government 130 Constitutions, Charters, and Competing Philosophies of Governing 132 4 Federalism 94 The Nature of American Federalism What Makes a Government Federal? 98 98 The Disadvantages of Federalism 99 The Advantages of Federalism 101 The Reasons for Growing Federal Involvement in Policy 103 States’ Rights versus National Supremacy 108 Federalism under the Constitution: Unanswered Questions 108 McCulloch v. Maryland and the Doctrine of Implied Powers 110 Secession and Civil War: National Supremacy Affirmed 112 From Dual Federalism to Cooperative Federalism 113 Civil Righte versus States’ Rights 114 Economic Regulation 115 The Need for Cooperation: The EPA Example 116 A Drawback to Cooperative Federalism: The PicketFence Analogy 119 Coercive Federalism: The Federal Regulatory Durden on State and Local Governments 121 Examples of Federal Requirements 121 The Strings on Federal Financing 123 From Partner to Boss: The Nationalization of Policy 124 Jacksonian Constitutions and Party Organizations 133 Changing the Rules of the Game: Progressive Constitutions and Charters 136 Legacies of the Jacksonian and Progressive Movements 139 Structures and Functions of State and Local Government 144 State Governments Counties 151 145 Cities and Towns 152 The Question of Metropolitan Governance 157 Financing State and Local Government: Fiscal Federalism 158 State and Local Taxing versus Federal Taxing 158 The New Deal and the National-Local Partnership 160 Categorical GranR and the Emergence of Functional Fiefdoms 161 Other Grants: A Limited Alternative 162 Three Consequences of the National-Local Partnership 165 Fiscal Federalism in a Time of Retrenchment 166 Лѕ Suburbia Revolts, the Federal Government Cuts Back 167 The Neiu Competition for Taxable Resources Summary 170 168 Contents PART II Acting in Politics The Major Parties in America 227 A History of the Parties 227 Why Two Parties? 232 6 Public Opinion and Political Participation і 74 Third Parties 235 The Nomination of Candidates Public Opinion: What It Is and Why We Study It 176 Nomination Methods 236 Presidential Nominations 240 The Scope of Public Opinion 177 Why Public Opinion Is Important 177 The Conventions 244 Who Are the Party Activists? How People Moke Sense of the Political World 17Ց The Roots of Public Opinion Adult Political Socialization 185 The Nature of Public Opinion in Americo Fundamental Political Values Beliefs about the Government Party Identification Ideology 193 190 190 191 250 Losses in the Electorate 251 The Resurgence of Political Parties 253 Summary 256 ô Short-Term Attitudes: Evaluations of Leaders and Policy 195 The Impact of Public Opinion on Politics 200 Political Participation: Translating Opinion into Action 203 204 Political Action and Political Outcomes The Participation Paradox Who Participates and Why The Decline of Party Organizations Campaigning and Voting in Elections 258 193 Avenues of Individual Participation Campaigns and Voting 208 247 The Decline (and Resurgence?) of Parties in America 250 178 183 The Measurement of Public Opinion 236 Who Runs for Office: The Calculus of Candidacy 261 Who Can Win 261 The Benefits of Holding Office 267 269 The Costs of Candidacy The Presidential Nomination Process 210 270 271 The Road to the Convention Campaign Organization and Staff 271 Campaign Dynamics: The Shape of the Marathon 273 210 213 Why Some Participate in One Way, Others in a Different Way 214 Themes: The Grand Strategy of the Nomination Process 278 Summary The Presidential Election Campaign 216 The Electoral College 7 Political Parties What Is a Political Party? What Parties Do 222 221 280 Themes: The Grand Strategy of General Election Campaigns 281 210 The Nature of American Political Parties 260 221 The Electorate Decides Voter Turnout Registration 286 287 286 Xl xii Contents 289 Mobilizing the Vote: Parties and Groups Voter Choice 292 The Impact of Elections on Policy Summary Interest Group Structure 296 How Interest Groups Operate: The Insiders Strategy 357 296 357 Electioneering 9 353 Who Makes the Decisions in an Interest Group? 355 359 Political Action Committees The Moss Media 300 The News Media os Organizations Lobbying Congress 362 Lobbying Administrative Agencies 303 How Interest Groups Operate: The Outsiders Strategy 368 Politics and the Development of the Print Media 304 306 The Rise of the Broadcast Media Using the Courts Who Conlroh the Media? 307 Decisions on Coverage 308 369 370 Mobilizing Public Opinion 373 Demonstration and Disruption Freedom of the Press and Its Regulation First Amendment Questions 311 Regulation of the Broadcast Industry 367 310 The Impact of Interest Groups Interest Group Bias 315 The Impact of the Medio on Elections Policy Fragmentation 316 Summary 374 374 375 376 Media Coverage and Public Opinion: Setting the Agenda 316 Candidate Coverage and Voter Choice Paid Media 326 Government and the Medio 320 Conflict and Cooperation 328 Coverage of the Three Federal Branches Summary 10 PART III 11 330 The Nature of Interest Groups ՅՑ0 382 336 The Rules 383 Causes of Victory 385 Who Runs for Congress 392 339 The Organization of Congress Defining Interest Groups 339 The Old Order: Economic Interest Groups 341 The Current Explosion: Nonoccupational Interest Groups 342 Explaining the Nonoccupational Explosion Organizing on Interest Group Congress Congressional Elections 334 Interest Groups Political Institutions 32Ց 346 34Ö Large Groups and the “Free Rider” Problem 394 The Implications of a Bicameral Congress 394 Committees in the House and Senate 396 Congressional Staff and Support Agencies Parties and Leaders in Congress 406 Informal Organizations in Congress 411 The Legislative Process in Congress 348 How a Bill Becomes a Law 411 401 411 хш Contents Summary Presidential Power 418 419 The Congressional Budget Process Congress and the Executive Branch 4Ց2 The Importance of Popular Support 486 Popularity, Power, and Situational Context 422 487 What Presidents Want and What They Do 12 The Bureaucracy 424 Bureaucratic Effectiveness: Two Views Bureaucracy as Red Tape “Runaway” Bureaucracy Presidential Goals Presidential Roles 427 427 429 430 The Spoiri System 430 The Progressive Era: The Bureaucrat as Neutral Expert 431 The New Deal and Beyond 433 435 Bureaucracy Today Organizing for Action The President s Policy Agenda Summary The Case of the State Department 443 444 Procedures for Programming Behavior 14 447 Bureaucracy: The Political Rules of the Game 446 The “Cozy Triangle : A Three-Way Alliance 456 Explaining Differences among Bureaus 458 Bureaucracy and Executive Control 461 464 The Presidency 466 The Evolution of the Presidency: The Occupants and the Office 469 469 The Constitutional President 470 Changes in the Balance of Power 514 The Courts 516 The Judicial System in the United States Structure and Jurisdiction 448 450 Interest Groups, Congressional Committees, and Bureaucracy 451 The Occupants 513 What Courts Do: Cases and Conflicts Congressional Oversight of Bureaucracies Members of Congress as Citizen Advocates 13 506 Identifying the Issues 506 Presidential Means 507 Presidential Strategies The Problem of Organizational Rigidity 500 The Cabinet 500 The Vice President 504 How Agencies Operate: The Internal Rules of the Game 443 Summary 495 The White House Staff 496 The Executive Office of the President The Growth of the Federal Bureaucracy 475 492 493 494 Who Participates 51Ց 519 520 522 Federal Courts: Structure and Powers 526 District Courts and Courts of Appeals The Supreme Court of the United States 529 529 Decision Making in the Supreme Court 533 534 534 The Decision on the Merits 538 The Goari of the Justices The Decision to Decide The Majority Opinion: Assignment and Bargaining 540 The Supreme Court as Policy Maker The 1984-85 Term of the Supreme Court Why Do People Comply with Judicial Décriions? 547 Summary 550 543 543 Contents XIV PART IV Public Policy Women in the Labor Force 616 The Social Issue: Abortion and the Equal Rights Amendment 621 15 Government and the Marketplace 554 Why Markets Fail and What the Government Can Do about It 557 The Reagan Retrenchment 564 Who Is Poori Summary 570 / 570 577 The Delegation of Regulatory Authority The Operations of a Regulatory Agency Political Forces and the Prospect of Capture 579 Presidente, Regulatory Reform, and the Deregulation Movement 582 Summary 1Ó Policy 624 Why Does Poverty Continue? 563 Logrolling: The Coalition of Intense Minorities 565 Ideology and Subsidy Politics 568 The Politics of Regulation The Fight for Medicare 622 Implementation Problems: Quality and Costs 626 The New Deal Safety Net 626 The War on Poverty 627 The Problem of Government Failure The Politics of Subsidies 622 The Politics of Income Security 557 The Causes of Market Failure Subsidy Programs 559 Regulatory Took 562 Health Core for the Elderly and the Poor 589 Equality and Social 633 635 1 7 Managing the Economy 638 Economic Theory and the Real World of Politics 641 Basic Issues in Economic Management Monetary Policy 643 Fiscal Policy 644 Institutional Preferences for Economic Management 647 641 The Process and Politics of Monetary Policy 649 592 The Equality Goals of Social Policy 595 The Concepts of Equality and Redtelribution Equal Opportunity Programs 597 Progams to Guarantee Individual Security Equal Opportunity for Minority Groups Segregation and the Civil Rights Movement Other Ethnic Protest Movements 610 Implementing Equal Opportunity Legislation Equal Opportunity for Women 628 632 595 600 601 602 Money and Credit: The Federal Reserve Board 649 The Politics of the Fed 651 The Process and Politics of Tax Policy The Progressive Tax and the Growth of Tax Revenue 655 The Politics of Tax Expenditures 614 615 “All Men Would Be Tyrants”—Protectioimm and Discrimination 616 655 657 The Process and Politics of Budgeting The “Executive” Budget Congress and the Budget Assessing the New Rules 664 664 666 661 Contents Deficit Management: The Reagan Years 666 Budget Fights under the Reagan AdminL·lration The Effects of the Supply-Side Tax Cut 670 673 Dealing with the Deficits Summary 668 673 Appendixes XV A1 The Declaration of Independence in Congress July 4, 1776 Al The Constitution of the United States of America A3 Federalist No. 10 1787 A14 Presidents of the United States A19 1ô Twentieth-Century Justices of the Supreme Court A20 Foreign and Military Policy 676 Who Makes Foreign Policy? The President Party Control of the Presidency, Senate, and House of Representatives 1901—1987 A21 679 679 Glossary Bureaucratic Politics and the Executive Branch 681 Congress and Foreign Policy 685 The Attentive Public and Foreign Policy Mass Public Opinion and Foreign Policy Foreign Policy Goals 686 688 690 82 Albert J. Smith Michael S. Dukakis 104 Richard Hatcher 142 Kathleen Frankovic William E. Brock 186 238 703 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Everett Rank 454 President Jimmy Carter Chapter 14 Potter Stewart William Ruckelshaus Chapter 16 Martha W. Griffiths Chapter 17 Herbert Stein 662 Chapter 18 706 708 Military Intervention in Central America? Is Nискат War Possible? 716 713 Walter Stoessel 483 536 Chapter 15 How Much for National Defense? 716 Interviews Tony Coelho 264 Chapter 9 David Broder 318 Chapter 10 Patrick B. Healy 364 Chapter 11 Barber Conable 402 703 704 Economic Instruments 705 Diplomacy 706 Summary I-5 Chapter 8 Nuclear Deterrence The Use of Force Key Foreign Policy Issues Subject Index Chapter 5 695 698 Instruments of Foreign Policy И Chapter 6 Chapter 7 The Changing Context of U.S. Foreign Policy 693 The Influx of New Nations Context and Goat 698 Author Index Chapter 3 Chapter 4 A Preference for Action 691 Anticommunism and Containment of the USSR 692 The Nuclear Balance 694 The Breakdown of Bipolarity G1 696 586 618
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title_auth American government people, institutions, and policies
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title_full American government people, institutions, and policies John H. Aldrich ...
title_fullStr American government people, institutions, and policies John H. Aldrich ...
title_full_unstemmed American government people, institutions, and policies John H. Aldrich ...
title_short American government
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