Eagles on the crescent Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914-1918
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Eagles on the crescent |b Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914-1918 |c Frank G. Weber |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Ithaca [u.a.] |b Cornell Univ.Pr. |c 1970 | |
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| adam_text | Contents
Acknowledgments
vii
Introduction
ι
ι.
Germany, Austria, and the Young Turks
5
2.
Germany s Choice: Tsar or Sultan
17
Germany and Russia in Armenia
18
The Rise of Enver Pasha
34
3.
The Crisis of Turkish Intervention and
the Egyptian Problem
59
The Signing of the Turco-German Alliance
60
Albania and Turkish Intervention
68
The Diplomacy of the First Canal Campaign
86
4.
Trouble in the Balkans and on the Baghdad Railway
106
Breakdown in the Turkish High Command
106
The Problem of Balkan Transport
115
The Baghdad Railway
136
The Armenian Massacres and a Peace Move
144
5.
WolfF-Metternich,
Kühlmann,
and the Lure of Partition
159
Wolff-Metternich, the Man and His Environment
160
Grand Strategy: The Question of Tripoli,
Afghanistan, and Persia
167
The Second Canal Campaign: Germany s Motives
and Aims
179
Austro-Germán
Commercial and Cultural Rivalry and
Turkey s Reaction: The Treaties Question
187
Count Czernin on Sharing the Spoils in Turkey
and Rumania
£06
ix
X
CONTENTS
6.
The Alliance Sundered
225
Conclusion
256
Bibliography
263
Index
273
Index
Abadan,
170
Abbas
Hìlmi,
Khédive,
3, 34, 93;
attempt on life,
89;
plans to end
British rule in Egypt,
89-90, 91;
end of rule,
ioi-ioä;
and second
Suez campaign, 180; in Switzer¬
land,
205-206
Abdul
Hamid, 6, 10, 50, 90;
and
German policy,
58;
and Armenian
massacres,
145
Achmed
Nessuni,
210
Adabazar-Zonguldak Railroad,
219
Adalia, Province of,
250
Adana,
148
Adrianople,
132, 212;
and Balkan
railroads,
24;
transfer to Bulgaria,
äio,
an- attempt to cede to
Turkey,
243
Adriatic Sea,
32, 68, 189
Aegean Islands,
244
Afghanistan
169, 254
Aga
Khan,
79
Alaya,
250-251
Albania,
32-33, 127;
Moslem Al¬
banians and Germany,
45;
and
Turkey,
68, 156;
Turkish restora¬
tion,
69, 214, 259;
and Austria,
158
Aleppo,
24, 144
Alexandretta,
70
Alexandretta Plan,**
227
Allenby, Field Marshal and Viscount
Edmund H. H.,
245
Alsace,
224
Amanus Mountains,
137, 139, 140,
34
American Jewish societies relief,
153
Anatolia,
20, 137,
147,
251
Anatolische-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaffc,
137
Andrassy, Count Julius,
103
Arab nationalism, German estimate
of,
262
Archbishop-Patriarch of Constanti¬
nople,
251
Ardahan,
242, 244
Armenia,
al,
146;
German policy,
17, 20, 148, 150;
Russian policy,
20;
massacres,
106, 144, 148, 200;
European reform program for,
146-147;
Erzberger mission,
184-
186;
increase in proscriptions in,
190;
retreat from,
195;
caliph s
claims in,
233;
and Republic of
Transcaucasia,
24г
Armenian Patriarch,
146-147, 148,
5
Armstrong and Vickers,
60
Australian troops,
95
Austria-Hungary: military tactics,
2;
policies in Ottoman Empire,
2, 3,
11, 12, 39-41, 53, 158;
and Turco-
German alliance,
2, 53, 59, 64, 66,
159, 179;
and Italy,
3;
and Egypt,
3, 93-94;
press,
8;
and Oriental
Railways,
13;
and France,
14, 15,
185-186;
reaction to Russo-
German accord in Near East,
17;
in First Balkan War,
32;
and
National Albanian Bank,
33;
pro¬
posals for Albanian settlement,
69;
and U.S. naval power,
77-78;
control of war supplies,
115-124;
and Catholic interests in Near
East,
130;
and French schools in
Turkey,
185-186;
plans economic
penetration of Ottoman Empire,
215;
social program in Turkey,
226;
Black Sea ambitions,
232;
revolution against,
252;
difficulties
Ä73
Austria-Hungary
(cont.)
with Germany in Near East,
258-
262
Azerbaijani,
241
Azores, 2.2.x
Baghdad,
130, 230;
fall of,
222
Baghdad-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft,
137
Baghdad Railway,
80, 261;
construc¬
tion,
1, 59, 137, 197;
financing,
13-14, 137,
Z97; and Armenians,
20, 145, 149, 184;
unservicea-
bility,
106;
length,
136-137;
costs,
143;
labor problems,
143;
collec¬
tor of revenue for,
143-144;
lines
through Asia Minor,
144;
kilo-
metric guarantees,
190;
Diarbekr
Line,
233-234;
threat of destruc¬
tion,
249
В
alf
our Declaration,
240-241
Balkan League,
10, 13, 15, 32
Balkan Peninsula, German enterprise
in,
138
Balkan Wars,
5, 10, 32-33
Ballplatz,
see Austria-Hungary
Basra,
155
Bassermann, Ernst,
191
Batum,
242, 244;
Treaty of,
247
Batearían,
101
Beersheba,
99
Beirut,
226
Bekir
Effendi,
45, 51
Belgium,
224
Belgrade,
12
Benedict XV,
217
Berchtold, Count Leopold
von, 11-
12;
and Oriental Railways,
14;
and dismissal of Talaat Pasha,
40;
and Turkish proposals,
62;
Turco-
German military alliance,
66-67;
replacement by
Burian,
102;
re¬
buff by German Emperor,
259
Berezovsky, Olguenine,
82-83
Berlin Treaty
(1878), 196
Bernstorff, Count
Johann von, 249,
252;
appointed ambassador to
Turkey,
225;
and Diarbekr Line,
2ЗЗ-234;
and end of Turkish alli¬
ance,
236;
reaction to collapse of
Transcaucasian Republic,
242;
Dobrudja question,
244-245
INDEX
Bethlehem,
155-156, 240
Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald
von,
123, 127;
and Baghdad Railway,
142, 144;
accused of pacifism,
161;
Erzberger mission,
184;
Aus¬
trian war talks,
211-213;
retire¬
ment,
227
Bismarck,
Otto von, 112, 120, 169,
183, 259
Bitlis,
Siege of,
195
Black Sea,
73, 75
Bolsheviks,
242, 246
Bompard, Maurice,
75
Bondy Bey,
167
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
6, 83
Bosphorus,
60, 61, 65, 66, 75
Brattami,
Ion,
116
Breslau, 66, 69, 70, 71-72, 75, 76,
78, 227, 235
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of,
236, 241
Bronsart
von Schellendorff,
Fritz,
43,
111, 112, 126, 132, 235
Bryan, William Jennings,
76
Buchanan, George,
155
Bucharest, Peace of,
243
Bulgaria,
97,
П5,
261;
in First
Balkan War,
10;
attempt to bring
into Central Powers,
73;
and
mines in Danube,
115;
collabora¬
tion with
Central
Powers,
127,
149;
and division of Rumania,
214, 222
j
claim to Dobrudja,
243;
and retrocession of Adrianople,
243;
surrender to Triple Entente,
248
Bülow, Bernhard von, 8
Burian,
Count
Stephan,
and surren¬
der of
Trentino
to Italy,
102;
and
Egypt,
114;
and treaty abroga¬
tions,
196;
end of tenure,
207;
and exclusion of Germany from
Black Sea littoral,
242-243;
and
Dobrudja question,
245
Bussche,
Hilmar von dem, 118, 122,
123, 124, 125-126
Byzantine
imperium,
125 ■
Cadorna, General
Luigi,
181
Cape Verde,
221
Capitulations,
77, 165, 223, 228
Cardinal of Cologne,
186
Carol I of Rumania,
82, 123
INDEX
Catholic
Center Party
(Germany),
122, 125, 240
Caucasus,
72;
offensive,
110, 188,
197
Central Powers,
3, 97, 114, 128;
concessions to Russia,
16;
divi¬
sion by Turkish policies,
58;
addi¬
tion of Turkey,
64, 73-74;
attack
on Russia,
72-73;
and Balkan
transport,
115;
and Bulgaria,
115;
defeat of Serbia,
127;
definition
of war aims,
212;
attack on
Sarrail,
231;
reasons for failure in
Ottoman Empire,
256-257
Charles I of Austria,
207
Chios,
235
Chkhenkeli, Akakii,
247
Churchill, Winston,
76
Cilicia,
154, 156, 216
Committee of Union and Progress,
4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 27, 42, 130;
and
corridor to Adriatic,
42;
and integ¬
rity of Ottoman Empire,
51-52;
and German policy in Ottoman
Empire,
58;
naval attack on Rus¬
sia,
75;
attitude to coalition,
79-
80;
and plan to recover Tripoli,
87;
Egyptian campaign, go-91;
opposition to,
103;
confiscation of
Catholic properties,
12g;
and Ar¬
menians,
144, 149, 153;
platform,
148;
profiteers in,
166;
demands
lighting systems and trollies from
Germany,
167;
and
Habsburg
rule
in Albania,
189;
entertainment of
Reichstag deputies,
191-192;
at¬
tempts to popularize Party,
195-
196;
attempts to recover Adriano-
płe,
an; demands return of Ar¬
menians in Germany,
216;
Jeru¬
salem policy,
240 ;
and Jewish
problem,
240-241;
and German
position in Near East,
262
Congress of Berlin,
149
Conrad
von Hötzendorf,
Franz,
84,
127, 207
Constantine
I of Greece,
50, 56, 231
Constantinople,
io,
226;
distur¬
bances,
6;
German plans for,
17;
Russian annexation,
20;
supply
shortage,
128;
behavior of Ger¬
man soldiers,
128-129;
arrest of
275
Armenian intellectuals, 150; sug¬
gested Turkish renunciation of,
153;
meat shortage,
165-166;
new
harbor works,
2,18;
defenses ex¬
posed,
248
Constantza,
126
Consular treaties,
228η
Costinescu, E.,
117, 119, 123, 124,
126
Crete,
6
Cromer, Lord,
225, 230
Ctesiphon, Battle of,
175
Cyprus,
176, 221
Cyrenaica, gz
Cyril, Prince of Bulgaria,
213, 215
Czechs, resettlement in Ottoman
Empire,
251
Czemin, Count
Ottokar, 15g,
207,
211-213, 217;
demand for Austri¬
an economic penetration of Ana¬
tolia,
21g;
and attack on Sarrail,
231;
attitude to Dobrudja ques¬
tion,
245;
and Austrian-German
differences,
261-262
Czemin-Bethmann Memorandum,
221-222
Dalmatian coast,
69
Damascus,
144
Danube River,
84, 85, 115, 127, 138
Dardanelles, Straits of,
3, 60, 150;
campaign
3, 261;
in Paris Treaty
of
1856, 71;
in London Treaty of
1871, 71;
mining of,
73;
allied
forces,
100, 103, 128;
suggested
renunciation of,
153;
victory of
Turks at,
159;
withdrawal of En¬
tente forces,
159
Dedeagatch,
86
Deutsche Bank,
13, 118, 124;
in¬
terest in Oriental Railways,
13,
14;
and military mission in Tur¬
key,
67-68;
loans to Turkey,
77-
78;
and Baghdad Railway,
137,
141, 142, 190, 255;
and Diarbekr
Line,
233;
and German Near East
interests,
238;
interest in Alaya,
£50-251
Deutsche
Luxemburgische Aktienge¬
sellschaft, 248
Diarbekr Railway,
233-234
Djavid
Bey,
23η,
63,
γ8,
85,
ИЗ,
1350»
and German subsidy,
81;
and Baghdad Railway,
140-141,
144; 234;
plot against life,
195
Djelal Pasha,
101
Djemal Pasha,
60, 63, 78, 79, 82,
188;
commands Turkish forces
in Egypt,
98;
overlord of Syria,
106-107;
and peace feelers from
Britain,
136;
and Armenians,
147,
153-154;
and failure of peace pro¬
posals,
153-154;
and Ottoman
Catholics,
208;
death,
253
Djevdet Bey,
150
Dobrudja,
6, 212, 243
Dodecanese Islands,
21, 23, 156, 244
Dolci,
Monsignor Angelo,
130, 152
Doima
Bagtché (Sultani
palace),
55,
во, но
Doumer, Paul,
14, 15
Dual Monarchy, see Austria-Hun¬
gary
Durazzo,
70, 71
Edward
VII
of England,
10
Egypt: campaign,
59, 86-104, 260,
261;
and Baghdad Railway,
137;
as addition to British Empire,
176;
in German war aims,
221;
German estimate of nationalism
in,
262
El
Kantara,
96
Elkus, Abraham,
200, 209
El
Tih,
Desert of,
101
Enver Pasha,
17, 113;
attitudes to
Germany,
26, 68;
War Minister,
£7, 38;
and German military mis¬
sion,
37;
Russian support,
38-39;
and intrigue in Novibazar,
40;
Turkish aspirations in Albania,
62;
and Turkish view of Triple
Alliance,
62-63;
opposition of
Grand Vizier,
72;
and war with
Russia,
74;
and
Kühlmann
mis¬
sion,
81;
and German subsidy to
enter war,
81-82;
plan for attack
on Suez Canal,
83;
planned attack
on Russia,
83;
plan to recover
Tripoli,
87;
attitude to Khedive,
89-90;
approaches to Italy,
98;
and General
Liman
von
Sanders,
INDEX
108-109;
and offensive in Cau¬
casus,
110;
suppression of Ar¬
menian schools and newspapers,
150;
reaction to German diplo¬
macy,
156;
attempts to get rid
of Germans,
167, 178-180;
as
Pan-Islamite,
167-168;
loss of
forces of Sherif Hussein,
182-
183;
and Erzberger mission,
186;
plot against life,
195, 211;
and
treaty abrogations,
196;
and Greek
massacres,
200, 209;
threat to
assassinate,
211;
and food short¬
age,
230;
and incorporation of
Caucasus,
232, 235;
and Diarbekr
Railroad,
234;
use of Fourteen
Points,
236;
and Jerusalem,
240;
and compromise terms to end
war,
244;
flight from Turkey,
253;
death,
253-254;
attempts to
create Russo-German accord,
254
Epirus, see Albania
Erivan,
Armenian Republic of,
242
Erzberger, Matthias,
217, 228;
mis¬
sion to Austria,
121-126, 181;
mission to Constantinople,
184-
189, 199;
and second Egyptian
campaign,
205;
and bribe of Ab¬
bas
Hihni, 205-Ä06
Erzerum, Battle of,
188
Erzincan,
189, 195
Extradition treaties,
228η
Falkenhayn, General Erich
von, 11,
127, 198;
and Baghdad Railway,
137-138;
and Jaeldi Plan,
138;
plan for second attack on Egypt,
159;
Ambassador to Turkey,
161-
163;
in peace moves,
176-177;
and use of Turkish troops on
Western Front,
178;
attempt to
replace
Metternich,
202;
and
Yilderim offensive,
230
Farasan Islands,
19
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria,
11, 29, 40,
211, 243
First Balkan War,
10
Flotow, Johannes
von, 97-98
Forchheimer,
Philipp, 218
France: and Oriental Railways,
14;
on indemnities against Ottoman
INDEX
France (cont.)
Empire,
15;
protests against Tur¬
kish fleet in Black Sea,
75;
press,
129η;
protests British and Russian
plans for Turkey,
154;
and Fez
area,
α
68;
and guarantee of Cen¬
tral Powers* war aims,
212
Frankfurter
Zeitung, 9,
127η, ι8ιη,
239η,
240-241П, 242-243П,
249η
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Aus¬
tria, assassination,
60
Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary,
85, 206
Friendship House,
220
Fuad
Selim
Bey,
239η
Gaiata,
220
Galicia,
83
Gallipoli, Battle of,
175
Garoni, Marquis
Cannilo,
86, 97
Gaza,
240-241
Georgia,
241, 246, 248
German army, General Staff,
3;
at¬
tacks on Suez Canal,
3, 83-84,
179;
military mission,
10, 34-36,
65, 66-67, 154;
opposition to
German plans in Turkey,
25-26;
supplies to Turks,
115-124;
and
Armenian conscripts in Turkish
forces,
146;
and selection of am¬
bassador to Turkey,
160;
use of
Turkish language,
175-176;
suspi¬
cions of Austrians in Turkey,
178-
179;
and rumors about British in
Egypt,
181-182;
and negotiated
settlement,
188;
decision to sup¬
port Turkish military,
190;
de¬
fense of Constantinople,
248;
and
plea for release of
Liman,
255
German Foreign Ministry,
3;
plans
for the Near East,
4;
and sta¬
tioning of warships off Constanti¬
nople,
5;
undercutting of Turkish
troops,
189-190;
demands for
Baghdad Railway payments,
190;
and nullification of treaties,
201;
dispatch of businessmen to Tur¬
key,
223;
solution in Jerusalem,
240 ;
opposition to High Com¬
mand,
357
German navy,
63, 75
277
Germany; national press, see Frank¬
furter
Zeitung;
World War I
allies,
1;
in the Near East,
1-2, 5,
її,
262;
history of relations with
Turkey,
6;
immigration into Near
East,
7, 8;
restrictions of nationals
in Turkey,
8;
and Baghdad Rail¬
way,
13-14, 140-141,
ig8; reac¬
tion to Balkan League indemni¬
ties,
15;
policy toward Ottoman
Empire,
17, 19-20, 34-41, 50-51*
57-58;
policy in Albania,
33, 55,
69;
military alliance with Turkey,
59;
subsidy arrangement with.
Turks,
81-82;
plans for Egypt,
88,
91, 94;
war supply problems,
115-121;
attempt to strengthen
control in Turkey,
136;
role in
Armenia,
148-149;
nomination of
nationals to Ottoman bureaux,
177;
curtailing of approaches to
Arabs,
183;
plans Russian nego¬
tiations at Turkey s expense,
187;
cultural mission to Constantinople,
193-194;
payments to overseas
Egyptians,
238-239;
and opinion
of Turks,
257-258
Gewerkschaft Deutscher
Kaiser,
248
Ghalib Bey,
56
Gibraltar,
71, 162, 168, 221, 227
Giers, Michael N,,
38, 52, 53, 56,
75, 82, 83, 85
Goeben,
55, 66, 71-72, 75, 76, 78,
81, 85, 133, 227, 235
Goltz, General
Colmar
von der, 10,
11, 108-109, 111-112;
as coor¬
dinator of supplies,
119;
and
Jaeckh Plan,
139;
plans for Ger¬
man expansion in India,
139;
death,
199;
blame for Turkish de¬
feats,
258
Gough-Calthorpe, Admiral Somerset,
250
Great Britain,
3;
press,
8;
in Ar¬
menia,
21-23;
naval training mis¬
sion,
35;
Mediterranean fleet,
71;
Tenedos incident,
7g;
and first
Suez campaign,
86-104;
in Egypt,
87-88, 136;
reaction to Turkish
threats in Egypt,
90-91;
plans in
Turkey,
154
Greece: in First Balkan War,
10;
interest in Oriental Railways,
13;
and Dodecanese Islands,
23;
and
Albania,
33, 49-50, 51;
and Ae¬
gean Islands,
44;
policy in Egypt,
96;
intervention in Turkey,
103;
interest in Dardanelles fighting,
125;
and Central Powers,
162;
intervention for Entente,
200;
and
massacre of villagers by Turks,
200
Grey, Viscoixnt Edward,
7, 15, 23,
80, 133-134, 155
Gunaris, D.,
156
G
winner, Arthur
von, 124, 141, 142
Hague Court,
10
Haifa,
100
Hairi Bey,
39
Hakki Pasha,
239
Halil
Bey,
97, 164;
Foreign Minis¬
ter,
158;
bid for Austrian support,
189;
speech to Reichstag depu¬
ties,
192;
and treaty abrogations,
196;
and Turkish diplomacy in
Germany,
198-199;
expulsion,
209;
and Greek persecutions,
209
Hamidie,
85-86
Helfferich, Karl,
142
Hilmi Pasha,
46
Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul
von, 202, 203, 204, 213
Hintze, Paul
von, 249
Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Prince
Ernst,
164, 202
Hohenlohe, Gottfried
von, 73, 100
Holland,
162, 252-253
Hollis, Stanley,
77
Horton,
George,
77, 135
House, Colonel Edward M.,
225
Humann, Corvette Captain Hans:
relations with
Wangenheim, 24-
26;
and educational program for
Turks,
37;
and military mission,
68;
and
Kühlmann
mission,
бо¬
бі;
pressure on Turks to join
Central Powers,
82;
evaluation of
Wangenheim, 160;
and selection
of German ambassador to Turkey,
160; in peace moves,
176-177
Hungarian railroads,
121
Hussein, Sherif of Mecca,
155, 182
INDEX
Imperial Ottoman Bank,
238
India,
87, 95, 139-140, 155
Italy,
97, 158, 260-261;
and Dode¬
canese Islands,
21, 23;
in First
Balkan War,
32;
concern with
Turkish plans in Egypt,
86-87,
92;
and
Trentino,
113;
possible
expansion in Tyrol,
244
Izzet Pasha, General,
28;
proposed
as King of Albania,
44;
and Rus¬
sian Tsar,
54;
appointed Grand
Vizier,
248;
arguments with Cen¬
tral Powers,
248-249;
fall of
Cabinet,
253
Jaeckh, Ernst,
83;
and Turco-
German alliance,
53;
and Egyp¬
tian question,
88;
and Baghdad
Railway,
137-138;
and plan for
German expansion in Balkans,
138;
opposition to Austrian con¬
trol of French schools in Turkey,
185-186;
and German cultural
mission,
193-194;
and Turkish in¬
terest in German business,
220
Jagow, Gottlieb
von, 14;
program in
Armenia,
21, 23-24;
policies in
Turkey,
29;
and guarantees for
Turkey,
62;
and cost of Turkish
campaign in Egypt,
дг;
estimate
of British sea power,
92;
and
General
Zeki
Pasha,
109-110;
and
Baghdad Railway,
142, 144;
and
Russian corridor to Persian Gulf,
187
Japanese officers in Turkish navy,
42
Jerusalem,
95, 144,
188-189П;
Holy
Places,
155-156;
Grand Rabbi,
217;
college of custodians,
240;
surrender by Turkey,
240
Joppa,
99, 240-241
Kars, 242, 244
Kitchener, Lord Herbert,
80, 87, 89,
180, 181
Kokovtsev, Vladimir,
36
Konia,
148
Kress
von Kressenstein, Lieutenant-
General Friedrich, 99, 100, 104
Kreuznach,
221
INDEX
Kühlmann, Richard von, 9-10, 80;
Ambassador to Turkey,
202-204;
initial success,
206;
concern for
world opinion,
209-210;
and
German experts in Turkey,
äi8;
and Friendship House inaugura¬
tion, 220; and Ludendorff recom¬
mendations,
223;
Foreign Minis¬
ter,
223-224;
view of Dobrudja
question,
244
Kurds,
24
Kut-el-Amara,
175, 197, 199
Laffert, Major Karl,
95
Le
Matin,
129
Lepsius, Dr. Johannes,
149, 151,
187, 216
Liman
von
Sanders, General Otto:
and Turkish army,
22, 34-36, 39;
and Pallavicini,
42-43,
230; diffi¬
culties with Enver Pasha,
48-49;
additions to staff, 6i; grievances
against Turkish government,
65-
68;
and Egyptian campaign,
88,
92;
and problems in Near East,
106-113;
attempt against life,
132;
in Dardanelles attack,
132;
and
Baghdad Railway,
140;
and Tur¬
kish demands on Germany, ig8;
and Greek massacres,
200 ;
depar¬
ture from Constantinople,
255;
arrest at Malta,
255
Limpus, Admiral Arthur H.,
60,
7s
Löytved-Hardegg,
Dr.,
104, 107
London Treaty
(1871), 196
Lossow, General
Otto von, 197-198,
246
Lucius,
Helmuth,
70
Ludendorff General Eric,
202, 204,
2.2.2, 22.3;
and special economic
reports,
225-226;
and Talaat,
226;
and food shortages,
230;
and
completion of Baghdad Line,
234;
and negotiations with Russia,
236;
and German economic control in
Rumania,
243;
approval of Tur¬
kish compromise,
244;
and Treaty
of
Poti,
246;
and collapse of Near
East war aims,
249;
and destruc¬
tion of railways in Asia Minor,
249
279
Macedonia,
6, 32, 42, 214
Mackensen, Field Marshal August
von, 190
McMahon, Sir Henry,
18211
Madeira,
221
Magyars,
213-214, 251
Mallet, Sir Louis,
52, 75, 76, 79
Malta,
221, 255
Maritza District,
243
Marschall von Bieberstein,
Adolf,
6-10, 16-17, 58, 257
Maxwell, General John,
181
Mediili,
see
Breslau
Meinecke, Friedrich, 203
Mensdorff, Count
Albert, 211-212
Mesopotamia,
176, 197;
emigration
of German-Americans and Irish¬
men to,
163 ;
cession to Entente,
199;
prospect of oil,
219;
in
German war aims,
221, 230, 231
Metternich,
see Wolff-Metternich
Michaelis,
George,
223
Michahelles,
Gustav, 118, 120, 122
Midhat Pasha,
237
Miliukov, Paul,
226
Milne, Sir Berkeley,
60
Miquel, Hans
von, 7
Mohammed V,
38, 40,
log,
174,
190;
proclamation of Holy War in
Egypt, q6; reception of
Metter¬
nich,
265;
and treaty nullification,
201;
and promises of Emperor
William II,
233;
death,
245
Moldavia,
212
Molťke,
General
Helmuth
von, 11,
112, 138
Mohammed
Ferid,
23g
Montenegro,
10, 127
Morgenthau, Henry,
18-19, 76, 131;
and naval confrontation,
77;
and
Armenian massacres,
152;
peace
proposals,
176-177;
fears of Ger¬
man control,
177;
and purchase
of Palestine for Zionists,
200 ;
recall,
200;
failure of mission,
227
Morocco,
162
Moslems,
87, 95;
ш
Bulgaria,
214
Mudros, Armistice of,
250, 252
Muktar,
Mahmud
Pasha,
64, 81
Mush, Siege of,
195
Mustafa Pasha,
254
INDEX
Mutius, Gerhard, 25, 44
Mytilene, 235
Nationalism,
87, 95, 183, 262
Neurath, Konstantin von, 25
New
Zealand troops at
Suez, gs
Nias,
Arthur, 133
Nicholas,
Grand Duke, 188
Nicholas II of Russia,
35-36
Niedermayer, Oscar von, 169-172,
223
Nissibin, 197
Nomikos,
Captain
Thomas, 231
Novorossik, 85-86
Nuri Bey,
Captain,
98
Odessa, 74, 84, 85
Oriental Railways Company,
12-13
Ottoman Catholics,
3, 129, 208
Ottoman Empire,
1-3, 4, 6;
German
policy in,
2;
Austrian policy in,
2,
3, 11, 12, 39-41;
limitation of
Turkish sovereignty in,
4;
new
constitution,
6;
plan to replace
German military instructors with
Italian,
42;
and Albania,
69;
and
Egypt,
87;
apportionment among
Central Powers,
114;
archives,
128;
Roman Catholic endow¬
ments,
129;
desire for territorial
integrity,
133-134
Ottoman League for Peace and
Liberty,
237
Ottoman War Ministry,
84, 178-179
Palestine,
200, 231
Pallavicini, Marquis
Johann von,
attitude to Turkey,
30-31, 39;
and ambitions of Enver Pasha,
39-41;
and German-Russian ac¬
cord on Turkey,
39-40;
and
Liman
von
Sanders,
42-43, 108;
plan to offer Constantinople to
Tsar,
54-55;
and Bosnian farmers,
55;
and Turkish proposals,
62;
negotiations with Georgian clergy,
72;
and crisis in Austrian-German
diplomacy,
85;
and Austrian reac¬
tion to Turkish invasion of Egypt,
92, 100-101 ;
conversations with
Wangenheim, 113-115;
and Cath¬
olics in Turkey,
129-130, 196;
rejection of Turkish war aims,
148;
and Armenian massacres,
152;
reaction to
Metternich
ap¬
pointment,
164;
and Erzberger
conversations,
184-185;
and
Kühl¬
mann, 204, 223-224;
and aid to
Ottoman Jews,
217;
and Austrian
advisers to Turks,
217-218;
and
settlement with Entente,
230-232;
attempts to salvage Austrian inter¬
ests after defeat,
254;
treatment of
German refugees,
255;
departure
from Turkey,
255
Pan-Islamic propaganda, 87t
95
Paris Peace Conference,
255
Paris Treaty
( 1856), 196
Patriarch of Constantinople,
55, 56
Peace proposals,
133-134, 136, 15З-
156, 176-177» 227
Persia,
159, 169, 182
Persian-Afghan expedition,
168-169
Persian Gulf,
80, 155
Pless, military convention,
127
Poland, Kingdom of,
83, 212, 254
Pomiankowski, Joseph,
74, 84, 92,
108, 177-178
Potí,
Treaty of,
246
Potsdam Convention of
1911, 169,
223
Pourtalès, Friedrich,
23
Press,
6, 8, 9, 41,
127η,
129П,
i8m,
239η,
240-24
m,
242-243П,
249η
Pritsch, Rudolphe, 190
Proskurow, 84, 85
Quadt,
Count
Albert, 95-96, 104
Radoslavow, Vasu, 120
Rahmi
Bey,
103, 130, 134-136
Ras-el-Ain, 144, 197
Rathenau, Walther, 238
Rauf
Bey,
171
Reichstag, 121, 191-192
Religious conflict,
55-5б,
100, 129-
130, 155-156, 196, 208, 240
Reuss,
Prince
Henry, 172, 173
Rhodes,
Island
of,
244
Robert College, 236
Romberg, Conrad, 180
Rosen, Friedrich, 145
Rothschild,
House of,
217
INDEX
281
Rumania: and Russia,
52;
at¬
tempts to bring into Central
Powers,
73, 85, 162;
and Greek
policy,
96;
transport of German
war supplies through,
116-1x8,
261;
sugar shortage,
123-124;
vio¬
lations of neutrality,
126-127;
plan to partition,
212-213, 221-
222
Russia,
3;
relations with Germany
in Near East,
17, 19;
and Armenia,
21;
demands seat on Ottoman
Public Debt Administration,
15-
16;
reaction to German military
mission,
34-36;
plan to replace
Prince Wuliam in Albania,
47;
and abolition of capitulations,
74;
protests against Turkish fleet in
Black Sea,
75;
offer to withdraw
from war,
82-83;
desire for egress
from Black Sea,
103;
and mining
of Danube,
115;
dominant posi¬
tion in Straits,
134;
takeover of
Constantinople,
153-155;
desire
for warm water port,
172;
bolshe¬
vik revolution,
187, 199, 212;
re¬
nunciation of Straits,
229
Russian army,
11, 172, 188
Russian navy,
71
Russo-Turkish Friendship Commit¬
tee,
47
Russo-Turkish Frontier,
242
Said
Halim,
34, 192, 229;
and
Triple Entente,
54;
and interna¬
tional conferences on Albania and
Aegean islands,
56;
commission to
Macedonia and Smyrna,
56;
and
British,
59-60;
and Sarajevo as¬
sassination,
60-61;
and sale of
German ships,
72;
and Turkish
aggression in Egypt,
93;
and
denial of anti-Catholic policy,
100;
and Egyptian succession,
101-
1O2;
attempts to moderate war
aims,
158;
demotion,
158;
sug¬
gests Austrian mediation with
Russia,
192;
expulsion,
209
Salonika,
72, 231
Sanjak of Novibazar,
32
Sarajevo assassination,
15, 60
Sarikamish,
111, 147, 149
Sarrail, General Maurice,
230-231
Sazanov, Serge,
22, 54, 82;
and
German military mission,
35;
offer
to Turkey,
80;
quarrels with
France and Britain,
114;
and
Nias-Weitz conversations,
134;
and Djemal proposals,
155-156
Scandinavia and Central Powers,
162
Schenker
and Company,
116-124
Schmidt,
Geheimrat, 185-186
Schönberg,
Fritz,
183
Seeckt, General Hans
von, 235, 2.38,
249, 253, 256
Senussi tribesmen,
87, 98, 168
Serbia,
3, 122, 158;
in First Balkan
War,
10;
attacks on Danube
shipping,
115;
defeat by Central
Powers,
127;
defeat of Austrians,
127;
resettlement of people,
251
Shah of Persia, 17a
Shatt-el-Arab,
170
Sheik-ul-Islam,
96, 195
Shevket
Mahmud,
Pasha,
7, 8, 17;
and British influence in Armenia,
21-23;
assassination,
27;
and
Turco-Bulgarian alliance,
29;
Tur¬
kish enemies,
30-31;
and German
military mission,
34
Shukri Pasha,
40
Sinai Desert,
98, 101
Sixtus,
Prince of Bourbon-Parma,
208η
Skoda Works,
238
Smyrna,
103-104, £18, 226
Social Democratic Party (Ger¬
many),
252
Souchon,
Wilhelm,
73, 75, 78-79, 81
Spain, neutrality of,
162
Stamboul,
96, 103, 194
Strempel, Major
von, 25-26
Stresemann,
Gustav,
186η
Sublime Porte, see Turkish govern¬
ment
Suez Canal,
3,
71» 87; campaigns,
86-104, 159
Sultan
Selim,
see Goeben
Sweden,
252
Syria,
137;
German-language schools,
105;
independent pashaHk,
106-
107;
railroad connection,
138;
proposed kingdom,
153
2.82,
INDEX
Szilassy, Baron J.
von, 251
Szogeny, Count,
62
Talaat
Pasha,
io;
dismissal,
40, 113,
151;
dealings with Russian Tsar,
54;
commission as leader to Mace¬
donia and Smyrna,
57;
opposition
to Grand Vizier,
72;
opposition
to war policy,
81, 92;
and Bagh¬
dad Railway,
142, 190;
and Ar¬
menian rights,
146;
and appoint¬
ment of Wolff-Metternich,
164;
and Erzberger mission,
184-185;
plot against life,
195;
scheme to
create Ottoman peerage,
209;
Grand Vizier,
210;
threat to assas¬
sinate, ah; disaffection from,
227-
229;
and relief agency,
229;
and
Jewish problem,
240-24
in; fall of
Cabinet,
248;
flight and assassina¬
tion,
253
Tanin,
6
Tasfir-i-Efkiar,
41
Taurus Mountains,
137, 139, 140,
234
Tenedos,
79
Tewfik Pasha,
253
Theodosia,
85
Therapia,
65, 164
Thrace,
6
Thyssen,
Fritz, and Company,
181
Tirpitz, Alfred
von, 25
Tisza,
Stephen,
207, 214
Townshend, General Charles,
175,
199. 250
Trade,
138, 193, 215, 219, 220, 223,
225-226
Transcaucasia, Republic of,
241-242
Transportation,
59, 80, 95, 106, 115-
118, 121-126, 137, 142-144, 190,
197, 233-234, 249, 261
Transylvania,
121
Trauttmansdorff, Charles
von, 211
Trebizond,
194-195, 200
Trentino,
113, 115
Triple Alliance,
59, 62-63, 69-70,
92, 98, 113, 260
Triple Entente,
72;
in First Balkan
War,
32;
and Turkey,
63;
ships
in Turkish waters,
76;
departure
of ambassadors from Constanti¬
nople,
86;
repulse at Dardanelles,
132;
position on Russia in Straits,
134;
and Rahmi Bey proposition,
135;
and negotiated peace terms,
153;
and Armenian settlement,
154;
withdrawal of forces from
Dardanelles,
159, 167;
defeats at
Gallipoli and Ctesiphon,
175;
winning of forces of Sherif Hus¬
sein,
182;
victory in Near East,
250-255
Tripoli (Tripolitania),
3, 86, 87,
97, 98, 182;
annexation by Italy,
6;
Tripolitanian Wars,
21;
plan
to weaken Italian strength in,
159;
German industrial agents in,
168;
German plan to offer to Spain,
168
Tschernogortschevitsch, Alexander,
38
Tschirschky, Heinrich von, 14, 167;
and supply problems,
118-119,
123, 141;
and Baghdad Railway,
142
Tunis,
98
Turco-Bulgarian Agreement of
1915,
210
Turco-German military alliance,
59,
64, 222, 233
Turco-Tartars, see Azerbaijani
Turkish army,
1-3;
attack on Suez
Canal,
3;
control by Germany,
22,
65;
march toward Egypt,
98;
attack and retreat opposite Ismai-
lia,
99;
Christians and Jews in,
99;
defeat at Sarikamish,
111-112;
de¬
feat at Erzerum,
188;
unpopular¬
ity with people,
210;
recall from
Caucasus,
248
Turkish government,
2, 5, 7;
and
German alliance,
2, 53;
entrance
into World War I,
5;
Parliament,
10;
constitution,
6, 10;
end of
suzerainty in Albania,
32;
chal¬
lenge to Austria,
46-47;
and Tri¬
ple Entente,
54;
military alliance
with Germany,
59;
and British
government,
71;
purchase of Ger¬
man ships,
71-72;
and U.S.,
77,
237, 239;
first Suez campaign,
86-
104;
and Egypt,
88;
and proposed
Turkish-Italian alliance,
97;
Dar¬
danelles campaign,
128;
and
INDEX
Turkish government
(
cont.
)
Baghdad Railway,
137, 140-144;
war aims,
157;
demand for Ger¬
man concessions,
159;
treatment
of Austrians and Germans in Tur¬
key,
166, 173-174;
German ad¬
visers in,
174-176;
attempts to
play off Germans against Austri¬
ans,
188;
convention of rights to
Germans,
206;
fear of Bulgarian
expansion, an; Austrian advisers
in,
217;
and Caucasian republics,
245
Turkish law,
7, 174-175, 198
Turkish Liberal Party,
27
Turkish navy,
41, 79, 85
Turkish press,
6, 41
Turkish trade missions,
193
Tyrol,
83, 244
United States in Near East,
76-78,
131
Vahideddin,
245
Valona,
207, 221, 222
Van,
150
Venizelos, Eleutherios: and Greek
troops in Egypt,
96, 103, 104;
and Turco-German peace offer,
133-134;
replacement,
156;
and
declaration of war,
200;
restora¬
tion to power,
231
Wallachia,
212
Wangenheim, Hans Freiherr von,
17, 29;
chargé
d affaires in Tan¬
gier,
19;
in Farasan Islands affair,
19;
and Armenia,
20-21;
and En-
ver Pasha,
37-38;
on Constantino¬
ple,
57;
and Sarajevo assassina¬
tion,
61;
and German military
mission,
66;
and planned attack
on Russia,
73-74;
and
Kühlmann
mission,
80-81;
and strategy in
Egypt,
89-90» 92, 95-96;
and
General
Liman
von
Sanders,
108-
113;
conversations with Pallavi-
cini,
113-115;
and Turco-German
difficulties,
133-134;
attempts at
mediated peace,
135;
and Turkish
asylum for Russian Jews,
135-136;
and Baghdad Railway,
140-144;
283
and Armenia,
146-149, 150;
and
Turkish concessions to Greece,
156-157;
death,
158;
personal
characteristics,
160;
treatment of
Turks,
173
War aims in Near East: Austria-
Hungary,
100-101, 212, 217, 219,
232, 242-243, 251, 258-262;
Otto¬
man Empire,
83, 87-88, 189,
an,
214, 232, 235, 240-241, 244, 259,
262;
Germany,
88, 91,94, 184-186,
211-213, 221, 227, 240, 243-246,
249;
Russia,
155-156, 187
War
matériel,
115-124
Wassmuss,
Wilhelm,
169-170, 173,
223
Weitz, Paul,
9, 82, 133, 204
Weizmann, Chaim,
227
Westarp, Count
Kuno
von, 191
Widdin,
127
Wiener Bank-
Verein, 219
Wilhelmstrasse,
see German For¬
eign Ministry
William II, Emperor of Germany,
109;
correspondence in First Bal¬
kan War,
11-12;
visit to Vienna,
12;
and German military mission,
35;
support of
Liman
von
San¬
ders,
49;
and foreign policy of
Committee of Union and Progress,
49-50; talks at Corfu,
51;
and
German policy in Turkey,
57-58;
popularity among Arabs,
94;
and
Bulgarian collaboration,
127;
and
Jaeckh Plan,
138;
and Baghdad
Railway,
139;
and expansionist
policy,
220-221;
and German war
aims,
221;
rumors of abdication,
228;
new interest in Rumania,
232;
visit to Constantinople,
232-
233;
scheme to enthrone German
prince in Georgia,
246
William of
Wied,
Prince,
32-33, 69,
71» 259
Wilson, Woodrow,
162, 176, 225,
236
Wolff-Metternich, Count Paul: ap¬
pointment to Constantinople,
163;
personal characteristics of,
163-
164;
and German reaction to
Turks,
165;
in Turkey,
173;
and
Morgenthau peace proposals,
176-
2.8а
index
Wolff-Metternich, Count Paul
(cont.)
Young Turks, see Committee of
177;
and Arab nationalism, X83- Union and Progress
184;
and Erzberger-Pallavicini Yudenitch, General
Nicolai, 188, 195
conversations,
185;
censorship of
reports,
191;
and Turkish de¬
mands on Germany,
197-198;
end
Zeki
Pasha, Lieutenant-General,
109
of career,
201-Ä02 Zimmermann,
Arthur,
72, 73, 77-78,
100, Ä02, 204
Yilderim offensive,
230, 2,39-240
Zionist Question,
135-136, 22.7
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Weber, Frank G. |
| author_facet | Weber, Frank G. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Weber, Frank G. |
| author_variant | f g w fg fgw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV005070374 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | D566 |
| callnumber-raw | D566 DD566 |
| callnumber-search | D566 DD566 |
| callnumber-sort | D 3566 |
| callnumber-subject | D - General History |
| classification_rvk | NP 4460 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)91483 (DE-599)BVBBV005070374 |
| dewey-full | 327.43/0561 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 327 - International relations |
| dewey-raw | 327.43/0561 |
| dewey-search | 327.43/0561 |
| dewey-sort | 3327.43 3561 |
| dewey-tens | 320 - Political science (Politics and government) |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Allemagne - Relations extérieures - Turquie Turquie - Relations extérieures - Allemagne Deutschland Türkei Germany Foreign relations Turkey Turkey Foreign relations Germany Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 gnd Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd Türkei (DE-588)4061163-2 gnd Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Allemagne - Relations extérieures - Turquie Turquie - Relations extérieures - Allemagne Deutschland Türkei Germany Foreign relations Turkey Turkey Foreign relations Germany Osmanisches Reich Österreich |
| id | DE-604.BV005070374 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-03T16:22:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0801405661 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003103507 |
| oclc_num | 91483 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-20 DE-M352 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-20 DE-M352 |
| physical | X, 284 S. 1 Kt. |
| psigel | BSBWK1 BSBWKA_N |
| publishDate | 1970 |
| publishDateSearch | 1970 |
| publishDateSort | 1970 |
| publisher | Cornell Univ.Pr. |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Weber, Frank G. Eagles on the crescent Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914-1918 Wolff Metternich, Paul 1853-1934 (DE-588)118770047 gnd Kühlmann, Richard von 1873-1948 (DE-588)118778153 gnd Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Türkei - Österreich - Ungarn - Deutschland bsbaltswk Guerre mondiale, 1914-1918 - Turquie Außenpolitik Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 Turkey Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd Mittelmächte (DE-588)4170237-2 gnd Bündnispolitik (DE-588)4128860-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118770047 (DE-588)118778153 (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4012402-2 (DE-588)4170237-2 (DE-588)4128860-9 (DE-588)4075720-1 (DE-588)4011882-4 (DE-588)4061163-2 (DE-588)4043271-3 |
| title | Eagles on the crescent Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914-1918 |
| title_auth | Eagles on the crescent Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914-1918 |
| title_exact_search | Eagles on the crescent Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914-1918 |
| title_full | Eagles on the crescent Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914-1918 Frank G. Weber |
| title_fullStr | Eagles on the crescent Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914-1918 Frank G. Weber |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eagles on the crescent Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914-1918 Frank G. Weber |
| title_short | Eagles on the crescent |
| title_sort | eagles on the crescent germany austria and the diplomacy of the turkish alliance 1914 1918 |
| title_sub | Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914-1918 |
| topic | Wolff Metternich, Paul 1853-1934 (DE-588)118770047 gnd Kühlmann, Richard von 1873-1948 (DE-588)118778153 gnd Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Türkei - Österreich - Ungarn - Deutschland bsbaltswk Guerre mondiale, 1914-1918 - Turquie Außenpolitik Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 Turkey Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd Mittelmächte (DE-588)4170237-2 gnd Bündnispolitik (DE-588)4128860-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wolff Metternich, Paul 1853-1934 Kühlmann, Richard von 1873-1948 Weltkrieg 1914-18 Türkei - Österreich - Ungarn - Deutschland Guerre mondiale, 1914-1918 - Turquie Außenpolitik Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 Turkey Erster Weltkrieg Diplomatie Mittelmächte Bündnispolitik Allemagne - Relations extérieures - Turquie Turquie - Relations extérieures - Allemagne Deutschland Türkei Germany Foreign relations Turkey Turkey Foreign relations Germany Osmanisches Reich Österreich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003103507&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003103507&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT weberfrankg eaglesonthecrescentgermanyaustriaandthediplomacyoftheturkishalliance19141918 |