The history of the Norman conquest of England Its causes and its results

The history of the Norman conquest of England Its causes and its results 5. The effects of the Norman conquest. 1876.XL, 901 S.

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1. Verfasser: Freeman, Edward A. 1823-1892 (VerfasserIn)
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N ίι t u г·· f Y Hiúim - -ľanw : first sta-v cit ι·, mi i-v.ií ¡ » aiľl ľt. „ľ;iiit .... !c6S < .uti-, піл . t;-; after iiliaiis s tii--1 ali^-fiicv . ivriib uf tin· ^ľ.-Liit ; ilu.· Kiìi/s writ ¡ŁTiil --a-l -І IO - M ι ι - ; -í ι s ι 7 ( - -2G 21— í I t a-· - ·! (.·. и 11 un nilat ι· ui . H it. -L · -li- a- ť> tb«· α/· *л ■ - ч - > . vvi aii i Ьчіпііч- і .. í a-·.·- -í »nu la w rv . K-t.-iîo- I» ťt tu wiiluws , <¡ifl< a- alms .. F. .mini I· nality i»f Dmu. ѕЛлу Niilt^al i lst iiU tii U )-;·Λ4- ·ΐι l- c-iic Itiii.kriial aiľl pcTsjoiuiI ilutaiN if tli* · пЛ Išii^ M— . xii CONTENTS. A.D. PAGE Notices of Wiggod, Eadnotb, Hereward, -Ж th eisige, William Malet ..... З8 —39 Notices of the reign of Eadward ; classes of men ; the towns .....· 39 Geographical notices ; different treatment of different districts ...... 40— 41 Entries of waste . . . . · 42 Miscellaneous notices .... 42 —44 Personal impress of William ; all land his grant . 45—47 Mode of taking the Survey ; oaths of the French and English of the district .... 47—48 General fairness of the Commissioners ; conservative spirit of the Survey .... 4s —5° Effects of William s legal formulae ; analogy with Henry the Eighth .... 50—52 CHAPTER XXIII. THE NORMAN KINGS IN ENGLAND. 1087—1154. Imature and effect of William s Conquest ; comparison between him and other conquerors . . 53—¿6 Comparison between William and Theodoric . 56—61 The Norman Conquests of England and of Sicily . б ι — 6 2 Comparison between William and Charles of Anjou . 62 —63 Effects of the Conquest on national unity . . 64—65 Its effects on feudal ideas . . . . 64 Northern and Southern England . . . 65 1066—1 1 54 The Norman period of English history; naturaliza¬ tion of Norman settlers .... 66 1087 —1135 Reign of William s sons . 66 1135— If54 Reign of Stephen ..... 67 1154—1272 The Angevin reigns ; fusion of races . . 67 Plan of the Narrative . . . . 68 § 1. Reign of William Ruf us. 1087—1100. Analogies between the Norman and Angevin dy¬ nasties .... . 68—69 Analogy between William Ruf us and Richard the Pirst . . бј— 70 Character of the reign of Rufus ; relations with France, Wales, and Scotland ; enlargement of the English kingdom .... 70—71 Personal character of Rufus ; his vices and knpîety . 71—73 Mie filial duty and sense of honour . . . 73—74 Mis soldiers and favourites .... 75 CONTENTS. Xlii A.D. Fept. 26, 1087 No opposition to his euccession ; his coronation Elaster, 1088. Revolt of the Norman nobles ; loyalty of the English The King s appeals and promises to the English Campaign of 1088; the Norman fleet driven back from Pevensey ..... Trial and exile of Bishop William of Durham Character of the war ; the last war between Normans and English ..... Ruf us leader of the English ; his oppression and breach of promises ..... May 24, 1089 Death of Lanfranc . Foreign wars of Rufus; his designs on Normandy, Maine, and Aquitaine .... Anarchy of Normandy under Robert Henry buys the Côtentin and Avranchin 1090 Castles in Normandy betrayed to Rufus ; faithful¬ ness of Helias of Saint Sa en Revolt at Rouen suppressed by Henry ; death of Conan ... ... Beginning of warfare between England and France ; Philip helps Robert, but is bribed by Rufus Feb. 1091 William in Normandy; treaty of Caen Settlement of the succession; growth of the doc¬ trines of legitimacy and hereditary right . February — War of William and Robert against Henry ; Henry March, 1091 obtains Domfront ..... 1093 Fresh disputes stirred up by William of Eu ; cam- 1094 paign of 1094 ..... September, The Crusades ; Robert pledges Normandy to Rufus 1096 an<j goes to the East .... Englishmen serve under Robert After 1097 Crusade of Eadgar and Robert son of Godwine Ralph of Wader and Odo join the Crusade ; death of Odo ...... Relations between England, Normandy, and France ; wars with France ; the war deemed in France an English war ..... 1 100 Designs of Rufus on France and Aquitaine ; his ne¬ gotiations with Duke William Analogies with the Hundred Years War 1097 Beginning of the war with France ; treatment of prisoners ...... Sept. 27,1098 Truce with France . 1088—1090 Discontent of Maine under Robert , 1090—1098 Second reign of Hugh ; first reign of Helias . 1095 Pope Urban at Le Mans .... 1096 Quarrel between Helias and William Rufus. PAGE 76 — 77 77 78 79 79—80 80-81 8í 81 82 83 83—84 84—85 85—86 86—87 S7-9O 90—91 9і 9 і— 95 93 94 94 95— 9S 99 99— ІО1 IOÍ ---- ІО2 ІО2 юз xiv CONTENTS. A.D. ПСЕ 1O97— П25 Hildebert Bishop of Le Mans . . . 104 1098 Captivity of Helias and taking of Le Mans . . 104—105 1099 Le Mans recovered by Helias and again taken by Rufus ...... 105 —106 1100— ilio Second reign of Helias .... 106 Dealings -with Scotland, Wales, and Cumberland ; balance of success and defeat . . . 106—108 July 3,1088 Revolt of Gruffydd ap Cynan ; death of Robert of TLhuddian ...... 10S Progress of conquest in South Wales ; occupation of Brecknock, Glamorgan, Pembroke, and Cardigan 109— ui ï 094—1095 Revolt in South. Wales ; campaign of Rufns ; build¬ ing of castles ..... Ill ---112 1094—1098 War in North Wales; loss and recovery of Anglesey 112—113 1098 Invasion of Magnus of Norway ; Havold son of King Harold; death of Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury . 113—114 Relations with Scotland ; English supremacy enforced 114 May, 1091 Eadgar goes to Scotland; Malcolm invades England 115 August, 1091 William marches against Scotland : mediation of Eadgar and Robert ; renewal of Malcolm s homage 115—117 1092 History of Carlisle : Dol 6 η driven out; Cumberland annexed to England and Carlisle restored . 117—119 August 24, Disputes between William and Malcolm ; Malcolm i°93 at Gloucester . · . . . 119—120 November 14, Malcolm s last invasion of England and death at i°93 Alnwick . . . . . . 120 First reign of Donald in Scotland . . . j 21 jOQj —1094 William grants the Scottish Crown to Duncan; his reign and death ..... I 21 —122 1094—1097 Second reign of Donald . . . . 122 1097—1107 Reign of Eadgar ; effects of his accession; Scotland Anglicized ; action of the .^theling . . 122—123 1097—1099 Buildings of Rufus ; Westminster Hall . . 124 Enforcement of the forest laws ; severity of punish¬ ment ...... 124—125 Rufus maintains the royal authority over the barons 125 1095 Revolt, defeat, and imprisonment of Robert of Mowbray ...... 125 —127 r 096 Conspiracy of William of Eu ; his defeat in wager of battle and his punishment . . . 127—128 Growth of feudal ideas under Rufus ; their bearing on ecclesiastical controversies . . . 128—129 Dispute between Anselm and Rufus ; difference between their position and that of earlier Klinga and Bishops ..... 129—130 The royal supremacy under the Conqueror ; its abuse by Rufus . . . . . 130 CONTENTS. xv A.D. PAGE Influence of Randolf Flambard ; feudal theory of ecclesiastical benefices; inferences of Flambard . 131 — 1 34 Degradation of the priesthood under Rufus ; promo¬ tion of the King s clerks .... 134—136 1093 — 1109 Primacy of Anselm ..... 136 Effect of Lanfranc s death on the character of Rufus . 136 Lent, 1093 íáickness of Rufus at Gloucester; Anselm appointed Archbishop; he accepts the see from the King . 136—138 Dispute about the acknowledgement of Urban . 138—139 December 4, Consecration of Anselm ; dispute with Thomas of Ї09З York . . . . . . ,39 Feb. 1094 Dispute at Hastings ..... 139—140 Mar. 11,1095 Council at Rockingham ; nothing decided . . 140—141 1095 Legation of Walter of Albano ; Rufus acknowledges Urban . . . . . . 141 Липе 10,1095 Anselm receives the pallium .... 141 1095—1096 Interval of peace ; consecration of Irish Bishops . 142 October 15, Fresh disputes; Gemuta of 1096— Ю97; Anselm 1O97 takes leave of the King .... 142 —143 October, 1098 Anselm at Bari ; Urban refuses to accept his resigna¬ tion ..... . 144 April, 1099 Decree of the Lateran Council against ]ay investi¬ ture and homage ..... 144 Beginning of appeals to Rome ; effects of the Con¬ queror s policy ..... 145—146 Aug. 2, 1100 Last year of Rufus ; his death and burial . . 147—148 § 2. Reign of Henry the First, 1100—1135. Character of the reign of Henry ; silent drawing together of English and Normans . . 148 —150 Sentiment of country supplants sentiment of race . 150—151 Henry s absences from England ; his bestowal of benefices on foreigners ; influence of Robert of Meulan . . . . . . 151 New meaning of the word Englishman ; common interest of all natives of England ; position of England as a power . . . . 152 Peace of Henry s English reign ; his relations with Scotland and Wales ; his character as drawn by the Chronicler ..... 152—153 Points of likeness between the reigns of Rufus and Henry ...... 153—154 Personal character of Henry ; his continued literary tastes ...... 154—156 Seeming contradictions in his character . . 1 56—157 His strict administration of justice . . . 157—160 xvi CONTENTS. A.D. PAGE Predominance of Wessex under the two Williams . 160 Henry s progresses through all parts of the kingdom. і бо —162 Fiscal exactions of Henry .... 162—163 His enforcement of the forest laws . . . 163—164 His faults held to be outweighed by his merits . 164—165 Historical results of his reign ; fusion of Normans and English ; strengthening of law and of the royal power ...... 165—166 Aug. 3, 1100 Henry elected King ; he appoints William GifFard to the see of Winchester .... 166—167 August 5 His coronation and chai ter .... 167— 16S He imprisons Randolf Flambard and recalls Anselm 16 S November 11 He marries Eadgyth of Scotland ; objections to the marriage ; her name changed to Matilda ; mockery of the Norman courtiers .... 168—170 iior Conspiracy in favour of Robert; loyalty of the English; zeal of Anselm. . . . 170—171 Aug. 1, noi Robert lands at Portsmouth ; treaty between him and Henry . . . . . .171 —172 Last open struggle between Normans and English ; establishment of the power of Henry . . 172 —173 1102 Revolt and banishment of Robert of Belesnie . 173 1104 Banishment and confiscation of William of Mortain . 173—174 1105—1106 Henry s Norman campaigns .... 174 Sept. 28, 1106 Battle of Tinchebrai ; Eadgar taken and released . 174 1 106—1134 Imprisonment of Robert . . . . 175 Normandy conquered by England . . . 175 —176 Reign of Henry in England and Normandy ; peace in England, warfare in Normandy . . . 176—177 William son of Robert ; his cause taken up by France 177— τ 78 Alliance between England and the Empire . . 178 1109 Accession of Lewis the Fat ; character of his reign . 178—180 nil — 1113 WarofGisors ..... 180—183 1103— пи Treaties of Henry with Robert of Flanders . . 180— iSc Enmity of Flanders and Anjou ; adventures of William Clito . . . . . 182 1112 Imprisonment of Robert of Belesrne . . . 183—184 ino —1114 Henry s alliance with Henry the Fifth; betrothal, marriage, and coronation of A deli za or Matilda . 184—185 Exaction of an aid for the marriage . . . 185 Relations between the two Henries . . . 185—186 и 15 The Normans do homage to the ^Etheling William . 186 n 16— 11 20 Second war with France and Flanders . . 187 1119 Death of Baldwin of Flanders; accession of Charles the Good . . . . . . 187 1118 Deaths of Queen Matilda and Robert of Meulan . 187 1119 Battle of Noy on ; growth of the chivalrous spirit . 188—190 CONTENTS. XVII А. Л. Oct. . 2О, II 19 II 19— її 2О Mar. 19, її Іб II 19— n 2О ΙΙ2Ο ΙΙ2Ι 1 1 21-- II 23 II 24-- II 25 1124 ÍI25 II2Ő --- 11 37 ІІ27 --- ИЗ1 March, 11 33 Feb. 3, 1 1 34 Jan. 112 7 1127 — 1128 I97 I97 199 1097— ПОЗ IUI 1092— ЇІІ5 1106— іиб noi —1112 nix --- H2I ina IIOO VOL. V. PAGE Council of Rheima ; dealings of Lewis with Pope Calixtus ...... 190—191 Interview between Calixtus and Henry ; peace with France . . . . . .191—192 Dying out of the Conqueror s male line ; the ^Ethel- ing William ; homage done to him in England . 192 William s homage to Lewis and marriage . . 193 No coronation in the King s lifetime . . 194 The ^Etheling drowned in the White Ship . . 194—195 Henry marries Adeliza of Löwen . . . 196 New disputes with Anjou ; rebellion of Waleran of Meulan ...... 196— Expedition of the Emperor against France; his death Defeat of the rebels at Bourgtheroulde ; treatment of the prisoners ..... 197— Peace with France ..... Henry s plans for the succession of his daughter ; novelty of female succession . . . 199—201 Return of Matilda ; her succession sworn to ; rivalry of Stephen and Robert .... 201—203 Marriage of Geoffrey and Matilda ; their disputes ; her succession confirmed .... 203—205 Birth of Henry the Second .... 206 Imprisonment and death of Duke Robert . . 206—208 Lewis takes up the cause of William Clito . . 206 Murder of Charles of Flanders ; reign and death of William Clito ; succession of Theodoric . . 2c6 —207 Pardon of Waleran of Meulan . . . 207 Peace with Scotland ; reigns of Eadgar, Alexander, and David ...... 208—209 Affairs of Wales ; Flemish settlement in Pembroke¬ shire ...... 209 Norman Bishops of Llandaff, Saint David s, and Bangor ...... 209—210 Relations between Normans and Wel^h ; career of Owen son of Cadwgan .... 210—211 Story of Jorwerth son of Bleddy η . . . зп — 2 ι 2 Settlement of Cardiganshire . . . . 212 Henry s Welsh expeditions and their result . . 212—213 Relations of Henry with Ireland and Orkney . 213—214 Peace of England under Henry ; he strengthens Carlisle . . . . . . 2Γ4 —215 Struggles with the new Papal theories . . 215—216 Henry s Bishops ..... 216—218 Dispute between Henry and Anselm ; its character . 218—219 Return of Anselm ; he refuses to do homage and 4o consecrate the King s Bishops. . . « 220 b xviii CONTENTS. Л.Ј). PAGE 1IO2 Synod of Westminster ; its decrees against the married clergy . . . . .221 — 223 The slave-trade denounced . . . - 223 1098—1 102 Deposition of Abbots ; Godric of Peterborough . 224 Disputes as to the consecration of Bishops . . -2-5 ІЇ03 —1106 Anselm leaves England and returns. . . 226 1 107 Compromise between Henry and Paschal ; consecra¬ tion of Bishops . . . . . 227 1109 Last days of Anselm ; bis dispute with Thomas of York ...... 227 — 2 28 Anselm s buildings ; his canonization . . 228 I 109 New bishopricks ; foundation of the нее of Ely . 228—230 1133—1156 Foundation of the see of Carlisle; ./Ethel wulf first Bishop . . . . · . 230 I 1 28 Introduction of the Cistercian Order into England; Cistercian monasteries .... 231—233 noy —1114 Vacancy of the see of Canterbury . . . 233 J 1 14—1 1 22 Ralph Archbishop of Canterbury ; disputes with the Popes . . . . . . 234 11 j 9—11 20 Consecration, banishment, and restoration of Thurstan of York ..... . 234—235 1123—1136 William of Corbeil, Archbishop of Canterbury; Councils and Legation of John of Crema . 235—237 1 107—1120 Ecclesiastical affairs of Scotland; Turgot and Eachner chosen Bishop» of Saint Andrews . 237—239 1 133—1135 Henry s last visit to Normandy . . . 239 — 240 D-e. 1, 1135 His death and burial ..... 240—242 § 3. The Reign of Stephen. Nineteen years of anarchy ; fusion of Norn: an s and English goes on ..... 242—243 Birth and marriage of Stephen, Count of Boulogne and Mortain ..... 243—245 Doc. 2 2, 1 135 Stephen chosen King; his coronation and charter; homage of Earl Robert .... 245—246 j 1 36 Stephen s election confirmed by Pope Innocent ; his second charter ..... 246—248 Case of Stephen s election ; its analogy with that of Harold ...... 248—252 Position of David, Theobald, and Robert . . 249 — 250 Character of Stephen .... 252—253 Wretchedness of the time ; use of mercenaries . 253—256 11 35—1139 Three periods of Stephen s reign; first of compara¬ tive quiet ...... 256 CONTENTS. xix A.D. PAGE il 24—1153 Heign of David in Scotland ; suppression of the revolt in Moray ...... 256 — 257 1136—1139 David s first invasion of England; cession of Cum berland and Northumberland ; historical hearing of the grants ..... 258—264 1137 Renewed disputes with Scotland ; truces . . 263 Aug. 22, 11 38 David s second invasion of England ; Battle of the Standard ; witness to the fusion of races . 263 — 267 Mixture of nations in the Scottish army . . 267 — 268 Cruelties of the Scots ; protest of Bruce and Balliol ; they defy David ..... 268—271 State of Wales ; the Flemish settlements . .271 —2 7 2 1 136 —1137 Revolt of the Welsh ; Robert son of Harold ; castles built by the Welsh .... 272—274 Dec. 1135 Norman, feeling for Theobald ; Stephen acknowledged in Normandy; invasion of Geoffrey . . 274 — 275 1 1 35—1137 First war with Geoffrey; interference of William of Aquitaine; Eustace does homage to Lewis; truce with Geoffrey ..... 275—276 April — Aug. Death of William of Aquitaine ; marriage of Le vri s ІГ37 and Eleanor; Lewis succeeds to the French crown; results of the marriage . . . 276—278 1138—1145 Alliance between Geoffrey and Robert; Geoffrey s gradual conquest of Normandy . . . 278—279 1150 Henry Duke of the Normans . . . 279 1 135—1137 Comparative peace in England ; isolated revolts . 279 1 136 Siege and recovery of Exeter ; extreme application of feudal theories ..... 279—280 1 1 37 Alleged conspiracy against the Normans in England 281—282 May, 11 38 Robert of Gloucester defies Stephen; Bristol the centre of warfare ..... 283 Horrors of the anarchy ; independence of the lords of the castles ..... 283—287 Roger Bishop of Salisbury ; his family and castles . 287 June 24— The Bishops of Salisbury arid Lincoln seized by Dec. 4, 11 39 Stephen ; their imprisonment and release ; death of Roger ...... 288—29 e 1139 — ибі Theobald Archbishop of Canterbury . . . 289 Aug. 29,11 39 Legation of Henry Bishop of Winchester ; the King arraigned before the Bishops . . . 289—290 Sept. 30,1139 Landing of Matilda ; generosity of Stephen ; leaders in the civil war ..... 291—293 Sept. 8, 11 40 Nottingham burned by Robert . . . 293 May — No- Stephen s Court in the Tower ; Bishop Henry s at- vember, 1140 tempts at mediation .... 293—294 1140—1141 Stephen at Lincoln; the castle seized by the Earls; return of Stephen ..... 295— 296 xx CONTENTS. A.D. PAGE Feb. 2, 1141 Battle of Lincoln ; speeches before the battle - 296—300 Exploits of Stephen ; his imprisonment ; sack of Lincoln ...... 300—302 Hervey the Breton besieged at the Devizes . . 302—303 Feb. 16— Bishop Henry joins Matilda ; her reception at Win- April 7, 1141 ehester and election .... 303—305 1141 Matilda in London ; her haughtiness to the citizens; action of Queen Matilda ; the Empress flies to Oxford ...... 305—309 1141 Bishop Henry changes sides ; his synod at Westmin¬ ster ...... 309 — 310 Burning of Winchester ; imprisonment of Earl Robert; he is exchanged for the King; escape of the Empress from Oxford .... 309 — 310 J142 — її 44 Local warfare ; want of authority on .both sides . 311 1144—1147 Stephen at Lincoln ; his Christmas feast and repulse of Earl Randolf ..... 311—312 1147—1148 The Empress leaves England ; death of Earl Robert 312 1147 Taking of Lisbon . . . . , · 313 Stephen on bad terms with the clergy ; growth of appeals to Rome ..... 313—314 1140— 1 181 Succession of Archbishops of York ; Saint William, Henry Murdac, Roger . . . . 315 1154 Thomas of London Archdeacon of Canterbury . 316 H53 — 1195 Hugh of Puiset Bishop of Durham . . . 316 Comparative quiet of the North ; growth of the Cis¬ tercians . . - . . . 317 1133— H49 Beginning of Universities ; first lectures at Oxford . 318 — 320 1149 — 1 1 54 Third period of Stephen s reign ; appearance of Henry of Anjou; his position and analogy with Charles the Fifth ... ... 320—323 1 1 42—1146 Henry s education in England . . . 322—323 1149 He is knighted by David of Scotland; his rivalry with Eustace ..... 323—324 1151 — 1152 Death of Geoffrey ; marriage of Henry and Eleanor 324—325 1152 War with Lewis and Eustace in Normandy . . 325 Attempt to procure the coronation of Eustace ; action of Thomas of London .... 325—326 1153 Conference between Stephen and Henry . . 326 її ¿ 2— 1153 Deaths of Eustace, David, and others . . 327 Nov. 6, 1153- Agreement between Stephen and Henry; Henry s Jan. 13, 1154 succession guaranteed, and homage done to him . 328—329 Oct. 25, II 54 Death of Stephen ..... 330 Dec. 20, 1 154 Coronation of Henry ; character and results of his reign; end of the Norman period . . . 330—332 CONTENTS. xxi CHAPTER XXIV. THE POLITICAL BESDLTS OF THE NORMAN CONQUEST. A.D. P A (i E The English spirit brought out and strengthened by the Conquest ; unbroken continuity of English history ; comparison with Germany and Denmark 333—336 Comparison, of the Norman Conquest with other conquests and revolutions ; its special character . 336—340 § 1. Effects of the Norman Conquest on tlie External Relations of England. Early isolation of England ; effects of its insular position ...... 340—341 Effects of the Danish wars and of the Empire of Cnut 341—342 England brought nearer to the Romance nations by the Conquest ; earlier tendencies in the same direction ...... 342— 343 Beginning of English warfare on the Continent ; effects of the French wars ; alliance with Germany 343—346 Xew European position of England under Henry the First ...... 346 Her position under Henry ť!ie Second ; analogies with Charles the Fifth and the House of Savoy ; his relations to Scotland and Ireland . . 34.6— 34Я Effects of the reign of Richard . . . 348 Effects of the loss of Normandy and retention of Aquitaine ...... 349—350 Comparison between England and Sweden . . 351 Ecclesiastical effects of the Conquest ; papal encroach¬ ments ; question of investitures . . . 352 — 353 Action of the Legates ; appeals to Roino . . 353 — 355 English share in the Crusades ; small share of the Scandinavian nations in them . . . 355—357 Rarity of foreign marriages among the Old-English Kings ; foreign and English marriages after the Conquest ...... 357—359 General increase of intercourse with the Continent ; trade with Germany and Gaul ; Norman settlers in London ...... 359—361 Interchange of foreign and English scholars and churchmen ; Pope Hadrian the Fourth ; Saint Hugh ...... 361—363 % 2. The Effects of the Norman Conquest on the Kingly JPuicer. William steps into the place of the elder Kings ; effects of his position in strengthening the kingly power ...... 364—366 xxii CONTENTS. A.D. PAGE Supposed introduction of the Feudal System by William ; his legislation anti-feudal ; he makes the old institutions serve his purposes . . 366—367 Différent meanings of the word feudalism ; political feudalism checked by William, but the feudal tenure of land promoted .... 367—370 The King s Thegns become tenants-in-chief . . 370 Beginning of knight-service on Chu rch lands . 370 — 372 Feudal incidents implied in the charter of Henry the First ; reliefs, wardship, and marriage . 373—37^ Systematic establishment of the feudal tenures by Ran dolf Flambard ..... 376—37 S Logical deductions of Flambard ; dealings with eccle¬ siastical benefices ..... 378—381 One side of feudalism adopted ; the King s old and new powers, and old and new revenues . . 381 — 3S4 Relations of the King to the English ; common in¬ terest of King and people ; the kingly power strengthened from all quarters . . . 384— 386 Preservation of old institutions through William s despotism ; unbroken continuance of the ancient assemblies ...... 386—3^7 Growth of the hereditary principle ; hindrances to any definite law of succession . . . 387— 3S9 Hereditary succession becomes the rule, but the right of election never given up . . . 389—390 Events after the Conquest favourable to parliamen¬ tary rights; comparison with France . . 390—391 General results of the Conquest on English king¬ ship ; its twofold character ; analogy with Koine . 391 — 392 Position of the King towards the two races ; change under the Angevins ; union of both races against the King ...... 392—394 Freedom preserved through despotism ; effects of William s personal character . . . 394—395 § 3. Legislation of the Norma/n. Kiny s . Little direct change in the law ; no substitution of Norman for English law .... 395—397 Modification of English law by Norman influences . 397—398 Real and legendary legislation of William ; tem¬ porary ordinances ; abolition of capital punish¬ ment ...... 398—401 The alleged laws of William and Henry ; not for¬ geries, but private collections ; their witness to the retention of English law .... 401—403 CONTENTS. XXIII A.D. PAGE Legislation of Henry the Second ; beginning of mo¬ dern English law ; return to the old laws . . 403—404 § 4. Administration under the Norman Kings. Administr ative and social changes; ovi tward effects of the Conquest most seen when its immediate results had passed away .... 404—406 Continuity of English assemblies ; constitution and working of the ancient assemblies ; no formal change niade by William .... 406—408 Effect of the practice of summons ; origin of Lords and Commons ; the summons the essence of peerage ...... 408—410 The Witan and the Landsittende men continued in the Lords and the knights of the shire ; survival of personal action in the London citizens . . 408—411 Gradual change in the character of the Assemblies ; change in the nomenclature . . . 411—413 The Assembly gradually becomes a Norman body; gradual change back again . . . 413—415 Origin of the ecclesiastical Convocation ; origin of the Three Estates ; twofold position of the Lorda Spiritual ...... 415—416 No formal change in the powers of the Assembly ; constitutional language of the Kings . . 417— 41 8 Action of King and Witan in ecclesiastical matters 418 Practical change in the working of the Assembly ; its English and Norman aspects . . . 419 Paramount influence of the King ; his authority strengthened by frequent Assemblies . . 420 Action of ecclesiastical synods in Stephen s reign . 420 Judicial powers of the Assembly ; cases of Odo and William of Eu ; its jurisdiction in ecclesiastical cases ...... 420—422 Effect of the practice of summons ; growth of the inner Council ..... 422—423 The Curia Regis continues the Theningmannagemót 423 Effect of the Curia Regis on the centralization of justice ; origin of the Law Courts, the Privy Council, and the Cabinet ; the old rights brought back in a new- shape .... 424 — 42& Increased importance of the great officers of state and household ; lessening of the strictly official importance of Earls and Bishops . . . 426—427 Special innovation with regard to these offices ; analogies with the Frankish kingdoms . . 427—428 xxiv CONTENTS. A.D. PAGE Working of hereditary offices . . . 428—429 Secondary offices ; history of the offices of Chamber¬ lain and Constable ..... 429—430 The Justiciar ; various uses of the title ; the office under Flambard, Roger of Salisbury, and Ran dolf of Glanville ..... 430—432 The Chancellor ; growth of his office ; other uses of the name ...... 432—434 The Treasurer . . . . . 434 The older offices die away and the secondary offices survive ...... 434 The Exchequer ; origin of the name ; not borrowed from Normandy ; action of Bishop Roger and his family ·..... 435—437 Purchase of offices ..... 437—438 The Sheriff ; fiscal duties of his office . . 438—439 Danegeld ; other sources of revenue ; witness of the Pipe Ro1!b ...... 439—441 Weakening of the local courts and strengthening of the King s courts ..... 441— 44 a Judicial action of the old Kings ; pleas of the Crown ; murder and Englishry . . . 442—444 Royal interference with the popular courts ; cases before the Conquest ; the King s officers supplant the ancient presidents .... 444—447 The old Assemblies kept up ; penalties for non- attendance ..... 447 Itinerant Justices under Henry the First and Henry the Second . . . . . 448 The King becomes the fountain of justice ; gradual return to the old institutions . . . 448—451 Trial by Jury ; popular theories as to its origin ; not brought in from Normandy . . . 451—455 Early approaches to Jury Trial ; the Recognitors . 45 2 Gradual growth of the system : greatest change under Henry the Second . . . . 453 Jurors change from -witnesses to judges . . 454 Tiie Forest Laws ; nature of the forests . . 455__456 Legislation of Cnut and the Henries . . . 456—457 Popular element in the forest courts ; preservation of English law throughout Norman despotism ; legislation as to animals ferse naturae . . 458—460 § 5. Local and Social Effects of the Conquest. ** Feudal ization of Europe ; origin of manors ; theories of lawyers ...... 460—461 CONTENTS. xxv A.D. PAGE Growth of the King and the lord ... 462 Grants of immunities ; sac and soc . . . 461—462 The village community changed into the parish and manor ...... 462 Illustration from the Celtic clans ; the chief turns into the landlord ..... 462 Encroachments on the primitive system before and after the Conquest .... 462—463 Nature of commendation .... 463—464 Traces of the older system ; courts-leet and courts- baron. ; the old and the new county court . 464—465 English origin, of the English towns ; differences between English and continental towns ; the boroughs follow the analogy of the shire and the hundred ... ... 465—466 English towns at the time of the Conquest ; London and Lincoln ..... 466—467 11 50— 1 247 Charters to London ; relation of Middlesex to London 467 —468 Growth of the privileges and importance of London ; the commune and the Mayor . . . 468—47° Older and newer towns ; the immemorial customs imitated ín the later charters . . · 47°—47 2 Effect of the Conquest on the growth of the towns ; growth of corporate privileges . . . 472—473 Contrast between English and continental municipal history; no special burgher class in England . 473—475 Social effects of the Conquest ; no broad lines be¬ tween Norman and English . . . 475 Other classes thrust down by the Conquest, but the slaves rise ...... 476 Slaves and churls confounded in the class of villains ; growth of villainage .... 476—479 No place f or actual slavery in feudal ideas ; abolition of slavery in England and elsewhere . . 479—481 Growth of the chivalrous spirit ; counteracting in¬ fluences in England .... 4S1 —484 Forms of conferring knighthood ; different meanings of the word chivalry .... 484—485 Intro luction of coat-armour .... 485—486 TheCourt of Chivalry; the Constable and the Marshal 486—487 The ordeal gives way to the wager of battle ; intro¬ duction of tournaments .... 487—489 Growth of the doctrine of primogeniture ; it hinders the growth of nobility .... 489—491 xxvi CONTENTS. A.L). PAG F. § 6. Ecclesiabtical Effects of the Norman Conquest. Increased connexion with Rome through the Con¬ quest ; papal encroachments; long struggle and final emancipation of England . . . 491—494 Internal ecclesiastical effects of the Conquest ; ex¬ emption of Churchmen from temporal jurisdic¬ tion ; comparison with the Eastern Church and Empire ...... 494—495 Introduction of foreign prelates ; secularization of the Bishops ; feudalization of ecclesiastical rela¬ tions ...... 495—497 Changed relations of the Bishops to their own churches ; growing independence of the Chapters ; cases of monks in cathedral churches . . 497—5°° Effects of the Conquest in favour of the regulars ; growth of new orders .... 500 History of tithe ; of advowsons ; appropriation of tithe to chapters and monasteries . . . 500—503 General results of the Conquest ; its indirect benefits 503—505 CHAPTER XXV. THE EFFECTS OF THE NORMAN CONQUEST ON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. No purpose on William s part to root out the English tongue; origin of the error . . . 506 — 507 Gradual change in language caused by the Conquest ; strengthening of tendencies already at work ; loss of inflexions ; infusion of Romance words . 507 — = 09 Effect of confusion in nomenclature ; origin and history of the English language . . . 509—=^10 Different dialects of English . . . . 511 Changes in language before and after the Conquest . 51 2—51 3 § 1. Effects of the Conquest on the English Language. Influx of foreign words in all languages ; displace¬ ment of native words . . . . 514 Earliest Latin infusion in English . . . 515—517 British infusion . . . . . 5T7 Second Latin infusion, chiefly ecclesiastical . . 517—518 Danish influence . . . . . 519 French infusion under Eadward . . . 519—520 Effects of the Conquest; distinct French infusion; beginning of displacement of English words . 520—521 CONTENTS. xxvii A.D. Ρ Л« К Loss of inflexions . . . - . 522 Cheek put on decay by the use of writing- ; history of Greek and Latin . . . . 522 Elder standard of English destroyed by the Con¬ quest ; comparison of English and Welsh . . 5?3 Corruption of the language itself ; comparison with other Teutonic tongues .... 524—^25 Use of French and English side by side ; u.^-e of Latin ; use of English under the Angevins . . 526— 52S Rare notices of language ; slow introduction of French as aii official language ; its use a sign of the fusion of races ..... 528—530 1258 English proclamation of ríen ry the Third ; its import¬ ance in the history of English . . . 530—53^ Fashionable use of French .... 5J2— 536 First signs of speculation on the subject of langunges 5^3—535 Final triumph of English ; survivals of the use of French ...... 530—5.-7 Influence of French on English ; infusion of Romance words ...... 537 — 53Й Corruption of grammatical forms ; comparisons with French and High-Dutch .... f39 —540 Different dialects of English ; standard English the speech of Eastern Mercia .... 541—544 Infusion of foreign words a sign of the fusion of races ; the process in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries ...... 545—546 Displacement of native words ; loss of the power of coining words ..... 546—54/ Evil results of the Conquest on language ; power of English in the eleventh century . . . 547—549 Analogies between EnglL-h and French ; Teutonic infusion in French answers to the Komance infusion in English ...... 549 — 553 Teutonic words brought back in a French šliape . 549 Analogies between the Frankish Conquest of Gaul and the Norman Conquest of England . . 550—551 Latin the tongue of Gaul; smallness of the Celtic element in French . . . . 550 Points of unlikeness between the two Conquests . 551—¿56 One period of Teutonic infusion in French ; several periods of Romance infusion in English . . 551 — 553 Teutonic words in Latin . . . . 552 Different relations between Latin and French and between Qld-Engüsh and modem English . 554— Г xxviii CONTENTS. § ι. Effects of the Conquest on Personal and Local Nomenclature. A.D. PAGE Old-English personal nomenclature ; its Teutonic and insular character ; comparison with other countries ... ... 556— 55S English names borne by the sons of Danes and of Eadward s Normans .... 559 —560 Introduction of Norman and saintly names ; Norman names borne by the sons of English fathers . 560—561 Disuse of English names ; their partial survival . 56 J —563 Introduction of hereditary surnames ; distinction be¬ tween surnames and gentile names ; origin of sur¬ names ...... 563—565 Personal surnames in England ; definition of here¬ ditary surnames ..... 564—565 Introduction of surnames in Normandy ; history of local surnames ..... 565—567 Patronymic and metronymic surnames . . 567—569 Surnames formed from nicknames and offices . 569—570 Pretended hereditary surnames before the Conquest . 570—571 Effects of the Conquest on local nomenclature ; British and Danish names in England . . 571 Few English names displaced, but French names given to new places ..... 57 2 —573 Norman surnames of places . . . . 57Л Local nomenclature of South Wales, Ireland, and Cumberland ..... 573—575 § 3 Effects of the Norman Conquest on EnglisJt Literature. Lack of English literature in the eleventh century; little encouragement of learning under EadwarJ . 575—577 Influx of learned men under William. . . 577 Latin historians ; miscellaneous Latin writings . 577—579 Growth of the Romance tongues ; character of the Old French ..... 579—580 French riming chroniclers; witness of Gaimar to the fusion ...... 580—582 French prose ; miscellaneous French writings . 582 The song of Roland and the Carolingian legends . 582—583 The Arthurian legends ; their worthlessness ; con¬ trast with Homer ..... 583—584 1340? English prose ; the Ayenbite of Inwyt . . 585— 5R6 English heroic songs ; their language unlike that of prose ; contrast between them and the French riming chronicles ..... 586— 58S Introduction of rime j French influence . . 589—590 CONTENTS. XXIX A.D. PA G K Denationalization, of English literature ; contrast of Ord eriu and Lajamon .... 590 Unnational character and influence of Lajamon s poem ...... 591—592 English metrical chronicles; Robert of Gloucester . 592 Satiric, panegyric, and devotional wiiting.s . . 593—594 English influence on French .... 594—595 Position of Chaucer ..... 595—596 Evil effects of the Conquest on national speech and consciousness . . . . . 5<,6 —597 CHAPTER XXVI. THE EFFECTS OF THE NORMAN CONQUEST ON ART. Art in the eleventh century means architecture ; position of the subordinate arts Architectural importance of the eleventh century ; the style mainly to be studied in churches Historical position of the Romanesque style ; its co-ordinate rank with Grecian and Gothic Primitive Romanesque of Western Europe ; growth of local styles ..... 1050— 1 100 Primitive style keeps on in Germany, but in England gives way to Norman .... Growth of Romanesque ; a developement of Roman Beginning of consistent architecture at Spalato ; buildings of Rome, Ravenna, Lucca, and Pisa Basilican and domical types of churches ; fusion of the two ...... Vulgar errors about English architecture before the Conquest ...... Introduction of stone building . . . Primitive buildings in England Roman character of the style : ground-plan and in¬ teriors of the churches .... The Primitive towers ; their Italian origin ; the Irish round towers .... History of Romanesque in Italy and Germany History of Romanesque in Gaul Aquitanian and Angevin styles Origin of Norman Romanesque ; examples in Nor¬ mandy ...... Distinction between Primitive and Norman Ro¬ manesque Connexion between Norman and tecture 5 9 8—599 599 боо — бої беї --- бо 2 6О2 --- боз — боб —607 607- боЯ- 609- 6і2 614 608 -609 -ói 2 —61 4 616 617 617 Lomí ard archi- 618 620 622 623 -6 2 І — 6 2* xxx CONTENTS. A.D. PAGE Norman style brought into England by Eadward ; increase in the size of churches ; the English churches destroyed because too small . . 6:5—627 Norman architecture in England affected by the Primitive style ..... 627—629 1093 — 11 28 Durham, the perfection of Northern Romanesque . 629—632 lor5 —1065 Introduction of the Norman style in small buildings; Kirkdale . . . . . 632—633 The Primitive style retained alongside of the Nor¬ man ; Lincoln ; Jarrow ; Oxford . . . 633—636 Influence on the architecture of Scotland ; Dunferm- line and Saint Andrews .... 636— 6jS Architectural improvements of Roger of Salisbury ; style of Henry the Second s reign . . . 638 — 639 Introduction of the pointed arch; the form brought from the East, but developcs an appropriate system of detail .... . 639—641 Stages of the Transition from Romanesque to Gothic ; imperfect Gothic of Italy .... 640 Ï186 —1200 Growth of Gothic detail; work of Saint Hugh at Lincoln ...... 640—641 Character of the Transition . . . . 641 No special ecclesiastical style ; rarity of Romanesque civil buildings ; halls .... 642—644 Effect of the Conquest on domestic architecture ; stone houses ..... 644—646 Effect of the Conquest on military architecture ; the Norman castles ..... 646—647 Castles on English mounds .... 647—649 Change in warfare; sieges instead of pitched battles 649—650 Importance of the Conquest as a turning-point . 650—651 CHAPTER XXVIÏ. THE ANGEVIN REIGNS. 11 =.4—1307 Sketch of the Angevin period . . . 652—660 Position of England within the British islands ; two English kingdoms, each with Celtic dependencies . 652—653 Tendencies to fusion ; working of the French and Scottish wars ..... 654—655 Legislation of the Angevin Kings ; no distinction be¬ tween English and Normans ; language of Giraldus and other scholars ..... 655—656 Wbrking of the Norman and Angevin periods ; character of the thirteenth century ; its effect on England ...... 656—658 CONTENTS. XXXI A.T>. РАО Б Henry the Second and Edward the First . . 658 Analogies between Henry the First and Henry the Second ...... 658—65 9 Three periods of Henry the Second s reign ; his character as a lawgiver .... 659—660 1154—1164 First period ; the restoration, of or<l er . . 660 1154— 1162 Chancellorship of Thomas of London . . 660—661 1162 His appointment jus Archbishop; Henry s mistake in the appointment ; artificial position of Thomas 661—663 Objects of Henry and Thomas ; comparison- of their quarrel with that of Henry the First and Anselm ...... 663—665 1170 Second quarrel between Henry and Thomas ; corona¬ tion of young Henry .... 665 Death of Thomas ; lax use of the word martyr . 666 Position of Tilomas -with regard to the fusion of races ; his English spirit ..... 666—669 Good side of the ecclesiastical exemptions . . 668 H70 —1189 Third period of Henry s reign; character of Queen Eleanor .... . . 669 1173— I]íľ5 Rebellions and wars of Henry s later days ; revolt of the Earls ; capture and homage of William of Scotland ...... 670—671 1169 —1171 Conquest of Ireland ..... 671 1189 Continental wars ; loss of Le Mans ; death of Henry 672 Legislation of Henry ; the action of the Witan goes on; he legislates for an united nation . . 672—674 1154— H57 Establishment of his power .... 674 1159 War of Toulouse and scutage . . . 674 Developement of the Jury .... 675 Thomas withstands the Danegeld . . . 675 1164 The Constitutions of Clarendon renew the laws of Henry the First ; Henry s schemes premature . 675 — 678 Ordination of villains .... 678 I166 — 1 176 Henry s later legislation ; tlie Assize of Clarendon; the Inquest of Sheriffs ; the Assize of North- hampton ...... 678—681 Advance of the system of recognitions ; destruction of castles; penalties of heresy * . . 679—680 1181 The Assize of Arms ; the use of mercenaries; re¬ organization of the Fyrd . ♦ . . 681 H84 The Assize of the Forest .... 681 Π 88 The Paladin Tithe ..... 682—683 England kept distinct from Henry s foreign dominions 683—684 General character of Henry s reign ; his European position; marriages of his daughters; his Italian policy ..... . 684—686 xxxii CONTENTS. A.D. PAOK Sept. 3, 1189 Accession of Richard the First ; un- English character of his reign ; constitutional advance under his ministers . . . · 686—687 Position of Arthur of Britanny . . . 68 -š 1190—1192 Richard s Crusade ..... 688 Release of William of Scotland from his special obligations . . . . . . 689 1189 — 1 97 Chancellorship of William Long-champ . . 689 Overthrow of the Chancellor ; action of Earl John . 689—690 ι t co — Ί 193 Captivity of Richard; his homage to the Emperor and ransom ..... 690—691 Mar. 30, 1194 Council at Nottingham .... 691 April 17 Richard s coronation at Winchester . . . 691 May 12 He leaves England for ever . . . . 692 1193 — 1198 Justiciarship of Archbishop Hubert . . . 692 iKj6 Sedition of William Fitz-Osbert . . . 69 a Developement of the representative principle ; Richard s extortions; his charters to boroughs . 692—693 1198 Geoffrey Fifcz-Peter Justiciar; origin of Justices of the Peace and Knights of the Shire . . 694—695 Dec. 7,1197 Council at Oxford; Saint Hugh withstands the King s demand for money . . . 695—696 1198 Hubert removed from the justiciarship . . 696 April 8, 1199 Death of Richard ; he bequeaths the crown, to John 696—697 Arthur acknowledged in Anjou . . . 697 May 22, 1199 Speech of Archbishop Hubert; lawfulness of John s accession ...... 697—698 Character of John; advantage to England of his crimes . . 699—700 1202 —1204 Overthrow and fate of Arthur; conquest and for¬ feiture of Normandy . . . .701 — 702 The separation of Normandy the formal undoing of the Conquest ..... 703 Fusion of races strengthened by John s love of foreigners ...... 703—704 1205—1212 Deaths of Archbishop Hubert and Geoffrey Fitz- Peter ...... 704 1200 John s divorce and second marriage . . . 7°4 1 2 13— 12T4 Administration of Peter des Roches . . . 7°5 1207— 1213 The dispute with Innocent ; John s homage ; English resistance to Rome .... 705—706 1214 John s successes on the continent ; battle of Bouvines for* 1207— л 228 Primacy of Stephen Lang ton ; effects of his appoint¬ ment by Innocent . . . . . 707 r 213 The English refuse to fight for John . . 707 1213 Return of the Archbishop ; John s promises; Council at Saint Pauľs ..... 708—709 CONTENTS. xxxiii A.D. PAGE 1214 The Barons at Saint Eadmundsbury ; action of the Northern men and the Londoners . . 709—710 I2J5 The Great Charter; the first act of the restored English nation ..... 711— 7J2 Clauses of the Charter ; protection given to all classes ; advance of parliamentary representation ; power of the purse ; right of resistance asserted . 71.2— 7*6 Omission of the constitutional clauses in the confir¬ mation . . . . . . 714 Advance of municipal rights; position of the Mayor of London . . . . . 715 Rebellion of John ; the Charter annulledj and the barons excommunicated by Innocent . . 716 1 2i 6 Election of Lewis ; his claims; English feeling turns against him ; death of John . . . 716—719 1216—1272 Reign of Henry the Third .... 719 1217 Battle of Lincoln . . . . . 719 1215— 1221 Dominion of the Legates .... 719—-720 1216 —1223 Confirmation of the Charter .... 720—721 1216—1219 William Earl Marshal Guardian . . . 721 1219—1243 Career of Hubert of Burgh .... 721 1234 Revolt and death of Richard Earl Marshal . . 721 1227 Henry s personal reign begins . . . 721 1236 His marriage ; evil influence of his wife and mother . 721 — 722 Resistance to the foreigners under Earl Richard of Cornwall . . . . . . 722 Parliaments of Henry the Third ; demands for the parliamentary appointments of the great officers ; advance of representation .... 722 — 723 1245—1247 Letters from England to the Popes . . . 724 Union of races and classes ; patriotism of the clergy 724—725 1234—1240 Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury . . 725 1 2 $5— 1?53 Robert Grosse teste, Bishop of Lincoln . . 725 1337—1266 Walter of Cantelupe, Bishop of Winchester . . 725 Falling away of Earl Richard . . . 726 Simon of Montfort ; his marriage, career, and -work . 726—729 1258 The Provisions of Oxford . . . . 727 1264—1265 The Barons War; battles of Lewes and Evesham ; popular canonization of Simon . . . 78 Edward the successor of Simon . . . 728— 72y Reign of Edward the First ; his character, legisla¬ tion, and conquests .... 729—732 Edward the first English King of the new line . 73c —732 VOL. V. XXXIV CONTENTS. APPENDIX. in Note A. Domesday ..... .В. Notes of Time in Domesday C. Unjust Seizures of Laud D. The Condition, of Worcestershire under William E. The use of the words Franci and Angli Domesday . F. The Antecessores of Domesday . G. Leases and Sales in Domesday H. The use of the word vis in Domesday I. The King s Writ and Seal . K. Notices of Outlawry in Domesday . L. Notices of Wives and Daughters in Domesday M. Grants of Alms in Domesday N. Castles and Destruction in Towns O. The Condition of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey P. The King s Reeves . Q. Jews in England . R. Robert the bon of G odwinę . S. The Conquest of Glamorgan T. The Appropriation of Ecclesiastical Revenues by William Rufus . U. The Death of William Rufus W. The Fusion of Normans and English X. The Character of Нлпгу the First Y. Henry the First s Aţipeai to the English Z. The Imprisonment of Duke Robert A%A. The Treaties between Henry the First and Robert of Flanders ..... KB. Robert Earl of Gloucester . CO. The Flemish Settlements in South Wales ΏΏ. The Claim of Stephen to the Crown ЕЕ. The alleged Danish Invasion in Stephen s time FF. The Treaty between Stephen and Henry GG. English Trade with Germany HH. Military Tenures . II. Reliefs ...... KK. The AIlcLjtd Laws of William ami Henry the First LL. Ordeal and Wager of Battle ΛΙΜ. Assemblies under the Norman Kings 2s 2N*. The King s Court . <JO. The Great Officers of State and Household . PAGE 733 740 747 759 766 769 77S 785 787 798 801 804 806 810 811 818 S19 820 822 823 825 839 849 850 S54 860 S62 863 864 867 868 87З 876 878 880 CONTENTS. xxxv Note PP. The Exchequer . QQ. Daneg-eld ..... RR. Trial by Jury .... SS. Notices of Commendation in Domesday TT. The Towns ..... UTJ. Classes in Domesday WW. The Use of English .... XX. Norman and English Names YY. The Churches of Jarro w and Monkwearmouth ZZ. William with the Long Beard PAGE 88O 884 885 887 888 889 89З 897 899 С 2
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The history of the Norman conquest of England Its causes and its results
title The history of the Norman conquest of England Its causes and its results
title_auth The history of the Norman conquest of England Its causes and its results
title_exact_search The history of the Norman conquest of England Its causes and its results
title_full The history of the Norman conquest of England Its causes and its results 5. The effects of the Norman conquest. 1876.XL, 901 S. Edward Augustus Freeman*
title_fullStr The history of the Norman conquest of England Its causes and its results 5. The effects of the Norman conquest. 1876.XL, 901 S. Edward Augustus Freeman*
title_full_unstemmed The history of the Norman conquest of England Its causes and its results 5. The effects of the Norman conquest. 1876.XL, 901 S. Edward Augustus Freeman*
title_short The history of the Norman conquest of England
title_sort the history of the norman conquest of england its causes and its results
title_sub Its causes and its results
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002510835&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link (DE-604)BV004001864
work_keys_str_mv AT freemanedwarda thehistoryofthenormanconquestofenglanditscausesanditsresults5theeffectsofthenormanconquest1876xl901s

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