Learning and activation
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sydney [u.a.]
Wiley
1969
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| Schriftenreihe: | Basic Topics in Psychology Series
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Champion, R. A. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Learning and activation |c R. A. Champion |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Learning and activation
Autor: Champion, Richard A.
Jahr: 1969
Contents
1 THE NATURE AND MEASUREMENT OF LEARNING 1
Definitions of Learning 1
Processes to be Distinguished from Learning 2
Maturation 3
Sensory adaptation 3
Fatigue 4
Activation 4
The Measurement of Learning 4
Practice 4
Performance 5
Learning curves 6
Summary 10
2 TYPES OF LEARNING SITUATION 11
Trial and Error Learning 11
Insightful learning 12
Restricted trial and error learning 12
Instrumental Learning 13
Reinforcement schedules 14
Classical Conditioning 15
Classical conditioning phenomena 17
Forward and backward conditioning 17
Delay and trace conditioning 18
Experimental extinction 19
External inhibition 20
Stimulus generalization 21
Differential conditioning 22
Higher-order conditioning 22
Classical conditioning versus instrumental learning 22
Summary 25
3 BASIC FEATURES OF LEARNING 27
The Contiguity-Reinforcement Analysis 27
x • CONTENTS
Contiguity 29
Reinforcement 30
Secondary reinforcement 30
Amount of reinforcement 31
Delay of reinforcement 34
Partial reinforcement 35
Hypotheses about reinforcement 36
Drive reduction 36
Confirmation of expectations 36
Protection 37
Incentive motivation 37
The All-or-None Hypothesis 38
Programmed Learning 38
Summary 39
4 ACTIVATION 41
Activators 42
Deprivation 42
Noxious stimulation 45
Frustration 45
Conflict 46
Verbal instructions 47
Doubtful activators 48
ACTIVATIONAL PHENOMENA 49
Correlates of activation 49
Primary and secondary activators 49
Relative strength of primary activators 49
The directing properties of activators 50
The generality of activation 52
Summary 52
5 ACTIVATION AND LEARNING 53
Sources of Learned Activation 53
Experimental evidence 53
Noxious stimulation 53
Food deprivation 56
Frustration 57
Conflict 57
Theoretical analysis of learned activation 58
Practical applications 61
The need for money 61
Neurotic behaviour and psychotherapy 62
Activation and Reinforcement 63
CONTENTS • xi
Classical defence conditioning 63
Classical escape conditioning 64
Classical avoidance conditioning 64
Instrumental escape and avoidance learning 65
Learning as a Function of Level of Activation 66
The Joint Operation of Learning and Activation 69
Summary 72
6 COMPLEX LEARNING PHENOMENA 74
Discrimination Learning 74
Spatial versus non-spatial discrimination learning 75
Simultaneous versus successive discrimination learning 76
Perceptual Learning 76
Place and response learning 77
Learning without responding 78
Transfer of Training 79
Conditions of positive transfer 80
Conditions of negative transfer 81
Verbal Learning 82
Verbal learning methods 82
Paired-associate learning 82
Serial anticipation learning 83
Reproduction or free recall 84
Verbal learning materials 84
Order and position effects in verbal learning 85
Backward association 85
Remote association 86
Serial-position effects 87
The roles of intention and awareness in verbal learning 88
Incidental learning 88
Learning without awareness 89
Concept Learning 89
Methods of studying concept learning 90
Selected concept learning data 90
Strategies of human learners 90
The relative effects of positive and negative instances 91
Reversal and non-reversal shifts 92
Mediation 93
Summary 97
7 RETENTION AND FORGETTING 98
Retention 98
Methods of measuring retention 98
xii • CONTENTS
Recall 98
Recognition 99
Relearning 100
Retention curves 100
The effects of acquisition conditions on retention 100
Over-learning 102
Meaningfulness of material 102
Speed of acquisition 103
Hypothetical changes after acquisition 103
Dissipation of inhibition 103
Consolidation and implicit rehearsal 105
Changing memory trace 106
Forgetting 108
Proactive inhibition in retention 108
Retroactive inhibition 108
Altered stimulus conditions 112
Short-Term Memory 113
Summary 115
REFERENCES 117
INDEX 123
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| id | DE-604.BV000928340 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-03T16:12:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000568887 |
| oclc_num | 256170360 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-384 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-824 DE-M472 DE-83 DE-20 DE-188 DE-N2 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-384 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-824 DE-M472 DE-83 DE-20 DE-188 DE-N2 |
| physical | XII, 124 S. graph. Darst. |
| psigel | TUB-nvmb |
| publishDate | 1969 |
| publishDateSearch | 1969 |
| publishDateSort | 1969 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Basic Topics in Psychology Series |
| spellingShingle | Champion, R. A. Learning and activation Aktivierung Physiologie (DE-588)4243777-5 gnd Lerntheorie (DE-588)4114402-8 gnd Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4243777-5 (DE-588)4114402-8 (DE-588)4035408-8 |
| title | Learning and activation |
| title_auth | Learning and activation |
| title_exact_search | Learning and activation |
| title_full | Learning and activation R. A. Champion |
| title_fullStr | Learning and activation R. A. Champion |
| title_full_unstemmed | Learning and activation R. A. Champion |
| title_short | Learning and activation |
| title_sort | learning and activation |
| topic | Aktivierung Physiologie (DE-588)4243777-5 gnd Lerntheorie (DE-588)4114402-8 gnd Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Aktivierung Physiologie Lerntheorie Lernen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000568887&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT championra learningandactivation |