Earth's earliest biosphere its origin and evolution
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Princeton, N.J.
Princeton Univ. Press
1983
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Earth's earliest biosphere |b its origin and evolution |c ed. by J. William Schopf |
| 264 | 1 | |a Princeton, N.J. |b Princeton Univ. Press |c 1983 | |
| 300 | |a XXV, 543 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 650 | 7 | |a Biosfeer |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Paleontologie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Paléontologie - Précambrien | |
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| _version_ | 1823049680273014784 |
| adam_text | CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS xv
LIST OF TABLES xvii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xix
PREFACE xxi
The P.P.R.G. : An Interdisciplinary Experiment xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
INTRODUCTION
How to Read This Book
by J. William Schopf 3
Purpose of the Book 3
Structure of the Book 3
Overview of the Book 4
CHAPTER 1
Early Biogeologic History:
The Emergence of a Paradigm
by Preston Cloud 14
1-1. Introduction 14
1-2. Stage I. The Gestational Century:
1850-1950 16
1-3. Stage II. The Emergent Decade: the 1950s 19
1-4. Stage III. The Breakthrough Decade:
the 1960s 21
1-5. Stage IV. The Takeoff Decade: the 1970s 24
1-6. Current State and Future Prospects 29
CHAPTER 2
The Nature of the Earth Prior to
the Oldest Known Rock Record:
The Hadean Earth
by David J. Stevenson 32
2-1. Introduction 32
2-2. Origin and Evolution of the Solar System 32
2-3. Growth and Primary Differentiation of
the Earth 34
2-4. Differentiation and Outgassing of the
Early Mantle 37
2-5. Summary and Conclusions 39
CHAPTER 3
The Early Earth and the Archean
Rock Record by W. Gary Ernst 41
3-1. Introduction 41
3-2. The Hadean Earth 41
3-3. The Archean Rock Record and Inferred
Physical Conditions 43
3-3-1. Mineralogy and petrology 43
3-3-2. Physical conditions 46
3-4. Paleomagnetic Data, Cratonization, and
Continental Drift 47
3-5. Plate Tectonics Through Geologic Time 49
3-6. Summary and Conclusions 50
Acknowledgments 52
CHAPTER 4
Prebiotic Organic Syntheses and
the Origin of Life by Sherwood
Chang, David DesMarais, Ruth Mack,
Stanley L. Miller, and Gary E. Strathearn 53
4-1. The Chemical Evolution Paradigm 53
4-2. The Historical Context 54
4-2-1. The Oparin model of the prebiotic
Earth : a hydrogen-rich, strongly
reducing atmosphere 54
4-2-2. The Urey model: support for
Oparin s prebiotic atmosphere and
forerunner of modern models for the
formation of Earth 55
4-2-3. The Rubey model: an alternative to
Oparin s prebiotic atmosphere and the
rekindling of a controversy 57
4-2-4. A multi-stage model for early atmo-
spheric evolution: a synthesis of
alternatives 58
4-2-5. Other variations on the theme of
prebiotic atmospheres 59
4-3. Evidence in Support of the Chemical
Evolution Paradigm 60
4-3-1. Extraterrestrial evidence 60
4-3-2. Organic syntheses under simulated
prebiotic conditions 61
4-3-3. Assessment of possible criteria for
identifying evidence of chemical
evolution in the geologic record 64
4-4. Accretion of Earth and Formation of its
Core: Modern Models and Implications 72
4-4-1. Accretion and early core formation 72
4-4-2. Homogeneous accretion of Earth 74
4-4-3. Inhomogeneous accretion of Earth
and possible prebiotic atmospheric-
compositions 84
4-4-4. An early Earth regolith, weathering,
and submarine environments 85
4-4-5. Prebiotic organic synthesis:
biological implications and possible
occurrence in oxidizing environments 86
4-5. Problems and Prospects for Future Studies 88
vi CO NTENTS
4-6. Summary and Conclusions 91 6-10. Summary and Conclusions 147
Acknowledgments 92 Acknowledgments 148
CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 7
Precambrian Organic Geochemistry, Isotopic Inferences of Ancient
Preservation of the Record by Biochemistries: Carbon, Sulfur,
J. M. Hayes, Isaac R. Kaplan, and Hydrogen, and Nitrogen by
Kim W. Wedeking 93 Manfred Schidlowski, J. M. Hayes,
5-1. Introduction 93 and Isaac R. Kaplan 149
5-2. Organic Geochemistry—Processes and 7-1. Introduction 149
Products 94 7-2. Carbon 150
5-2-1. The carbon cycle 94
5-2-2. Processes affecting sedimentary
organic matter 97
5-2-3. Distribution and types of organic
matter 98
5-3. The Organic Geochemical Record and
its Elucidation 100
5-3-1. Chemical fossils in Precambrian sedi-
ments 100
5-3-2. Kerogen analyses, methods, and results 101
5-3-3. Correlation of kerogen analyses with
sedimentary conditions 112
5-3-4. Analyses of Precambrian kerogens 113
5-4. The Approach Taken in These
Investigations 117
5-5. Results and Discussion 117
5-5-1. Survey analyses 117
5-5-2. Analyses of kerogen fractions 129
5-6. Summary and Conclusions 132
CHAPTER 6
Biochemical Evolution of
Anaerobic Energy Conversion: The
Transition from Fermentation to
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis by
Howard Gest and J. William Schopf
6-1. Introduction
7-2-1.
6-2.
6-3.
6-4.
6-5.
135
135
136
137
139
140
6-6. Other Oxidant-Dependent Fermentations 141
6-6-1. CO2 as an electron sink 141
6-7. Fumarate Reductase and Evolutionary
Changes in Fermentation Schemes 143
6-8. The Origin of Anaerobic Photophos-
phorylation 145
6-8-1. Comments on the origin of aerobic
electrophosphorylation 146
6-9. Coda 146
Sugars in the Primeval Soup: Early
Fermentations
More Complex Fermentations
Sugar Fermentations Dependent on an
Accessory Oxidant
Accessory Oxidant-Dependent Fermen-
tation in Photosynthetic Bacteria
7-2-2.
7-2-3.
7-2-4.
7-2-5.
7-2-6.
7-3-4.
Biochemistry of carbon isotope
fractionation
Carbon isotope fractionation in extant
plants and microorganisms
Isotope fractional ions in the terres-
trial carbon cycle
Effects of diagenesis and metamor-
phism on the isotopic composition of
sedimentary carbon
Isotopic composition of sedimentary
carbon through time
Implications of the sedimentary car-
bon isotope record
7-3. Sulfur
7-3-1. Biochemistry of sulfur isotope frac-
tionation
7-3-2. Biological fractionation of sulfur iso-
topes in the natural (sedimentary)
environment
7-3-3. Isotope fractionations in the terres-
trial sulfur cycle
Sulfur isotope fractionation in the
sedimentary cycle through time
7-4. Hydrogen
7-4-1. The D/H ratio in naturally occurring
materials
7-4-2. The D/H ratio in sedimentary organic
matter
7-5. Nitrogen
7-5-1. Pathways of the biogeochemical cycle
of nitrogen
7-5-2. Global inventory of, and fluxes
between, nitrogen reservoirs
7-5-3. Biogeochemical fractionation of
nitrogen isotopes
7-6. Summary and Conclusions
CHAPTER 8
Archean Stromatolites: Evidence
of the Earth s Earliest Benthos
by Malcolm R. Walter
8-1. Introduction
8-2. Distinguishing Stromatolites from
Homeomorphic Abiogenic Structures
150
153
156
157
159
162
163
164
167
168
169
174
174
176
178
178
179
182
185
187
187
189
3NTENTS
8-3. Some Aspects of the Paleobiology of
Stromatolites 190
8-3-1. Evidence of autotrophy 190
8-3-2. Evidence of photic responses 192
8-3-3. Significance of the recognition of a
response to light 193
8-3-4. Significance of the recognition of
gliding 194
8-3-5. Ultraviolet protection 195
8-3-6. Cell and filament morphology 195
8-4. Archean Stromatolites 196
8-4-1. Warrawoona Group, Pilbara Block,
Australia 196
8-4-2. Onverwacht Group, Barberlon
Mountain Land, Kaapvaal Craton,
South Africa 198
8-4-3. Insuzi Group, Wit Mfolozi Inlier,
Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa 198
8-4-4. Uchi Greenstone Belt, Superior
Province, Canada 199
8-4-5. Yellowknife Supergroup, Slave
Province, Canada 199
8-4-6. Bulawayan Group, Bulawayan
Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe 200
8-4-7. Steeprock Group, Quetico Belt,
Superior Province, Canada 201
8-4-8. Ventersdorp Supergroup, South Africa 202
8-4-9. Fortescue Group, Hamersley
Basin, Australia 204
8-4-10. Hamersley Group, Hamersley
Basin, Australia 206
8-4-11. Turee Creek Group, Hamersley
Basin, Australia 206
8-5. Biological Interpretation 206
8-5-1. Early Archean 207
8-5-2. Middle Archean 208
8-5-3. Late Archean 208
8-5-4. Early Proterozoic Stromatolites 211
8-6. Summary and Conclusions 212
CHAPTER 9
Archean Microfossils: New
Evidence of Ancient Microbes by
J. William Schopf and Malcolm R. Walter 214
9-1. Previous Studies 214
9-2. Criteria for Establishing the Authentic-
ity of Archean Microfossils 221
9-2-1. Geologic age 221
9-2-2. Indigenousness 222
9-2-3. Syngenicity 223
9-2-4. Biogenicity 223
9-3. Nonfossils: Pseudofossils, Artifacts, and
Contaminants 224
9-4. Possible Archean Microfossils 225
9-4-1. Possible microfossils from the Warra-
woona Group 225
9-4-2. Possible microfossils from the Onver-
wacht Group 230
9-4-3. Possible microfossils from the Ham-
ersley Group 231
9-5. Bona Fide Archean Microfossils 232
9-5-1. The Warrawoona microbiota 232
9-5-2. The Fortescue microfossils 237
9-6. Summary and Conclusions 238
CHAPTER 10
Geologic Evolution of the
Archean-Early Proterozoic Earth
by Jân Veizer 240
10-1. Introduction 240
10-2. Growth and Recycling of the Conti-
nental Crust. 241
10-2-1. Limits on recycling of the upper
continental crust 242
10-2-2. Composition of the continental crust 244
10-3. The Early Oceanic Crust 245
10-4. The Sedimentary System 245
10-4-1. Growth and recycling of the sedimen-
tary mass 246
10-4-2. Evolution of sedimentary fades
assemblages 246
10-4-3. Clastic sediments and their chemistry 250
10-4-4. (Bio)chemical sedimentation 251
10-5. The Archean-Early Proterozoic Oceans 251
10-5-1. Selection of data 252
10-5-2. Results and Consequences 254
10-6. Oxidation State of the Early Atmo-
sphere-Hydrosphere System 255
10-6-1. Possible alternative to bioqenk
control of pO2 evolution 257
10-6-2. Consequences for the sulfur cycle 258
10-7. Summary and Conclusions 259
Acknowledgments 259
CHAPTER 11
Environmental Evolution of the
Archean-Early Proterozoic Earth
by James C. G. Walker, Cornelis
Klein, Manfred Schidlowski, J. William
Schopf, David J. Stevenson, and
Malcolm R. Walter 260
11-1. Introduction 260
11-2. Length of the Day 260
11-2-1. Review of the relevant data 261
11-2-2. Extrapolation to the Precambrian 262
11 -2-3. Biological implications 263
11-3. Ambient Surface Temperature 263
11-3-1. Theoretical considerations 263
11-3-2. Observational limits 265
11-3-3. Conclusions 268
CONTENTS
11-4. Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure 268
11-4-1. Theoretical considerations 268
11-4-2. Observational limits 271
11-4-3. Biological impact 271
11-5. Oxygen Partial Pressure 272
11-5-1. Theoretical considerations 272
11-5-2. The geologic record Tib
11-5-3. Integration 287
11-5-4. Implications 287
11-6. Summary and Conclusions 289
CHAPTER 12
Geochemical Evidence Bearing on
the Origin of Aerobiosis, A
Speculative Hypothesis by J. M. Hayes 291
12-1. Introduction 291
12-2. The Carbon Isotopic Record 291
12-2-1. The Phanerozoic 293
12-2-2. The Early and Middle Archean 294
12-2-3. The Late Archean 295
12-3. The Transition in the Global Ecosystem 299
12-3-1. The Early Proterozoic 299
12-3-2. The Middle and Late Proterozoic 300
12-4. Summary and Conclusions 300
CHAPTER 13
Biological and Biochemical Effects
of the Development of an Aerobic
Enviroment by David J. Chapman
and J. William Schopf 302
13-1. Introduction 302
13-1-1. Oxygen : a geochemical and bio-
chemical anomaly 302
13-1 -2. The evolutionary context of aerobic
biology 303
13-1-3. Definitions and terminology 304
13-1-4. Oxygen interactions with organisms 305
13-1-5. Concept organisms and anaerobic
biochemistry 305
13-2. Oxygen and Metabolism 308
13-2-1. Origin of oxygen-producing
photosynthesis 308
13-2-2. Oxygen and metabolism 308
13-2-3. Direct oxygen intervention 309
13-2-4. Indirect oxygen intervention 310
13-2-5. Toxicity effects 311
13-3. Evolutionary Consequences 313
13-3-1. Evolutionary developments after the
establishment of an aerobic environ-
ment 313
13-3-2. Biochemistry on the pre-oxygenic
Earth 314
13-4. Quantitative Aspects of Oxygen
Biochemistry
315
13-4-1. O2 concentrations and metabolism 315
13-4-2. At what pO 2 did aerobes first evolve? 317
13-5. The First Oxygen Producers 318
13-6. Summary and Conclusions 319
Acknowledgments 320
CHAPTER 14
Early Proterozoic Microfossils
by Hans J. Hofmann and J. William Schopf 321
14-1. Introduction 321
14-2. Preservation 325
14-3. Occurrences 326
14-3-1. Synopsis of previously reported
occurrences 326
14-3-2. Newly detected fossils 326
14-4. Paleobiology 349
14-4-1. Morphologic categories of Early
Proterozoic microfossils 349
14-4-2. Biological affinities and level of
organization 352
14-4-3. Early Proterozoic paleobiology 358
14-5. Summary and Conclusions 359
CHAPTER 15
Evolution of Earth s Earliest
Ecosystems: Recent Progress and
Unsolved Problems by J. William Schopf,
J. M. Hayes, and Malcolm R. Walter 361
15-1. Introduction 361
15-2. Limitations of the Early Fossil Record 361
15-3. Major Benchmarks in Archean-Early
Proterozoic Evolution 362
15-4. Categories of Evidence 363
15-4-1. Compelling evidence 363
15-4-2. Presumptive evidence 364
15-4-3. Permissive evidence 364
15-4-4. Missing evidence 364
15-5. Assessment of the Evidence 364
15-5-1. Origin of life 365
15-5-2. Anaerobic chemoheterotrophy 367
15-5-3. Anaerobic chemoautotrophy 370
15-5-4. Anaerobic photoautotrophy 371
15-5-5. Aerobic photoautotrophy 372
15-5-6. Amphiaerobic metabolism 373
15-5-7. Obligate aerobiosis 374
15-5-8. Synopsis 374
15-6. A Current Best Guess Scenario for
the Early History of Life 374
15-6-1. Stage I. The primitive anaerobic
ecosystem 375
15-6-2. Stage II. The advanced anaerobic
ecosystem 377
15-6-3. Stage III. The transitional
(anaerobic-amphiaerobic) ecosystem 378
CONTENTS
15-6-4. Stage IV. Onset of the modern
(anaerobic-amphiaerobic-aerobic)
ecoystem 382
15-7. Summary and Conclusions 383
appendix i
Geographic and Geologic Data
for Processed Rock Samples
by Malcolm R. Walter, Hans J.
Hofmann, and J. William Schopf 385
M. Introduction 385
1-2. Numerical Tabulation of Samples in the
P.P.R.G. Collections 385
1-3. Geographic and Geologic Data for
Processed Rock Samples 385
1-3-1. Africa 391
1-3-2. Australia 396
1-3-3. Greenland 406
1-3-4. North America 407
1-3-5. Holocene samples 413
1-3-6. Miscellaneous samples 413
appendix ii
Flow Chart and Processing
Procedure for Rock Samples by
J. William Schopf, J. M. Hayes,
Udo Matzigkeit, Malcolm R. Walter,
and Kim W. Wedeking 414
APPENDIX III
Processing Procedure for Abiotic
Samples and Calculation of Model
Atomospheric Compositions by
David DesMarais and Sherwood Chang 416
III-1. Experimental Design of Studies of
Abiotic Syntheses 416
III-1 -1. Electric dischaye experiments 416
III-1-2. Ultraviolet experiments 416
III-1-3. Ammonium cyanide polymerization
experiment 417
III-2. Methods of Analysis of Abiotic
Products 419
III-2-1. Analysis of volatile products 419
III-2-2. Preparation of non-volatile products 419
III-2-3. Combustion analysis of solid residues
for carbon and nitrogen abundances 420
III-3. Calculation of Model Atmospheric
Compositions 424
428
428
431
436
439
440
443
APPENDIX IV
Procedures of Organic Geochemical
Analysis by Kim W. Wedeking.
J. M. Hayes, and Udo Matzigkeit
IV-1. Survey Analyses: Determination
of Total Organic Carbon (T.O.C.)
Content and Organic Carbon Isotopic
Composition ( 5l3Cpt)B)
IV-2. Kerogen Isolation
IV-3. Carbon, Hydrogen. Nitrogen (CHN)
Analysis
IV-4. X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Kerogen
1V-5. Evaluation of Kerogen Color
GLOSSARY I
Technical Terms by J. William Schopf
glossary 11
Terms Used to Describe Biological
Energy Conservations, Electron
Transport Processes, Interactions
of Cellular Systems with Molecular
Oxygen, and Carbon Nutrition
by David J. Chapman and Howard Gest 459
Introduction 459
Energy Conversion and Electron Transport
Processes 459
Fermentation 459
Substrate-level phosphorylation 459
Electrophosplwrylation 460
Respirations 460
Relations of Cells to Molecular Oxygen 460
Aerobe 460
Anaerobe 460
Amphiaerobe 461
A erotolerant I aero mtolerant 461
Carbon Nutrition: Autotrophy and
Heterotrophy 462
Autotroph 462
Heterotroph 462
Phototroph 462
Chemotroph 462
Acknowledgments 463
REFERENCES CITED 464
SUBJECT INDEX 533
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| id | DE-604.BV000144228 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-03T16:12:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0691083231 0691023751 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-000080254 |
| oclc_num | 9280890 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-83 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-83 DE-188 |
| physical | XXV, 543 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| psigel | TUB-nseb |
| publishDate | 1983 |
| publishDateSearch | 1983 |
| publishDateSort | 1983 |
| publisher | Princeton Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Earth's earliest biosphere its origin and evolution Biosfeer gtt Paleontologie gtt Paléontologie - Précambrien Precambrium gtt Paläontologie Paleontology Precambrian Präkambrium (DE-588)4046985-2 gnd Leben (DE-588)4034831-3 gnd Archaikum Geologie (DE-588)4278975-8 gnd Paläontologie (DE-588)4044375-9 gnd Proterozoikum (DE-588)4176004-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046985-2 (DE-588)4034831-3 (DE-588)4278975-8 (DE-588)4044375-9 (DE-588)4176004-9 |
| title | Earth's earliest biosphere its origin and evolution |
| title_auth | Earth's earliest biosphere its origin and evolution |
| title_exact_search | Earth's earliest biosphere its origin and evolution |
| title_full | Earth's earliest biosphere its origin and evolution ed. by J. William Schopf |
| title_fullStr | Earth's earliest biosphere its origin and evolution ed. by J. William Schopf |
| title_full_unstemmed | Earth's earliest biosphere its origin and evolution ed. by J. William Schopf |
| title_short | Earth's earliest biosphere |
| title_sort | earth s earliest biosphere its origin and evolution |
| title_sub | its origin and evolution |
| topic | Biosfeer gtt Paleontologie gtt Paléontologie - Précambrien Precambrium gtt Paläontologie Paleontology Precambrian Präkambrium (DE-588)4046985-2 gnd Leben (DE-588)4034831-3 gnd Archaikum Geologie (DE-588)4278975-8 gnd Paläontologie (DE-588)4044375-9 gnd Proterozoikum (DE-588)4176004-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biosfeer Paleontologie Paléontologie - Précambrien Precambrium Paläontologie Paleontology Precambrian Präkambrium Leben Archaikum Geologie Proterozoikum |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=000080254&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT schopfjwilliam earthsearliestbiosphereitsoriginandevolution |