Environmental Costs of Fossil Fuels : A Rapid Assessment Method with Application to Six Cities
Among the key external effects of fossil fuel contribution are urban air pollution, and changes in global climate. A study of six cities in developing countries, and transition economies estimates the magnitude of these effects, and, examines how various fuels, and pollution sources contribute to he...
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| creator | Lvovsky, Kseniya Hughes, Gordon Maddison, David Ostro, Bart Pearce, David |
| description | Among the key external effects of fossil
fuel contribution are urban air pollution, and changes in
global climate. A study of six cities in developing
countries, and transition economies estimates the magnitude
of these effects, and, examines how various fuels, and
pollution sources contribute to health damages, and other
environmental costs. The study develops a simple, but robust
method for rapid assessment of these damages. By linking the
damage to a particular fuel use, or pollution source, the
method makes possible cost-benefit analysis of pollution
abatement measures. The findings show very high levels of
environmental damage, and reveal large sectoral differences.
By far the greatest share of the total damage, is that to
human health, from exposure to ambient particulates, caused
mainly by small pollution sources, such as vehicles, and
household stoves. Large industries, and power plants account
for a smaller proportion of health damage, but are the major
contributors to carbon dioxide emissions, which have an
impact on global climate. The complex relationships between
pollution sources, and environmental effects, highlight the
need for a skillful mix of policy instruments, built on
rigorous analysis. The damage assessment method proposed
herein, provides a useful analytical tool, to be easily
applied to other urban areas. |
| format | Book |
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fuel contribution are urban air pollution, and changes in
global climate. A study of six cities in developing
countries, and transition economies estimates the magnitude
of these effects, and, examines how various fuels, and
pollution sources contribute to health damages, and other
environmental costs. The study develops a simple, but robust
method for rapid assessment of these damages. By linking the
damage to a particular fuel use, or pollution source, the
method makes possible cost-benefit analysis of pollution
abatement measures. The findings show very high levels of
environmental damage, and reveal large sectoral differences.
By far the greatest share of the total damage, is that to
human health, from exposure to ambient particulates, caused
mainly by small pollution sources, such as vehicles, and
household stoves. Large industries, and power plants account
for a smaller proportion of health damage, but are the major
contributors to carbon dioxide emissions, which have an
impact on global climate. The complex relationships between
pollution sources, and environmental effects, highlight the
need for a skillful mix of policy instruments, built on
rigorous analysis. The damage assessment method proposed
herein, provides a useful analytical tool, to be easily
applied to other urban areas.</description><language>eng</language><publisher>World Bank, Washington, DC</publisher><subject>ABATEMENT STRATEGIES ; ACID RAIN ; ACIDITY ; ACUTE MORBIDITY ; ADVERSE EFFECTS ; ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ; AIR POLLUTANTS ; AIR POLLUTION ; AIR QUALITY ; AMBIENT AIR ; AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION ; AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ; AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS ; AMBIENT POLLUTION ; ANALYTICAL METHODS ABATEMENT MEASURES ; ASH ; ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION ; AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL ; BENEFIT ANALYSIS ; BURNING COAL ; CARBON ; CARBON DIOXIDE ; CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION ; CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS ; CARBON EMISSIONS ; CASE STUDIES ; CATASTROPHIC EVENTS ; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS ; CLEANER ENERGY ; CLEANER FUELS ; CLIMATE ; CLIMATE CHANGE ; CLIMATIC CHANGE ; CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ; CO2 ; COAL ; CONCENTRATIONS ; CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL ; CORROSION ; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ; DIESEL ; ECOSYSTEM ; ELECTRICITY ; EMISSIONS ; ENERGY CONSUMPTION ; ENERGY USE ; ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ; ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ; ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ; ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES ; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ; EXTERNALITIES ; FINE PARTICULATES ; FOSSIL FUEL ; FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION WASTES ; FOSSIL FUEL USE ; FOSSIL FUELS ; FUEL ; FUEL BURNING ; FUEL COMBUSTION ; FUEL CONSUMPTION ; FUEL MIX ; FUEL OIL ; FUEL QUALITY ; FUEL SWITCHING ; FUEL TAXATION ; FUEL USE ; FUEL WOOD ; FURNACES ; GAS ; GAS OIL ; GASOLINE ; GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ; GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT ; GREENHOUSE ; GREENHOUSE GASES ; HEALTH HAZARDS ; HEALTH PROBLEMS ; HEAVY FUEL OIL ; HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION ; HUMAN HEALTH ; INCOME ; INCOME LEVELS ; INDUSTRIAL BOILERS ; INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION ; INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS ; LAKES ; LIFE EXPECTANCY ; METEOROLOGICAL DATA ; MORTALITY ; NITROGEN ; NITROGEN OXIDES ; NOX ; OIL ; OILS ; PARTICLES ; PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ; PM10 ; POLICY FRAMEWORK ; POLICY INSTRUMENTS ; POLLUTANTS ; POLLUTION ; POLLUTION ABATEMENT ; POLLUTION SOURCES ; POWER GENERATION ; POWER PLANT FUEL CONSUMPTION ; POWER PLANTS ; RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS ; RESTRICTED ACTIVITY DAYS ; SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ; SO2 ; SOCIAL COSTS ; STOVES ; SULFUR ; SULFUR DIOXIDE ; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ; TAXATION ; TRAFFIC ; TRANSPORT FUELS ; UNEP ; URBAN AIR POLLUTION ; URBAN AREAS ; VEHICLE ; VEHICLE EMISSIONS ; VEHICLES ; WAGES ; WILLINGNESS TO PAY ; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ; WTP</subject><creationdate>2000</creationdate><rights>CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</rights><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><relation>Environment Department papers</relation></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>307,778,782,785,18969</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/18303$$EView_record_in_World_Bank$$FView_record_in_$$GWorld_Bank$$Hfree_for_read</linktorsrc></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lvovsky, Kseniya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hughes, Gordon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maddison, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ostro, Bart</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pearce, David</creatorcontrib><title>Environmental Costs of Fossil Fuels : A Rapid Assessment Method with Application to Six Cities</title><description>Among the key external effects of fossil
fuel contribution are urban air pollution, and changes in
global climate. A study of six cities in developing
countries, and transition economies estimates the magnitude
of these effects, and, examines how various fuels, and
pollution sources contribute to health damages, and other
environmental costs. The study develops a simple, but robust
method for rapid assessment of these damages. By linking the
damage to a particular fuel use, or pollution source, the
method makes possible cost-benefit analysis of pollution
abatement measures. The findings show very high levels of
environmental damage, and reveal large sectoral differences.
By far the greatest share of the total damage, is that to
human health, from exposure to ambient particulates, caused
mainly by small pollution sources, such as vehicles, and
household stoves. Large industries, and power plants account
for a smaller proportion of health damage, but are the major
contributors to carbon dioxide emissions, which have an
impact on global climate. The complex relationships between
pollution sources, and environmental effects, highlight the
need for a skillful mix of policy instruments, built on
rigorous analysis. The damage assessment method proposed
herein, provides a useful analytical tool, to be easily
applied to other urban areas.</description><subject>ABATEMENT STRATEGIES</subject><subject>ACID RAIN</subject><subject>ACIDITY</subject><subject>ACUTE MORBIDITY</subject><subject>ADVERSE EFFECTS</subject><subject>ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS</subject><subject>AIR POLLUTANTS</subject><subject>AIR POLLUTION</subject><subject>AIR QUALITY</subject><subject>AMBIENT AIR</subject><subject>AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION</subject><subject>AMBIENT AIR QUALITY</subject><subject>AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS</subject><subject>AMBIENT POLLUTION</subject><subject>ANALYTICAL METHODS ABATEMENT MEASURES</subject><subject>ASH</subject><subject>ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION</subject><subject>AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL</subject><subject>BENEFIT ANALYSIS</subject><subject>BURNING COAL</subject><subject>CARBON</subject><subject>CARBON DIOXIDE</subject><subject>CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION</subject><subject>CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS</subject><subject>CARBON EMISSIONS</subject><subject>CASE STUDIES</subject><subject>CATASTROPHIC EVENTS</subject><subject>CHRONIC BRONCHITIS</subject><subject>CLEANER ENERGY</subject><subject>CLEANER FUELS</subject><subject>CLIMATE</subject><subject>CLIMATE CHANGE</subject><subject>CLIMATIC CHANGE</subject><subject>CLIMATIC CONDITIONS</subject><subject>CO2</subject><subject>COAL</subject><subject>CONCENTRATIONS</subject><subject>CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL</subject><subject>CORROSION</subject><subject>COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS</subject><subject>DIESEL</subject><subject>ECOSYSTEM</subject><subject>ELECTRICITY</subject><subject>EMISSIONS</subject><subject>ENERGY CONSUMPTION</subject><subject>ENERGY USE</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY</subject><subject>EXTERNALITIES</subject><subject>FINE PARTICULATES</subject><subject>FOSSIL FUEL</subject><subject>FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION WASTES</subject><subject>FOSSIL FUEL USE</subject><subject>FOSSIL FUELS</subject><subject>FUEL</subject><subject>FUEL BURNING</subject><subject>FUEL COMBUSTION</subject><subject>FUEL CONSUMPTION</subject><subject>FUEL MIX</subject><subject>FUEL OIL</subject><subject>FUEL QUALITY</subject><subject>FUEL SWITCHING</subject><subject>FUEL TAXATION</subject><subject>FUEL USE</subject><subject>FUEL WOOD</subject><subject>FURNACES</subject><subject>GAS</subject><subject>GAS OIL</subject><subject>GASOLINE</subject><subject>GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE</subject><subject>GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT</subject><subject>GREENHOUSE</subject><subject>GREENHOUSE GASES</subject><subject>HEALTH HAZARDS</subject><subject>HEALTH PROBLEMS</subject><subject>HEAVY FUEL OIL</subject><subject>HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION</subject><subject>HUMAN HEALTH</subject><subject>INCOME</subject><subject>INCOME LEVELS</subject><subject>INDUSTRIAL BOILERS</subject><subject>INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION</subject><subject>INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS</subject><subject>LAKES</subject><subject>LIFE EXPECTANCY</subject><subject>METEOROLOGICAL DATA</subject><subject>MORTALITY</subject><subject>NITROGEN</subject><subject>NITROGEN OXIDES</subject><subject>NOX</subject><subject>OIL</subject><subject>OILS</subject><subject>PARTICLES</subject><subject>PETROLEUM PRODUCTS</subject><subject>PM10</subject><subject>POLICY FRAMEWORK</subject><subject>POLICY INSTRUMENTS</subject><subject>POLLUTANTS</subject><subject>POLLUTION</subject><subject>POLLUTION ABATEMENT</subject><subject>POLLUTION SOURCES</subject><subject>POWER GENERATION</subject><subject>POWER PLANT FUEL CONSUMPTION</subject><subject>POWER PLANTS</subject><subject>RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS</subject><subject>RESTRICTED ACTIVITY DAYS</subject><subject>SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT</subject><subject>SO2</subject><subject>SOCIAL COSTS</subject><subject>STOVES</subject><subject>SULFUR</subject><subject>SULFUR DIOXIDE</subject><subject>SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</subject><subject>TAXATION</subject><subject>TRAFFIC</subject><subject>TRANSPORT FUELS</subject><subject>UNEP</subject><subject>URBAN AIR POLLUTION</subject><subject>URBAN AREAS</subject><subject>VEHICLE</subject><subject>VEHICLE EMISSIONS</subject><subject>VEHICLES</subject><subject>WAGES</subject><subject>WILLINGNESS TO PAY</subject><subject>WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION</subject><subject>WTP</subject><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>book</rsrctype><creationdate>2000</creationdate><recordtype>book</recordtype><sourceid>VO9</sourceid><recordid>eNqdyzEKwkAQQNE0FqLeYS4gJEQk2oWQYGOj1obVnZgh686yMxq9vQiewOo370-Tc-2fFNnf0atxULGoAHfQsAg5aB7oBLZQwsEEslCKoMgXwx61ZwsjaQ9lCI6uRok9KMORXlCREso8mXTGCS5-nSWrpj5Vu-XI0dmL8UPLAf3geXRobxgxsJByfLdZuinWbVbkaZ7_uX0AjgFMMw</recordid><startdate>200010</startdate><enddate>200010</enddate><creator>Lvovsky, Kseniya</creator><creator>Hughes, Gordon</creator><creator>Maddison, David</creator><creator>Ostro, Bart</creator><creator>Pearce, David</creator><general>World Bank, Washington, DC</general><scope>VO9</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200010</creationdate><title>Environmental Costs of Fossil Fuels : A Rapid Assessment Method with Application to Six Cities</title><author>Lvovsky, Kseniya ; Hughes, Gordon ; Maddison, David ; Ostro, Bart ; Pearce, David</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-worldbank_openknowledgerepository_10986_183033</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>books</rsrctype><prefilter>books</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2000</creationdate><topic>ABATEMENT STRATEGIES</topic><topic>ACID RAIN</topic><topic>ACIDITY</topic><topic>ACUTE MORBIDITY</topic><topic>ADVERSE EFFECTS</topic><topic>ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS</topic><topic>AIR POLLUTANTS</topic><topic>AIR POLLUTION</topic><topic>AIR QUALITY</topic><topic>AMBIENT AIR</topic><topic>AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION</topic><topic>AMBIENT AIR QUALITY</topic><topic>AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS</topic><topic>AMBIENT POLLUTION</topic><topic>ANALYTICAL METHODS ABATEMENT MEASURES</topic><topic>ASH</topic><topic>ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION</topic><topic>AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL</topic><topic>BENEFIT ANALYSIS</topic><topic>BURNING COAL</topic><topic>CARBON</topic><topic>CARBON DIOXIDE</topic><topic>CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION</topic><topic>CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS</topic><topic>CARBON EMISSIONS</topic><topic>CASE STUDIES</topic><topic>CATASTROPHIC EVENTS</topic><topic>CHRONIC BRONCHITIS</topic><topic>CLEANER ENERGY</topic><topic>CLEANER FUELS</topic><topic>CLIMATE</topic><topic>CLIMATE CHANGE</topic><topic>CLIMATIC CHANGE</topic><topic>CLIMATIC CONDITIONS</topic><topic>CO2</topic><topic>COAL</topic><topic>CONCENTRATIONS</topic><topic>CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL</topic><topic>CORROSION</topic><topic>COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS</topic><topic>DIESEL</topic><topic>ECOSYSTEM</topic><topic>ELECTRICITY</topic><topic>EMISSIONS</topic><topic>ENERGY CONSUMPTION</topic><topic>ENERGY USE</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY</topic><topic>EXTERNALITIES</topic><topic>FINE PARTICULATES</topic><topic>FOSSIL FUEL</topic><topic>FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION WASTES</topic><topic>FOSSIL FUEL USE</topic><topic>FOSSIL FUELS</topic><topic>FUEL</topic><topic>FUEL BURNING</topic><topic>FUEL COMBUSTION</topic><topic>FUEL CONSUMPTION</topic><topic>FUEL MIX</topic><topic>FUEL OIL</topic><topic>FUEL QUALITY</topic><topic>FUEL SWITCHING</topic><topic>FUEL TAXATION</topic><topic>FUEL USE</topic><topic>FUEL WOOD</topic><topic>FURNACES</topic><topic>GAS</topic><topic>GAS OIL</topic><topic>GASOLINE</topic><topic>GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE</topic><topic>GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT</topic><topic>GREENHOUSE</topic><topic>GREENHOUSE GASES</topic><topic>HEALTH HAZARDS</topic><topic>HEALTH PROBLEMS</topic><topic>HEAVY FUEL OIL</topic><topic>HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION</topic><topic>HUMAN HEALTH</topic><topic>INCOME</topic><topic>INCOME LEVELS</topic><topic>INDUSTRIAL BOILERS</topic><topic>INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION</topic><topic>INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS</topic><topic>LAKES</topic><topic>LIFE EXPECTANCY</topic><topic>METEOROLOGICAL DATA</topic><topic>MORTALITY</topic><topic>NITROGEN</topic><topic>NITROGEN OXIDES</topic><topic>NOX</topic><topic>OIL</topic><topic>OILS</topic><topic>PARTICLES</topic><topic>PETROLEUM PRODUCTS</topic><topic>PM10</topic><topic>POLICY FRAMEWORK</topic><topic>POLICY INSTRUMENTS</topic><topic>POLLUTANTS</topic><topic>POLLUTION</topic><topic>POLLUTION ABATEMENT</topic><topic>POLLUTION SOURCES</topic><topic>POWER GENERATION</topic><topic>POWER PLANT FUEL CONSUMPTION</topic><topic>POWER PLANTS</topic><topic>RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS</topic><topic>RESTRICTED ACTIVITY DAYS</topic><topic>SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT</topic><topic>SO2</topic><topic>SOCIAL COSTS</topic><topic>STOVES</topic><topic>SULFUR</topic><topic>SULFUR DIOXIDE</topic><topic>SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</topic><topic>TAXATION</topic><topic>TRAFFIC</topic><topic>TRANSPORT FUELS</topic><topic>UNEP</topic><topic>URBAN AIR POLLUTION</topic><topic>URBAN AREAS</topic><topic>VEHICLE</topic><topic>VEHICLE EMISSIONS</topic><topic>VEHICLES</topic><topic>WAGES</topic><topic>WILLINGNESS TO PAY</topic><topic>WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION</topic><topic>WTP</topic><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lvovsky, Kseniya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hughes, Gordon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maddison, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ostro, Bart</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pearce, David</creatorcontrib><collection>Open Knowledge Repository</collection></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lvovsky, Kseniya</au><au>Hughes, Gordon</au><au>Maddison, David</au><au>Ostro, Bart</au><au>Pearce, David</au><format>book</format><genre>book</genre><ristype>BOOK</ristype><btitle>Environmental Costs of Fossil Fuels : A Rapid Assessment Method with Application to Six Cities</btitle><seriestitle>Environment Department papers</seriestitle><date>2000-10</date><risdate>2000</risdate><volume>78</volume><abstract>Among the key external effects of fossil
fuel contribution are urban air pollution, and changes in
global climate. A study of six cities in developing
countries, and transition economies estimates the magnitude
of these effects, and, examines how various fuels, and
pollution sources contribute to health damages, and other
environmental costs. The study develops a simple, but robust
method for rapid assessment of these damages. By linking the
damage to a particular fuel use, or pollution source, the
method makes possible cost-benefit analysis of pollution
abatement measures. The findings show very high levels of
environmental damage, and reveal large sectoral differences.
By far the greatest share of the total damage, is that to
human health, from exposure to ambient particulates, caused
mainly by small pollution sources, such as vehicles, and
household stoves. Large industries, and power plants account
for a smaller proportion of health damage, but are the major
contributors to carbon dioxide emissions, which have an
impact on global climate. The complex relationships between
pollution sources, and environmental effects, highlight the
need for a skillful mix of policy instruments, built on
rigorous analysis. The damage assessment method proposed
herein, provides a useful analytical tool, to be easily
applied to other urban areas.</abstract><pub>World Bank, Washington, DC</pub><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | ABATEMENT STRATEGIES ACID RAIN ACIDITY ACUTE MORBIDITY ADVERSE EFFECTS ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION AIR QUALITY AMBIENT AIR AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS AMBIENT POLLUTION ANALYTICAL METHODS ABATEMENT MEASURES ASH ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL BENEFIT ANALYSIS BURNING COAL CARBON CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CARBON EMISSIONS CASE STUDIES CATASTROPHIC EVENTS CHRONIC BRONCHITIS CLEANER ENERGY CLEANER FUELS CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATIC CHANGE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS CO2 COAL CONCENTRATIONS CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL CORROSION COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS DIESEL ECOSYSTEM ELECTRICITY EMISSIONS ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY USE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY EXTERNALITIES FINE PARTICULATES FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION WASTES FOSSIL FUEL USE FOSSIL FUELS FUEL FUEL BURNING FUEL COMBUSTION FUEL CONSUMPTION FUEL MIX FUEL OIL FUEL QUALITY FUEL SWITCHING FUEL TAXATION FUEL USE FUEL WOOD FURNACES GAS GAS OIL GASOLINE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GASES HEALTH HAZARDS HEALTH PROBLEMS HEAVY FUEL OIL HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION HUMAN HEALTH INCOME INCOME LEVELS INDUSTRIAL BOILERS INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS LAKES LIFE EXPECTANCY METEOROLOGICAL DATA MORTALITY NITROGEN NITROGEN OXIDES NOX OIL OILS PARTICLES PETROLEUM PRODUCTS PM10 POLICY FRAMEWORK POLICY INSTRUMENTS POLLUTANTS POLLUTION POLLUTION ABATEMENT POLLUTION SOURCES POWER GENERATION POWER PLANT FUEL CONSUMPTION POWER PLANTS RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS RESTRICTED ACTIVITY DAYS SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT SO2 SOCIAL COSTS STOVES SULFUR SULFUR DIOXIDE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TAXATION TRAFFIC TRANSPORT FUELS UNEP URBAN AIR POLLUTION URBAN AREAS VEHICLE VEHICLE EMISSIONS VEHICLES WAGES WILLINGNESS TO PAY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WTP |
| title | Environmental Costs of Fossil Fuels : A Rapid Assessment Method with Application to Six Cities |
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