Calculation of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr for several small detectors and for two linear accelerators using Monte Carlo simulations
Purpose: The scope of this study was to determine a complete set of correction factors for several detectors in static small photon fields for two linear accelerators (linacs) and for several detectors. Methods: Measurements for Monte Carlo (MC) commissioning were performed for two linacs, Siemens P...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Medical physics (Lancaster) 2011-12, Vol.38 (12), p.6513-6527 |
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| creator | Francescon, P. Cora, S. Satariano, N. |
| description | Purpose:
The scope of this study was to determine a complete set of correction factors for several detectors in static small photon fields for two linear accelerators (linacs) and for several detectors.
Methods:
Measurements for Monte Carlo (MC) commissioning were performed for two linacs, Siemens Primus and Elekta Synergy. After having determined the source parameters that best fit the measurements of field specific output factors, profiles, and tissue‐phantom ratio, the generalized version of the classical beam quality correction factor for static small fields,kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr, were determined for several types of detectors by using the egs_chamber Monte Carlo user code which can accurately reproduce the geometry and the material composition of the detector. The influence of many parameters (energy and radial FWHM of the electron beam source, field dimensions, type of accelerator) on the value of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr was evaluated. Moreover, a MC analysis of the parameters that influence the change of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr as a function of field dimension was performed. A detailed analysis of uncertainties related to the measurements of the field specific output factor and to the Monte Carlo calculation of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr was done.
Results:
The simulations demonstrated that the correction factor kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr can be considered independent from the quality beam factor Q in the range 0.68 ± 0.01 for all the detectors analyzed. The kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr of PTW 60012 and EDGE diodes can be assumed dependent only on the field size, for fields down to 0.5 × 0.5 cm2. The microLion, and the microchambers, instead, must be used with some caution because they exhibit a slight dependence on the radial FWHM of the electron source, and therefore, a correction factor only dependent on field size can be used for fields ≥0.75 × 0.75 and ≥1.0 × 1.0 cm2, respectively. The analysis of uncertainties gave an estimate of uncertainty for the 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 field of about 0.7% (1σ) for kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr factor and of about 1.0% (1σ) for the field output factor, ΩQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr, of diodes, microchambers, and microLion.
Conclusions:
Stereotactic diodes with the appropriate kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr are recommended for determining ΩQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr of small photon beams. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1118/1.3660770 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>wiley</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_wiley_primary_10_1118_1_3660770_MP0770</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>MP0770</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-wiley_primary_10_1118_1_3660770_MP07703</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqVj81qwzAQhEVpoO7PoW-wD1CnK9uxm7Np6SWQQO9iUaSgdi0VSWnIpc9ex_gFepqB-YZhhHiUuJRSvjzLZd222HV4JYqq6eqyqXB9LQrEdVNWDa5uxG1Kn4jY1issxG9PrI9M2QUPwcLXTrPzT7shRTs5OzqwIUIyPyYSQxqIGfYmG51DTEB-P-X5FGAsGIpAWhse4Sk_JucPsAk-G-gpcoDkhnkx3YuFJU7mYdY7Ub69fvTv5cmxOavv6AaKZyVRXd4pqeZ3arO9SP1f_g83QFlL</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Publisher</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype></control><display><type>article</type><title>Calculation of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr for several small detectors and for two linear accelerators using Monte Carlo simulations</title><source>Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Francescon, P. ; Cora, S. ; Satariano, N.</creator><creatorcontrib>Francescon, P. ; Cora, S. ; Satariano, N.</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose:
The scope of this study was to determine a complete set of correction factors for several detectors in static small photon fields for two linear accelerators (linacs) and for several detectors.
Methods:
Measurements for Monte Carlo (MC) commissioning were performed for two linacs, Siemens Primus and Elekta Synergy. After having determined the source parameters that best fit the measurements of field specific output factors, profiles, and tissue‐phantom ratio, the generalized version of the classical beam quality correction factor for static small fields,kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr, were determined for several types of detectors by using the egs_chamber Monte Carlo user code which can accurately reproduce the geometry and the material composition of the detector. The influence of many parameters (energy and radial FWHM of the electron beam source, field dimensions, type of accelerator) on the value of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr was evaluated. Moreover, a MC analysis of the parameters that influence the change of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr as a function of field dimension was performed. A detailed analysis of uncertainties related to the measurements of the field specific output factor and to the Monte Carlo calculation of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr was done.
Results:
The simulations demonstrated that the correction factor kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr can be considered independent from the quality beam factor Q in the range 0.68 ± 0.01 for all the detectors analyzed. The kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr of PTW 60012 and EDGE diodes can be assumed dependent only on the field size, for fields down to 0.5 × 0.5 cm2. The microLion, and the microchambers, instead, must be used with some caution because they exhibit a slight dependence on the radial FWHM of the electron source, and therefore, a correction factor only dependent on field size can be used for fields ≥0.75 × 0.75 and ≥1.0 × 1.0 cm2, respectively. The analysis of uncertainties gave an estimate of uncertainty for the 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 field of about 0.7% (1σ) for kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr factor and of about 1.0% (1σ) for the field output factor, ΩQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr, of diodes, microchambers, and microLion.
Conclusions:
Stereotactic diodes with the appropriate kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr are recommended for determining ΩQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr of small photon beams.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0094-2405</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2473-4209</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1118/1.3660770</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>American Association of Physicists in Medicine</publisher><subject>biological tissues ; biomedical measurement ; correction factor ; detector ; diodes ; Electron beams ; Electron sources ; Error analysis ; Field size ; linear accelerators ; Monte Carlo ; Monte Carlo methods ; output factor ; Particle beam detectors ; phantoms ; Photons ; Position sensitive detectors ; radiation therapy ; Reference fields ; sensors ; Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing ; small beams ; Therapeutic applications, including brachytherapy</subject><ispartof>Medical physics (Lancaster), 2011-12, Vol.38 (12), p.6513-6527</ispartof><rights>2011 American Association of Physicists in Medicine</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1118%2F1.3660770$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1118%2F1.3660770$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27903,27904,45553,45554</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Francescon, P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cora, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Satariano, N.</creatorcontrib><title>Calculation of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr for several small detectors and for two linear accelerators using Monte Carlo simulations</title><title>Medical physics (Lancaster)</title><description>Purpose:
The scope of this study was to determine a complete set of correction factors for several detectors in static small photon fields for two linear accelerators (linacs) and for several detectors.
Methods:
Measurements for Monte Carlo (MC) commissioning were performed for two linacs, Siemens Primus and Elekta Synergy. After having determined the source parameters that best fit the measurements of field specific output factors, profiles, and tissue‐phantom ratio, the generalized version of the classical beam quality correction factor for static small fields,kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr, were determined for several types of detectors by using the egs_chamber Monte Carlo user code which can accurately reproduce the geometry and the material composition of the detector. The influence of many parameters (energy and radial FWHM of the electron beam source, field dimensions, type of accelerator) on the value of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr was evaluated. Moreover, a MC analysis of the parameters that influence the change of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr as a function of field dimension was performed. A detailed analysis of uncertainties related to the measurements of the field specific output factor and to the Monte Carlo calculation of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr was done.
Results:
The simulations demonstrated that the correction factor kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr can be considered independent from the quality beam factor Q in the range 0.68 ± 0.01 for all the detectors analyzed. The kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr of PTW 60012 and EDGE diodes can be assumed dependent only on the field size, for fields down to 0.5 × 0.5 cm2. The microLion, and the microchambers, instead, must be used with some caution because they exhibit a slight dependence on the radial FWHM of the electron source, and therefore, a correction factor only dependent on field size can be used for fields ≥0.75 × 0.75 and ≥1.0 × 1.0 cm2, respectively. The analysis of uncertainties gave an estimate of uncertainty for the 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 field of about 0.7% (1σ) for kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr factor and of about 1.0% (1σ) for the field output factor, ΩQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr, of diodes, microchambers, and microLion.
Conclusions:
Stereotactic diodes with the appropriate kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr are recommended for determining ΩQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr of small photon beams.</description><subject>biological tissues</subject><subject>biomedical measurement</subject><subject>correction factor</subject><subject>detector</subject><subject>diodes</subject><subject>Electron beams</subject><subject>Electron sources</subject><subject>Error analysis</subject><subject>Field size</subject><subject>linear accelerators</subject><subject>Monte Carlo</subject><subject>Monte Carlo methods</subject><subject>output factor</subject><subject>Particle beam detectors</subject><subject>phantoms</subject><subject>Photons</subject><subject>Position sensitive detectors</subject><subject>radiation therapy</subject><subject>Reference fields</subject><subject>sensors</subject><subject>Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing</subject><subject>small beams</subject><subject>Therapeutic applications, including brachytherapy</subject><issn>0094-2405</issn><issn>2473-4209</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid/><recordid>eNqVj81qwzAQhEVpoO7PoW-wD1CnK9uxm7Np6SWQQO9iUaSgdi0VSWnIpc9ex_gFepqB-YZhhHiUuJRSvjzLZd222HV4JYqq6eqyqXB9LQrEdVNWDa5uxG1Kn4jY1issxG9PrI9M2QUPwcLXTrPzT7shRTs5OzqwIUIyPyYSQxqIGfYmG51DTEB-P-X5FGAsGIpAWhse4Sk_JucPsAk-G-gpcoDkhnkx3YuFJU7mYdY7Ub69fvTv5cmxOavv6AaKZyVRXd4pqeZ3arO9SP1f_g83QFlL</recordid><startdate>201112</startdate><enddate>201112</enddate><creator>Francescon, P.</creator><creator>Cora, S.</creator><creator>Satariano, N.</creator><general>American Association of Physicists in Medicine</general><scope/></search><sort><creationdate>201112</creationdate><title>Calculation of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr for several small detectors and for two linear accelerators using Monte Carlo simulations</title><author>Francescon, P. ; Cora, S. ; Satariano, N.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-wiley_primary_10_1118_1_3660770_MP07703</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>biological tissues</topic><topic>biomedical measurement</topic><topic>correction factor</topic><topic>detector</topic><topic>diodes</topic><topic>Electron beams</topic><topic>Electron sources</topic><topic>Error analysis</topic><topic>Field size</topic><topic>linear accelerators</topic><topic>Monte Carlo</topic><topic>Monte Carlo methods</topic><topic>output factor</topic><topic>Particle beam detectors</topic><topic>phantoms</topic><topic>Photons</topic><topic>Position sensitive detectors</topic><topic>radiation therapy</topic><topic>Reference fields</topic><topic>sensors</topic><topic>Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing</topic><topic>small beams</topic><topic>Therapeutic applications, including brachytherapy</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Francescon, P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cora, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Satariano, N.</creatorcontrib><jtitle>Medical physics (Lancaster)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Francescon, P.</au><au>Cora, S.</au><au>Satariano, N.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Calculation of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr for several small detectors and for two linear accelerators using Monte Carlo simulations</atitle><jtitle>Medical physics (Lancaster)</jtitle><date>2011-12</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>38</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>6513</spage><epage>6527</epage><pages>6513-6527</pages><issn>0094-2405</issn><eissn>2473-4209</eissn><abstract>Purpose:
The scope of this study was to determine a complete set of correction factors for several detectors in static small photon fields for two linear accelerators (linacs) and for several detectors.
Methods:
Measurements for Monte Carlo (MC) commissioning were performed for two linacs, Siemens Primus and Elekta Synergy. After having determined the source parameters that best fit the measurements of field specific output factors, profiles, and tissue‐phantom ratio, the generalized version of the classical beam quality correction factor for static small fields,kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr, were determined for several types of detectors by using the egs_chamber Monte Carlo user code which can accurately reproduce the geometry and the material composition of the detector. The influence of many parameters (energy and radial FWHM of the electron beam source, field dimensions, type of accelerator) on the value of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr was evaluated. Moreover, a MC analysis of the parameters that influence the change of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr as a function of field dimension was performed. A detailed analysis of uncertainties related to the measurements of the field specific output factor and to the Monte Carlo calculation of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr was done.
Results:
The simulations demonstrated that the correction factor kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr can be considered independent from the quality beam factor Q in the range 0.68 ± 0.01 for all the detectors analyzed. The kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr of PTW 60012 and EDGE diodes can be assumed dependent only on the field size, for fields down to 0.5 × 0.5 cm2. The microLion, and the microchambers, instead, must be used with some caution because they exhibit a slight dependence on the radial FWHM of the electron source, and therefore, a correction factor only dependent on field size can be used for fields ≥0.75 × 0.75 and ≥1.0 × 1.0 cm2, respectively. The analysis of uncertainties gave an estimate of uncertainty for the 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 field of about 0.7% (1σ) for kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr factor and of about 1.0% (1σ) for the field output factor, ΩQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr, of diodes, microchambers, and microLion.
Conclusions:
Stereotactic diodes with the appropriate kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr are recommended for determining ΩQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr of small photon beams.</abstract><pub>American Association of Physicists in Medicine</pub><doi>10.1118/1.3660770</doi><tpages>15</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | biological tissues biomedical measurement correction factor detector diodes Electron beams Electron sources Error analysis Field size linear accelerators Monte Carlo Monte Carlo methods output factor Particle beam detectors phantoms Photons Position sensitive detectors radiation therapy Reference fields sensors Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.) remote sensing small beams Therapeutic applications, including brachytherapy |
| title | Calculation of kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr for several small detectors and for two linear accelerators using Monte Carlo simulations |
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