Effects of Sulfate Ions on Alzheimer β/A4 Peptide Assemblies: Implications for Amyloid Fibril‐Proteoglycan Interactions

: To model the possible involvement of sulfated proteoglycans in amyloidogenesis, we examined the influence of sulfate ions, heparan, and Congo red on the conformation and morphology of peptides derived from the Alzheimer β/A4 amyloid protein. The peptides included residues 11–28, 13–28, 15–28, and 11–25 of β/A4. Negative‐stain electron microscopy revealed a sulfate‐specific tendency of the preformed peptide fibrillar assemblies of β(11–28), β(13–28), and β(11–25), but not β(15–28), to undergo extensive lateral aggregation and axial growth into “macrofibers” that were ∼0.1–0.2 μm wide by ∼20–30 μm long. Such effects were observed at low sulfate concentrations (e.g., 5–50 mM) and could not be reproduced under comparable conditions with Na2HPO4, Na2SeO4, or NaCl. Macrofibers in NaCl were only observed at 1,000 mM. At physiological ionic strength of NaCl, fibril aggregation was observed only with addition of sulfate ions at 5–50 mM. Selenate ions, by contrast with sulfate ions, induced only axial and not substantial lateral aggregation of fibrils. X‐ray diffraction indicated that the original cross‐β peptide conformation remained unchanged; however, sulfate binding did produce an intense ∼65 Å meridional reflection not recorded with control peptides. This new reflection probably arises from the periodic deposition of the electron‐dense sulfate along the (long) axis of the fibril. The sulfate binding could provide sites for the binding of additional fibrils that generate the observed lateral and axial aggregation. The binding of heparan to β(11–28) also produced extensive aggregation, suggesting that in vivo sulfated compounds can promote macrofibers. The amyloid‐specific, sulfonated dye Congo red, even in the presence of sulfate ions, produced limited aggregation and reduced axial growth of the fibrils. Therefore, electrostatic interactions are important in the binding of exogenous compounds to amyloid fibrils. Our findings suggest that the sulfate moieties of certain molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans, may affect the aggregation and deposition of amyloid fibrils that are observed as extensive deposits in senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid.