Surface Properties of Polymer Resins Fabricated with Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing Techniques
This study aimed to compare the surface roughness, hardness, and flexure strength of interim indirect resin restorations fabricated with CAD-CAM (CC), 3D printing (3D), and conventional techniques (CV). Twenty disk (3 mm x o10 mm) and ten bar specimens (25 x 2 x 2 mm) were fabricated for the CC, 3D,...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Polymers 2021-11, Vol.13 (23), p.4077, Article 4077 |
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| creator | Al-Qahtani, Amal S. Tulbah, Huda I. Binhasan, Mashael Abbasi, Maria S. Ahmed, Naseer Shabib, Sara Farooq, Imran Aldahian, Nada Nisar, Sidra S. Tanveer, Syeda A. Vohra, Fahim Abduljabbar, Tariq |
| description | This study aimed to compare the surface roughness, hardness, and flexure strength of interim indirect resin restorations fabricated with CAD-CAM (CC), 3D printing (3D), and conventional techniques (CV). Twenty disk (3 mm x o10 mm) and ten bar specimens (25 x 2 x 2 mm) were fabricated for the CC, 3D, and CV groups, to be used for surface roughness, micro-hardness, and flexural strength testing using standardized protocol. Three indentations for Vickers micro-hardness (VHN) were performed on each disk and an average was identified for each specimen. Surface micro-roughness (Ra) was calculated in micrometers (mu m) using a 3D optical non-contact surface microscope. A three-point bending test with a universal testing machine was utilized for assessing flexural strength. The load was applied at a crosshead speed of 3 mm/min over a distance of 25 mm until fracture. Means and standard deviations were compared using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey-Kramer tests, and a p-value of 0.05). However, 3D showed significantly higher Ra compared to CC and CV samples (p < 0.05). Micro-hardness was significantly higher in 3D samples (p < 0.05) compared to CC and CV specimens. In addition, CC and CV showed comparable micro-hardness (p > 0.05). A significant difference in flexural strength was observed among the study groups (p < 0.05). CC and 3D showed comparable strength outcomes (p > 0.05), although CV specimens showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) strength compared to CC and 3D samples. The 3D-printed provisional restorative resins showed flexural strength and micro-hardness comparable to CAD-CAM fabricated specimens, and surface micro-roughness for printed specimens was considerably higher compared to CAD-CAM and conventional fabrication techniques. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/polym13234077 |
| format | Article |
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Twenty disk (3 mm x o10 mm) and ten bar specimens (25 x 2 x 2 mm) were fabricated for the CC, 3D, and CV groups, to be used for surface roughness, micro-hardness, and flexural strength testing using standardized protocol. Three indentations for Vickers micro-hardness (VHN) were performed on each disk and an average was identified for each specimen. Surface micro-roughness (Ra) was calculated in micrometers (mu m) using a 3D optical non-contact surface microscope. A three-point bending test with a universal testing machine was utilized for assessing flexural strength. The load was applied at a crosshead speed of 3 mm/min over a distance of 25 mm until fracture. Means and standard deviations were compared using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey-Kramer tests, and a p-value of <= 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ra was significantly different among the study groups (p < 0.05). Surface roughness among the CC and CV groups was statistically comparable (p > 0.05). However, 3D showed significantly higher Ra compared to CC and CV samples (p < 0.05). Micro-hardness was significantly higher in 3D samples (p < 0.05) compared to CC and CV specimens. In addition, CC and CV showed comparable micro-hardness (p > 0.05). A significant difference in flexural strength was observed among the study groups (p < 0.05). CC and 3D showed comparable strength outcomes (p > 0.05), although CV specimens showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) strength compared to CC and 3D samples. The 3D-printed provisional restorative resins showed flexural strength and micro-hardness comparable to CAD-CAM fabricated specimens, and surface micro-roughness for printed specimens was considerably higher compared to CAD-CAM and conventional fabrication techniques.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4360</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4360</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/polym13234077</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34883581</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>BASEL: Mdpi</publisher><subject>3-D printers ; Bending machines ; CAD/CAM ; Deformation ; Flexing ; Flexural strength ; Load ; Manufacturing ; Mechanical properties ; Micrometers ; Modulus of rupture in bending ; Physical Sciences ; Polymer Science ; Prostheses ; Resins ; Samples ; Science & Technology ; Software ; Statistical methods ; Strength testing ; Surface properties ; Surface roughness ; Three dimensional printing ; Transplants & implants</subject><ispartof>Polymers, 2021-11, Vol.13 (23), p.4077, Article 4077</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 by the authors. 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>true</woscitedreferencessubscribed><woscitedreferencescount>28</woscitedreferencescount><woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid>wos000734527000001</woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c415t-5fa23b24abaca0557c4fd40d4de1453f34f2bace4778a84ffc7ba5ac41dee8663</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c415t-5fa23b24abaca0557c4fd40d4de1453f34f2bace4778a84ffc7ba5ac41dee8663</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0116-7449 ; 0000-0002-4891-2522 ; 0000-0002-4682-3163 ; 0000-0003-2050-0988 ; 0000-0002-0960-1123 ; 0000-0001-7266-5886</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8658960/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8658960/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,886,27929,27930,39263,53796,53798</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34883581$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Al-Qahtani, Amal S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tulbah, Huda I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Binhasan, Mashael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abbasi, Maria S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmed, Naseer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shabib, Sara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Farooq, Imran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aldahian, Nada</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nisar, Sidra S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tanveer, Syeda A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vohra, Fahim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abduljabbar, Tariq</creatorcontrib><title>Surface Properties of Polymer Resins Fabricated with Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing Techniques</title><title>Polymers</title><addtitle>POLYMERS-BASEL</addtitle><addtitle>Polymers (Basel)</addtitle><description><![CDATA[This study aimed to compare the surface roughness, hardness, and flexure strength of interim indirect resin restorations fabricated with CAD-CAM (CC), 3D printing (3D), and conventional techniques (CV). 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However, 3D showed significantly higher Ra compared to CC and CV samples (p < 0.05). Micro-hardness was significantly higher in 3D samples (p < 0.05) compared to CC and CV specimens. In addition, CC and CV showed comparable micro-hardness (p > 0.05). A significant difference in flexural strength was observed among the study groups (p < 0.05). CC and 3D showed comparable strength outcomes (p > 0.05), although CV specimens showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) strength compared to CC and 3D samples. The 3D-printed provisional restorative resins showed flexural strength and micro-hardness comparable to CAD-CAM fabricated specimens, and surface micro-roughness for printed specimens was considerably higher compared to CAD-CAM and conventional fabrication techniques.]]></description><subject>3-D printers</subject><subject>Bending machines</subject><subject>CAD/CAM</subject><subject>Deformation</subject><subject>Flexing</subject><subject>Flexural strength</subject><subject>Load</subject><subject>Manufacturing</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Micrometers</subject><subject>Modulus of rupture in bending</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Polymer Science</subject><subject>Prostheses</subject><subject>Resins</subject><subject>Samples</subject><subject>Science & Technology</subject><subject>Software</subject><subject>Statistical methods</subject><subject>Strength testing</subject><subject>Surface properties</subject><subject>Surface roughness</subject><subject>Three dimensional printing</subject><subject>Transplants & implants</subject><issn>2073-4360</issn><issn>2073-4360</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>HGBXW</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc1LHTEUxYdSqaIuuy2Bbgpl2mSSTOKmII_6AZZKteuQydz4IvOS13wo_vdmfPahXTWbm8v93cO5nKZ5T_AXSo_w13WYHlaEdpRhId40ex0WtGW0x29f_Hebw5RucX2M9z0R75pdyqSkXJK9xl6VaLUBdBnDGmJ2kFCw6HIWhoh-QXI-oRM9RGd0hhHdu7xEV2XIUZvs7gBpP6LjcXRPzQ_tS5XLJTp_g67BLL37UyAdNDtWTwkOn-t-8_vk-_XirL34eXq-OL5oDSM8t9zqjg4d04M2GnMuDLMjwyMbgTBOLWW2qyNgQkgtmbVGDJrrujwCyL6n-823je66DCsYDfjqc1Lr6FY6PqignXo98W6pbsKdkj2XRz2uAp-eBWKYjWe1csnANGkPoSTV9Vhy2nMhKvrxH_Q2lOjreU8U6Qihs6N2Q5kYUopgt2YIVnOI6lWIlf_w8oIt_TeyCnzeAPcwBJuMA29gi9WUBWW8E3PeeKbl_9MLl3V2wS9C8Zk-AkAhvBI</recordid><startdate>20211124</startdate><enddate>20211124</enddate><creator>Al-Qahtani, Amal S.</creator><creator>Tulbah, Huda I.</creator><creator>Binhasan, Mashael</creator><creator>Abbasi, Maria S.</creator><creator>Ahmed, Naseer</creator><creator>Shabib, Sara</creator><creator>Farooq, Imran</creator><creator>Aldahian, Nada</creator><creator>Nisar, Sidra S.</creator><creator>Tanveer, Syeda A.</creator><creator>Vohra, Fahim</creator><creator>Abduljabbar, Tariq</creator><general>Mdpi</general><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>HGBXW</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0116-7449</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4891-2522</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4682-3163</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2050-0988</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0960-1123</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7266-5886</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211124</creationdate><title>Surface Properties of Polymer Resins Fabricated with Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing Techniques</title><author>Al-Qahtani, Amal S. ; Tulbah, Huda I. ; Binhasan, Mashael ; Abbasi, Maria S. ; Ahmed, Naseer ; Shabib, Sara ; Farooq, Imran ; Aldahian, Nada ; Nisar, Sidra S. ; Tanveer, Syeda A. ; Vohra, Fahim ; Abduljabbar, Tariq</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c415t-5fa23b24abaca0557c4fd40d4de1453f34f2bace4778a84ffc7ba5ac41dee8663</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>3-D printers</topic><topic>Bending machines</topic><topic>CAD/CAM</topic><topic>Deformation</topic><topic>Flexing</topic><topic>Flexural strength</topic><topic>Load</topic><topic>Manufacturing</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Micrometers</topic><topic>Modulus of rupture in bending</topic><topic>Physical Sciences</topic><topic>Polymer Science</topic><topic>Prostheses</topic><topic>Resins</topic><topic>Samples</topic><topic>Science & Technology</topic><topic>Software</topic><topic>Statistical methods</topic><topic>Strength testing</topic><topic>Surface properties</topic><topic>Surface roughness</topic><topic>Three dimensional printing</topic><topic>Transplants & implants</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Al-Qahtani, Amal S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tulbah, Huda I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Binhasan, Mashael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abbasi, Maria S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmed, Naseer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shabib, Sara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Farooq, Imran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aldahian, Nada</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nisar, Sidra S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tanveer, Syeda A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vohra, Fahim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abduljabbar, Tariq</creatorcontrib><collection>Web of Science Core Collection</collection><collection>Science Citation Index Expanded</collection><collection>Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2021</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>https://resources.nclive.org/materials</collection><collection>Materials science collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Polymers</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Al-Qahtani, Amal S.</au><au>Tulbah, Huda I.</au><au>Binhasan, Mashael</au><au>Abbasi, Maria S.</au><au>Ahmed, Naseer</au><au>Shabib, Sara</au><au>Farooq, Imran</au><au>Aldahian, Nada</au><au>Nisar, Sidra S.</au><au>Tanveer, Syeda A.</au><au>Vohra, Fahim</au><au>Abduljabbar, Tariq</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Surface Properties of Polymer Resins Fabricated with Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing Techniques</atitle><jtitle>Polymers</jtitle><stitle>POLYMERS-BASEL</stitle><addtitle>Polymers (Basel)</addtitle><date>2021-11-24</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>23</issue><spage>4077</spage><pages>4077-</pages><artnum>4077</artnum><issn>2073-4360</issn><eissn>2073-4360</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[This study aimed to compare the surface roughness, hardness, and flexure strength of interim indirect resin restorations fabricated with CAD-CAM (CC), 3D printing (3D), and conventional techniques (CV). Twenty disk (3 mm x o10 mm) and ten bar specimens (25 x 2 x 2 mm) were fabricated for the CC, 3D, and CV groups, to be used for surface roughness, micro-hardness, and flexural strength testing using standardized protocol. Three indentations for Vickers micro-hardness (VHN) were performed on each disk and an average was identified for each specimen. Surface micro-roughness (Ra) was calculated in micrometers (mu m) using a 3D optical non-contact surface microscope. A three-point bending test with a universal testing machine was utilized for assessing flexural strength. The load was applied at a crosshead speed of 3 mm/min over a distance of 25 mm until fracture. Means and standard deviations were compared using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey-Kramer tests, and a p-value of <= 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ra was significantly different among the study groups (p < 0.05). Surface roughness among the CC and CV groups was statistically comparable (p > 0.05). However, 3D showed significantly higher Ra compared to CC and CV samples (p < 0.05). Micro-hardness was significantly higher in 3D samples (p < 0.05) compared to CC and CV specimens. In addition, CC and CV showed comparable micro-hardness (p > 0.05). A significant difference in flexural strength was observed among the study groups (p < 0.05). CC and 3D showed comparable strength outcomes (p > 0.05), although CV specimens showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) strength compared to CC and 3D samples. The 3D-printed provisional restorative resins showed flexural strength and micro-hardness comparable to CAD-CAM fabricated specimens, and surface micro-roughness for printed specimens was considerably higher compared to CAD-CAM and conventional fabrication techniques.]]></abstract><cop>BASEL</cop><pub>Mdpi</pub><pmid>34883581</pmid><doi>10.3390/polym13234077</doi><tpages>10</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0116-7449</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4891-2522</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4682-3163</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2050-0988</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0960-1123</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7266-5886</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | 3-D printers Bending machines CAD/CAM Deformation Flexing Flexural strength Load Manufacturing Mechanical properties Micrometers Modulus of rupture in bending Physical Sciences Polymer Science Prostheses Resins Samples Science & Technology Software Statistical methods Strength testing Surface properties Surface roughness Three dimensional printing Transplants & implants |
| title | Surface Properties of Polymer Resins Fabricated with Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing Techniques |
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