The effects of virtual reality training on clinical indices and brain mapping of women with patellofemoral pain: a randomized clinical trial
Background: Virtual reality training (VRT) is a new method for the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal impairments. However, the clinical and central effects of VRT have not been investigated in patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP). To comprehensively assess the effects of VRT on clinical indices a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2021-10, Vol.22 (1), p.1-900, Article 900 |
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| creator | Ebrahimi, Naghmeh Rojhani-Shirazi, Zahra Yoosefinejad, Amin Kordi Nami, Mohammad |
| description | Background: Virtual reality training (VRT) is a new method for the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal impairments. However, the clinical and central effects of VRT have not been investigated in patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP). To comprehensively assess the effects of VRT on clinical indices and brain function, we used a randomized clinical trial based on clinical and brain mapping assessment.
Methods: Twenty-six women with PFP for more than 6 months were randomly allocated to 2 groups: intervention and control. The intervention consisted of lifestyle education + 8 weeks VRT, in 24 sessions each lasting 40 min of training, whereas the control group just received lifestyle education. The balance was the primary outcome and was measured by the modified star excursion balance test. Secondary outcomes included pain, function, quality of life, and brain function which were assessed by visual analogue scale, step down test and Kujala questionnaire, SF-36, and EEG, respectively. Pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up (1 month after the end of the intervention) measurements were taken for all outcome measures except EEG, which was evaluated only at pre-intervention and post-intervention). Analyses of variance was used to compare the clinical outcomes between the two groups. The independent t-test also was used for between group EEG analyses.
Results: Balance score (P < 0.001), function (P < 0.001), and quality of life (P = 0.001) improved significantly at post-intervention and 1 month follow-up in the VRT group compared with the control group. VRT group showed a significantly decreased pain score (P = 0.004). Alpha (P < 0.05) and theta (P = 0.01) power activity also increased in the brain of the VRT group.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that long term VRT was capable of improving both clinical impairments and brain function in patients with PFP. Therefore, therapists and clinicians can use this method as a more holistic approach in the rehabilitation of PFP. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1186/s12891-021-04785-6 |
| format | Article |
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Methods: Twenty-six women with PFP for more than 6 months were randomly allocated to 2 groups: intervention and control. The intervention consisted of lifestyle education + 8 weeks VRT, in 24 sessions each lasting 40 min of training, whereas the control group just received lifestyle education. The balance was the primary outcome and was measured by the modified star excursion balance test. Secondary outcomes included pain, function, quality of life, and brain function which were assessed by visual analogue scale, step down test and Kujala questionnaire, SF-36, and EEG, respectively. Pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up (1 month after the end of the intervention) measurements were taken for all outcome measures except EEG, which was evaluated only at pre-intervention and post-intervention). Analyses of variance was used to compare the clinical outcomes between the two groups. The independent t-test also was used for between group EEG analyses.
Results: Balance score (P < 0.001), function (P < 0.001), and quality of life (P = 0.001) improved significantly at post-intervention and 1 month follow-up in the VRT group compared with the control group. VRT group showed a significantly decreased pain score (P = 0.004). Alpha (P < 0.05) and theta (P = 0.01) power activity also increased in the brain of the VRT group.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that long term VRT was capable of improving both clinical impairments and brain function in patients with PFP. Therefore, therapists and clinicians can use this method as a more holistic approach in the rehabilitation of PFP.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1471-2474</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1471-2474</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04785-6</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34696764</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>LONDON: Springer Nature</publisher><subject>Arthritis ; Balance ; Brain mapping ; Brain research ; Care and treatment ; Cartilage ; Cerebral palsy ; Clinical trials ; Computer applications ; EEG ; Electroencephalography ; Life Sciences & Biomedicine ; Methods ; Musculoskeletal diseases ; Orthopedics ; Osteoarthritis ; Pain ; Patellofemoral pain ; Patients ; Physical therapy ; Quality of life ; Questionnaires ; Rehabilitation ; Rheumatology ; Science & Technology ; Testing ; Therapeutics, Physiological ; Virtual reality ; Women patients ; Womens health</subject><ispartof>BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2021-10, Vol.22 (1), p.1-900, Article 900</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 BioMed Central Ltd.</rights><rights>2021. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>true</woscitedreferencessubscribed><woscitedreferencescount>11</woscitedreferencescount><woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid>wos000710961700003</woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c540t-3f7de43fdf113905e7bae08fb499d096e45e81d8b8f54eff1081452f78ebd433</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c540t-3f7de43fdf113905e7bae08fb499d096e45e81d8b8f54eff1081452f78ebd433</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8544183/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8544183/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,865,886,2103,2115,27929,27930,39263,53796,53798</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ebrahimi, Naghmeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rojhani-Shirazi, Zahra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yoosefinejad, Amin Kordi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nami, Mohammad</creatorcontrib><title>The effects of virtual reality training on clinical indices and brain mapping of women with patellofemoral pain: a randomized clinical trial</title><title>BMC musculoskeletal disorders</title><addtitle>BMC MUSCULOSKEL DIS</addtitle><description>Background: Virtual reality training (VRT) is a new method for the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal impairments. However, the clinical and central effects of VRT have not been investigated in patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP). To comprehensively assess the effects of VRT on clinical indices and brain function, we used a randomized clinical trial based on clinical and brain mapping assessment.
Methods: Twenty-six women with PFP for more than 6 months were randomly allocated to 2 groups: intervention and control. The intervention consisted of lifestyle education + 8 weeks VRT, in 24 sessions each lasting 40 min of training, whereas the control group just received lifestyle education. The balance was the primary outcome and was measured by the modified star excursion balance test. Secondary outcomes included pain, function, quality of life, and brain function which were assessed by visual analogue scale, step down test and Kujala questionnaire, SF-36, and EEG, respectively. Pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up (1 month after the end of the intervention) measurements were taken for all outcome measures except EEG, which was evaluated only at pre-intervention and post-intervention). Analyses of variance was used to compare the clinical outcomes between the two groups. The independent t-test also was used for between group EEG analyses.
Results: Balance score (P < 0.001), function (P < 0.001), and quality of life (P = 0.001) improved significantly at post-intervention and 1 month follow-up in the VRT group compared with the control group. VRT group showed a significantly decreased pain score (P = 0.004). Alpha (P < 0.05) and theta (P = 0.01) power activity also increased in the brain of the VRT group.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that long term VRT was capable of improving both clinical impairments and brain function in patients with PFP. Therefore, therapists and clinicians can use this method as a more holistic approach in the rehabilitation of PFP.</description><subject>Arthritis</subject><subject>Balance</subject><subject>Brain mapping</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Cartilage</subject><subject>Cerebral palsy</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Computer applications</subject><subject>EEG</subject><subject>Electroencephalography</subject><subject>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Musculoskeletal diseases</subject><subject>Orthopedics</subject><subject>Osteoarthritis</subject><subject>Pain</subject><subject>Patellofemoral pain</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Physical therapy</subject><subject>Quality of life</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Rehabilitation</subject><subject>Rheumatology</subject><subject>Science & Technology</subject><subject>Testing</subject><subject>Therapeutics, Physiological</subject><subject>Virtual reality</subject><subject>Women patients</subject><subject>Womens health</subject><issn>1471-2474</issn><issn>1471-2474</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>HGBXW</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNks1q3DAUhU1padK0L9CVoJtCcSrZsiR3UQhDfwKBbmYvZOlqRoMtubKcIXmGPnTlmZB0ShfFCF-k7xz7Ht2ieEvwJSGCfZxIJVpS4iovykVTsmfFOaGclBXl9Pkf9Vnxapp2GBMu6vZlcVZT1jLO6Hnxa70FBNaCThMKFt26mGbVowiqd-kOpaicd36Dgke6z6XOh84bp2FCyhvULQAa1DgeKIv2YQCP9i5t0agS9H2wMISYZWMmPyGFYtaFwd2DebJM0an-dfHCqn6CNw_vi2L99ct69b28-fHtenV1U-qG4lTWlhugtTWWkLrFDfBOARa2o21rcMuANiCIEZ2wDc29ESwIbSrLBXSG1vVFcX20NUHt5BjdoOKdDMrJw0aIG6licroHyYxinIOiuuKU4bqjHGeLhjS867hi2evz0WucuwGMBp8T609MT0-828pNuJWioZSI5WfePxjE8HOGKcnBTTrHpjyEeZJVIxhtRE3ajL77C92FOfqcVKZa0VatEPiJ2qjcgPM25O_qxVReMUFYDqBdvC7_QeXHwOB08GBd3j8RVEeBjmGaItjHHgmWyzjK4zjKPI7yMI5ySefDUbSHLthJO_AaHoUYY07yfRGeK7xEIf6fXrmkkgt-FWaf6t8a4vLY</recordid><startdate>20211025</startdate><enddate>20211025</enddate><creator>Ebrahimi, Naghmeh</creator><creator>Rojhani-Shirazi, Zahra</creator><creator>Yoosefinejad, Amin Kordi</creator><creator>Nami, Mohammad</creator><general>Springer Nature</general><general>BioMed Central Ltd</general><general>BioMed Central</general><general>BMC</general><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>HGBXW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20211025</creationdate><title>The effects of virtual reality training on clinical indices and brain mapping of women with patellofemoral pain: a randomized clinical trial</title><author>Ebrahimi, Naghmeh ; Rojhani-Shirazi, Zahra ; Yoosefinejad, Amin Kordi ; Nami, Mohammad</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c540t-3f7de43fdf113905e7bae08fb499d096e45e81d8b8f54eff1081452f78ebd433</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Arthritis</topic><topic>Balance</topic><topic>Brain mapping</topic><topic>Brain research</topic><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>Cartilage</topic><topic>Cerebral palsy</topic><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Computer applications</topic><topic>EEG</topic><topic>Electroencephalography</topic><topic>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Musculoskeletal diseases</topic><topic>Orthopedics</topic><topic>Osteoarthritis</topic><topic>Pain</topic><topic>Patellofemoral pain</topic><topic>Patients</topic><topic>Physical therapy</topic><topic>Quality of life</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Rehabilitation</topic><topic>Rheumatology</topic><topic>Science & Technology</topic><topic>Testing</topic><topic>Therapeutics, Physiological</topic><topic>Virtual reality</topic><topic>Women patients</topic><topic>Womens health</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ebrahimi, Naghmeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rojhani-Shirazi, Zahra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yoosefinejad, Amin Kordi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nami, Mohammad</creatorcontrib><collection>Web of Science Core Collection</collection><collection>Science Citation Index Expanded</collection><collection>Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2021</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Coronavirus Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>BMC musculoskeletal disorders</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ebrahimi, Naghmeh</au><au>Rojhani-Shirazi, Zahra</au><au>Yoosefinejad, Amin Kordi</au><au>Nami, Mohammad</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The effects of virtual reality training on clinical indices and brain mapping of women with patellofemoral pain: a randomized clinical trial</atitle><jtitle>BMC musculoskeletal disorders</jtitle><stitle>BMC MUSCULOSKEL DIS</stitle><date>2021-10-25</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>900</epage><pages>1-900</pages><artnum>900</artnum><issn>1471-2474</issn><eissn>1471-2474</eissn><abstract>Background: Virtual reality training (VRT) is a new method for the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal impairments. However, the clinical and central effects of VRT have not been investigated in patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP). To comprehensively assess the effects of VRT on clinical indices and brain function, we used a randomized clinical trial based on clinical and brain mapping assessment.
Methods: Twenty-six women with PFP for more than 6 months were randomly allocated to 2 groups: intervention and control. The intervention consisted of lifestyle education + 8 weeks VRT, in 24 sessions each lasting 40 min of training, whereas the control group just received lifestyle education. The balance was the primary outcome and was measured by the modified star excursion balance test. Secondary outcomes included pain, function, quality of life, and brain function which were assessed by visual analogue scale, step down test and Kujala questionnaire, SF-36, and EEG, respectively. Pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up (1 month after the end of the intervention) measurements were taken for all outcome measures except EEG, which was evaluated only at pre-intervention and post-intervention). Analyses of variance was used to compare the clinical outcomes between the two groups. The independent t-test also was used for between group EEG analyses.
Results: Balance score (P < 0.001), function (P < 0.001), and quality of life (P = 0.001) improved significantly at post-intervention and 1 month follow-up in the VRT group compared with the control group. VRT group showed a significantly decreased pain score (P = 0.004). Alpha (P < 0.05) and theta (P = 0.01) power activity also increased in the brain of the VRT group.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that long term VRT was capable of improving both clinical impairments and brain function in patients with PFP. Therefore, therapists and clinicians can use this method as a more holistic approach in the rehabilitation of PFP.</abstract><cop>LONDON</cop><pub>Springer Nature</pub><pmid>34696764</pmid><doi>10.1186/s12891-021-04785-6</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Arthritis Balance Brain mapping Brain research Care and treatment Cartilage Cerebral palsy Clinical trials Computer applications EEG Electroencephalography Life Sciences & Biomedicine Methods Musculoskeletal diseases Orthopedics Osteoarthritis Pain Patellofemoral pain Patients Physical therapy Quality of life Questionnaires Rehabilitation Rheumatology Science & Technology Testing Therapeutics, Physiological Virtual reality Women patients Womens health |
| title | The effects of virtual reality training on clinical indices and brain mapping of women with patellofemoral pain: a randomized clinical trial |
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