Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Application Rates on Protein and Amino Acid Content of Sunflower Seed Kernels
Sunflower seeds are rich in oil and protein. In a two-year field experiment in Hetao district, Inner Mongolia, we evaluated the effects of irrigation and N fertilizer on protein and amino acid content of sunflower seeds (Kang Di T562 variety). Irrigation water and N fertilizer were applied at the bu...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water (Basel) 2021-01, Vol.13 (1), p.78, Article 78 |
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| creator | Feng, Liang Li, Weiping Shi, Qingxiao Zhao, Sha Hao, Yunfeng Liu, Hanjiang Shi, Haibin |
| description | Sunflower seeds are rich in oil and protein. In a two-year field experiment in Hetao district, Inner Mongolia, we evaluated the effects of irrigation and N fertilizer on protein and amino acid content of sunflower seeds (Kang Di T562 variety). Irrigation water and N fertilizer were applied at the bud to blossom stage and at three levels: water at 90, 45, and 0 mm; N fertilizer at 104, 52, and 0 kg hm(-2). There were nine treatments with three replicates for a total of 27 plots arranged randomly in blocks. In combination with environmental conditions, water, nitrogen, and the interaction between the two had significant effects on total protein, total amino acids, total ammonia, and key amino acids: glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, and valine. Application of N fertilizer at the bud stage promoted protein synthesis in seed kernels at the ripening stage. We found a significant positive correlation between N fertilizer and the five main amino acids. With increasing irrigation, total amino acid content and the content of each of the key amino acids individually first increased but then decreased. Overall, a water deficit improved protein content in seed kernels. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/w13010078 |
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In a two-year field experiment in Hetao district, Inner Mongolia, we evaluated the effects of irrigation and N fertilizer on protein and amino acid content of sunflower seeds (Kang Di T562 variety). Irrigation water and N fertilizer were applied at the bud to blossom stage and at three levels: water at 90, 45, and 0 mm; N fertilizer at 104, 52, and 0 kg hm(-2). There were nine treatments with three replicates for a total of 27 plots arranged randomly in blocks. In combination with environmental conditions, water, nitrogen, and the interaction between the two had significant effects on total protein, total amino acids, total ammonia, and key amino acids: glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, and valine. Application of N fertilizer at the bud stage promoted protein synthesis in seed kernels at the ripening stage. We found a significant positive correlation between N fertilizer and the five main amino acids. With increasing irrigation, total amino acid content and the content of each of the key amino acids individually first increased but then decreased. Overall, a water deficit improved protein content in seed kernels.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/w13010078</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>BASEL: Mdpi</publisher><subject>Agricultural production ; Amino acids ; Ammonia ; Arginine ; Aspartic acid ; Environmental conditions ; Environmental Sciences ; Environmental Sciences & Ecology ; Fertilizers ; Glutamate ; Glutamic acid ; Glycine ; Irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Kernels ; Life Sciences & Biomedicine ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Physical Sciences ; Potassium ; Protein biosynthesis ; Protein synthesis ; Proteins ; Ripening ; Science & Technology ; Seeds ; Sulfur ; Sunflowers ; Valine ; Water deficit ; Water Resources ; Zeolites</subject><ispartof>Water (Basel), 2021-01, Vol.13 (1), p.78, Article 78</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2021. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>true</woscitedreferencessubscribed><woscitedreferencescount>10</woscitedreferencescount><woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid>wos000606459600001</woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-af17cf52a7784c04c918f32bc1362a8d04c01576a457330a727b457efb27070a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-af17cf52a7784c04c918f32bc1362a8d04c01576a457330a727b457efb27070a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,27929,27930,39263</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Feng, Liang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Weiping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Qingxiao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Sha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hao, Yunfeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Hanjiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Haibin</creatorcontrib><title>Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Application Rates on Protein and Amino Acid Content of Sunflower Seed Kernels</title><title>Water (Basel)</title><addtitle>WATER-SUI</addtitle><description>Sunflower seeds are rich in oil and protein. In a two-year field experiment in Hetao district, Inner Mongolia, we evaluated the effects of irrigation and N fertilizer on protein and amino acid content of sunflower seeds (Kang Di T562 variety). Irrigation water and N fertilizer were applied at the bud to blossom stage and at three levels: water at 90, 45, and 0 mm; N fertilizer at 104, 52, and 0 kg hm(-2). There were nine treatments with three replicates for a total of 27 plots arranged randomly in blocks. In combination with environmental conditions, water, nitrogen, and the interaction between the two had significant effects on total protein, total amino acids, total ammonia, and key amino acids: glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, and valine. Application of N fertilizer at the bud stage promoted protein synthesis in seed kernels at the ripening stage. We found a significant positive correlation between N fertilizer and the five main amino acids. With increasing irrigation, total amino acid content and the content of each of the key amino acids individually first increased but then decreased. Overall, a water deficit improved protein content in seed kernels.</description><subject>Agricultural production</subject><subject>Amino acids</subject><subject>Ammonia</subject><subject>Arginine</subject><subject>Aspartic acid</subject><subject>Environmental conditions</subject><subject>Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Environmental Sciences & Ecology</subject><subject>Fertilizers</subject><subject>Glutamate</subject><subject>Glutamic acid</subject><subject>Glycine</subject><subject>Irrigation</subject><subject>Irrigation water</subject><subject>Kernels</subject><subject>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>Phosphorus</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Protein biosynthesis</subject><subject>Protein synthesis</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Ripening</subject><subject>Science & Technology</subject><subject>Seeds</subject><subject>Sulfur</subject><subject>Sunflowers</subject><subject>Valine</subject><subject>Water deficit</subject><subject>Water Resources</subject><subject>Zeolites</subject><issn>2073-4441</issn><issn>2073-4441</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>HGBXW</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkctKxDAUhosoKOrCNwi4EhnNrU27LMUbDiqOrksmPRkinaQmGQbf3owVL-DCZJHDyfefs_iy7IjgM8YqfL4mDBOMRbmV7VEs2IRzTrZ_1LvZYQgvOB1elWWO97LhQmtQMSCn0Y33ZiGjcRZJ26E7E71bgEX1MPRGjR-PMkKCLXrwLoIZyXpprEO1Mh1qnI1g42bcbGV179bg0QygQ7fgLfThINvRsg9w-PnuZ8-XF0_N9WR6f3XT1NOJYnkVJ1IToXROpRAlV5iripSa0bkirKCy7FIHk1wUkueCMSwFFfNUgp5TgQWWbD87HucO3r2uIMT2xa28TStbykWOOSuq_JtayB5aY7WLXqqlCaqtRUUYpYxuqLM_qHQ7WBrlLGiT-r8CJ2NAeReCB90O3iylf2sJbjeq2i9ViS1Hdg1zp4MyYBV88UlVgQueV8XGGmlM_PDQuJWNKXr6_yh7B8BNo2U</recordid><startdate>20210101</startdate><enddate>20210101</enddate><creator>Feng, Liang</creator><creator>Li, Weiping</creator><creator>Shi, Qingxiao</creator><creator>Zhao, Sha</creator><creator>Hao, Yunfeng</creator><creator>Liu, Hanjiang</creator><creator>Shi, Haibin</creator><general>Mdpi</general><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>HGBXW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20210101</creationdate><title>Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Application Rates on Protein and Amino Acid Content of Sunflower Seed Kernels</title><author>Feng, Liang ; Li, Weiping ; Shi, Qingxiao ; Zhao, Sha ; Hao, Yunfeng ; Liu, Hanjiang ; Shi, Haibin</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-af17cf52a7784c04c918f32bc1362a8d04c01576a457330a727b457efb27070a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Agricultural production</topic><topic>Amino acids</topic><topic>Ammonia</topic><topic>Arginine</topic><topic>Aspartic acid</topic><topic>Environmental conditions</topic><topic>Environmental Sciences</topic><topic>Environmental Sciences & Ecology</topic><topic>Fertilizers</topic><topic>Glutamate</topic><topic>Glutamic acid</topic><topic>Glycine</topic><topic>Irrigation</topic><topic>Irrigation water</topic><topic>Kernels</topic><topic>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</topic><topic>Nitrogen</topic><topic>Phosphorus</topic><topic>Physical Sciences</topic><topic>Potassium</topic><topic>Protein biosynthesis</topic><topic>Protein synthesis</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Ripening</topic><topic>Science & Technology</topic><topic>Seeds</topic><topic>Sulfur</topic><topic>Sunflowers</topic><topic>Valine</topic><topic>Water deficit</topic><topic>Water Resources</topic><topic>Zeolites</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Feng, Liang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Weiping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Qingxiao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Sha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hao, Yunfeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Hanjiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Haibin</creatorcontrib><collection>Web of Science Core Collection</collection><collection>Science Citation Index Expanded</collection><collection>Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2021</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Proquest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Feng, Liang</au><au>Li, Weiping</au><au>Shi, Qingxiao</au><au>Zhao, Sha</au><au>Hao, Yunfeng</au><au>Liu, Hanjiang</au><au>Shi, Haibin</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Application Rates on Protein and Amino Acid Content of Sunflower Seed Kernels</atitle><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle><stitle>WATER-SUI</stitle><date>2021-01-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>78</spage><pages>78-</pages><artnum>78</artnum><issn>2073-4441</issn><eissn>2073-4441</eissn><abstract>Sunflower seeds are rich in oil and protein. In a two-year field experiment in Hetao district, Inner Mongolia, we evaluated the effects of irrigation and N fertilizer on protein and amino acid content of sunflower seeds (Kang Di T562 variety). Irrigation water and N fertilizer were applied at the bud to blossom stage and at three levels: water at 90, 45, and 0 mm; N fertilizer at 104, 52, and 0 kg hm(-2). There were nine treatments with three replicates for a total of 27 plots arranged randomly in blocks. In combination with environmental conditions, water, nitrogen, and the interaction between the two had significant effects on total protein, total amino acids, total ammonia, and key amino acids: glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, and valine. Application of N fertilizer at the bud stage promoted protein synthesis in seed kernels at the ripening stage. We found a significant positive correlation between N fertilizer and the five main amino acids. With increasing irrigation, total amino acid content and the content of each of the key amino acids individually first increased but then decreased. Overall, a water deficit improved protein content in seed kernels.</abstract><cop>BASEL</cop><pub>Mdpi</pub><doi>10.3390/w13010078</doi><tpages>16</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Agricultural production Amino acids Ammonia Arginine Aspartic acid Environmental conditions Environmental Sciences Environmental Sciences & Ecology Fertilizers Glutamate Glutamic acid Glycine Irrigation Irrigation water Kernels Life Sciences & Biomedicine Nitrogen Phosphorus Physical Sciences Potassium Protein biosynthesis Protein synthesis Proteins Ripening Science & Technology Seeds Sulfur Sunflowers Valine Water deficit Water Resources Zeolites |
| title | Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Application Rates on Protein and Amino Acid Content of Sunflower Seed Kernels |
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