Advances in rechargeable Mg batteries

Energy storage is a vital issue to be solved for the efficient utilization of renewable energies such as solar, wind and tidal energy. In terms of rechargeable battery energy storage, magnesium has many advantages over lithium, such as low cost, environmental benignity and ease of operation. Therefore, rechargeable Mg batteries (RMBs) are considered as a promising green alternative to rechargeable lithium batteries for practical applications. Over the past few years, RMBs have made great progress, but there are also many problems. In this review, we summarize the latest developments of materials for RMBs from three main aspects: cathodes, electrolytes and anodes. The effects of cathode structures on Mg 2+ ion migration kinetics are expounded; the properties and characteristics of various electrolytes for RMBs are briefly described; and the modification of metallic Mg and other types of anode materials are discussed comprehensively. In addition, the current challenges and several important guidelines for future progress of development of RMBs are also discussed. Great advances in rechargeable Mg batteries have been achieved. Through further exploration, their commercial application in the large-scale energy storage market will be realized soon.