COVID-19 and Immigrant Essential Workers: Bhutanese and Burmese Refugees in the United States
Objectives Immigrants are believed to be at high risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A leading suspected risk factor is their role in the essential workforce. We aimed to describe COVID-19–related risk fac...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Public health reports (1974) 2021-01, Vol.136 (1), p.117-123 |
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| container_title | Public health reports (1974) |
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| creator | Zhang, Mengxi Gurung, Ashok Anglewicz, Philip Yun, Katherine |
| description | Objectives
Immigrants are believed to be at high risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A leading suspected risk factor is their role in the essential workforce. We aimed to describe COVID-19–related risk factors among Bhutanese and Burmese refugees in the United States.
Methods
We administered an anonymous online survey in May 2020 among community leaders of Bhutanese and Burmese refugees. Using a snowball sampling strategy, we invited community leaders to complete the survey and share the link with others who met inclusion criteria (English proficient, aged ≥18, currently living in the United States). We compared respondents with and without recent COVID-19 and identified risk factors for infection.
Results
Of 218 refugees in 23 states who completed the survey from May 15 through June 1, 2020, fifteen (6.9%) reported infection with COVID-19. Being an essential worker during the pandemic (odds ratio [OR] = 5.25; 95% CI, 1.21-22.78), having an infected family member (OR = 26.92; 95% CI, 5.19-139.75), and being female (OR = 5.63; 95% CI, 1.14-27.82) were risk factors for infection. Among 33 infected family members, 23 (69.7%) were essential workers.
Conclusion
Although we had a small snowball sample, we found that working in essential industries was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection among Bhutanese and Burmese refugees. We call for larger studies that include Asian immigrant subgroups, as well as immediate attention to protecting immigrant essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1177/0033354920971720 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_webof</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_webofscience_primary_000595586300018</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sage_id>10.1177_0033354920971720</sage_id><sourcerecordid>2466739551</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c528t-2e70e84d2a3c4acb0c2a1d669d9b4df0c856b1a101602376091d98bfdb87bef63</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkd1rFDEUxYModq2--yQBH2U0HzNJxgfBjq0uFApq9UlCJnNnN3UnqUlG8b9v1m23KgjmJYH7O-eecBB6TMlzSqV8QQjnvKlbRlpJJSN30ILWQlVMSXkXLbbjajs_QA9SuiDlMMrvowPOGZGUkwX60p19Wr6paIuNH_BymtwqGp_xcUrgszMb_DnErxDTS3y0nrPxkOAXejTHaft-D-O8AkjYeZzXgM-9yzDgD9lkSA_RvdFsEjy6vg_R-cnxx-5ddXr2dtm9Pq1sw1SuGEgCqh6Y4bY2tieWGToI0Q5tXw8jsaoRPTWUUEEYl4K0dGhVPw69kj2Mgh-iVzvfy7mfYLAlejQbfRndZOJPHYzTf068W-tV-K5lcS6GxeDptUEM32ZIWV-EOfqSWbNaCMnbpqGFIjvKxpBShHG_gRK9LUT_XUiRPPk92V5w00ABnu2AH9CHMVkH3sIeK401ZbUSvLyoKrT6f7pzpQQXfBdmn4u02kmTWcHt9_6Z_ApruLMy</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2466739551</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>COVID-19 and Immigrant Essential Workers: Bhutanese and Burmese Refugees in the United States</title><source>Access via SAGE</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>PAIS Index</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>JSTOR Archive Collection A-Z Listing</source><source>Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2021<img src="https://exlibris-pub.s3.amazonaws.com/fromwos-v2.jpg" /></source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Web of Science - Social Sciences Citation Index – 2021<img src="https://exlibris-pub.s3.amazonaws.com/fromwos-v2.jpg" /></source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Zhang, Mengxi ; Gurung, Ashok ; Anglewicz, Philip ; Yun, Katherine</creator><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Mengxi ; Gurung, Ashok ; Anglewicz, Philip ; Yun, Katherine</creatorcontrib><description>Objectives
Immigrants are believed to be at high risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A leading suspected risk factor is their role in the essential workforce. We aimed to describe COVID-19–related risk factors among Bhutanese and Burmese refugees in the United States.
Methods
We administered an anonymous online survey in May 2020 among community leaders of Bhutanese and Burmese refugees. Using a snowball sampling strategy, we invited community leaders to complete the survey and share the link with others who met inclusion criteria (English proficient, aged ≥18, currently living in the United States). We compared respondents with and without recent COVID-19 and identified risk factors for infection.
Results
Of 218 refugees in 23 states who completed the survey from May 15 through June 1, 2020, fifteen (6.9%) reported infection with COVID-19. Being an essential worker during the pandemic (odds ratio [OR] = 5.25; 95% CI, 1.21-22.78), having an infected family member (OR = 26.92; 95% CI, 5.19-139.75), and being female (OR = 5.63; 95% CI, 1.14-27.82) were risk factors for infection. Among 33 infected family members, 23 (69.7%) were essential workers.
Conclusion
Although we had a small snowball sample, we found that working in essential industries was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection among Bhutanese and Burmese refugees. We call for larger studies that include Asian immigrant subgroups, as well as immediate attention to protecting immigrant essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0033-3549</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1468-2877</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1177/0033354920971720</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33207130</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Adult ; Bhutan - ethnology ; Coronaviridae ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - ethnology ; Criteria ; Essential workers ; Families & family life ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Health risks ; Humans ; Immigrants ; Infections ; Internet ; Life Sciences & Biomedicine ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myanmar - ethnology ; Noncitizens ; Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data ; Pandemics ; Polls & surveys ; Privacy ; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health ; Refugees ; Refugees - statistics & numerical data ; Respiratory diseases ; Respondents ; Risk analysis ; Risk Factors ; Sampling ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Science & Technology ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Sex Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Subgroups ; United States - epidemiology ; Viral diseases ; Viruses ; Workers]]></subject><ispartof>Public health reports (1974), 2021-01, Vol.136 (1), p.117-123</ispartof><rights>2020, Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health</rights><rights>2020, Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health 2020 US Surgeon General’s Office</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>true</woscitedreferencessubscribed><woscitedreferencescount>29</woscitedreferencescount><woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid>wos000595586300018</woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c528t-2e70e84d2a3c4acb0c2a1d669d9b4df0c856b1a101602376091d98bfdb87bef63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c528t-2e70e84d2a3c4acb0c2a1d669d9b4df0c856b1a101602376091d98bfdb87bef63</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-2996-5346</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7856376/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7856376/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,886,21824,27871,27929,27930,39262,39263,43626,43627,53796,53798</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33207130$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Mengxi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gurung, Ashok</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anglewicz, Philip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yun, Katherine</creatorcontrib><title>COVID-19 and Immigrant Essential Workers: Bhutanese and Burmese Refugees in the United States</title><title>Public health reports (1974)</title><addtitle>PUBLIC HEALTH REP</addtitle><addtitle>Public Health Rep</addtitle><description>Objectives
Immigrants are believed to be at high risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A leading suspected risk factor is their role in the essential workforce. We aimed to describe COVID-19–related risk factors among Bhutanese and Burmese refugees in the United States.
Methods
We administered an anonymous online survey in May 2020 among community leaders of Bhutanese and Burmese refugees. Using a snowball sampling strategy, we invited community leaders to complete the survey and share the link with others who met inclusion criteria (English proficient, aged ≥18, currently living in the United States). We compared respondents with and without recent COVID-19 and identified risk factors for infection.
Results
Of 218 refugees in 23 states who completed the survey from May 15 through June 1, 2020, fifteen (6.9%) reported infection with COVID-19. Being an essential worker during the pandemic (odds ratio [OR] = 5.25; 95% CI, 1.21-22.78), having an infected family member (OR = 26.92; 95% CI, 5.19-139.75), and being female (OR = 5.63; 95% CI, 1.14-27.82) were risk factors for infection. Among 33 infected family members, 23 (69.7%) were essential workers.
Conclusion
Although we had a small snowball sample, we found that working in essential industries was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection among Bhutanese and Burmese refugees. We call for larger studies that include Asian immigrant subgroups, as well as immediate attention to protecting immigrant essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Bhutan - ethnology</subject><subject>Coronaviridae</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - ethnology</subject><subject>Criteria</subject><subject>Essential workers</subject><subject>Families & family life</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immigrants</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Internet</subject><subject>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Myanmar - ethnology</subject><subject>Noncitizens</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Polls & surveys</subject><subject>Privacy</subject><subject>Public, Environmental & Occupational Health</subject><subject>Refugees</subject><subject>Refugees - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Respiratory diseases</subject><subject>Respondents</subject><subject>Risk analysis</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Sampling</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2</subject><subject>Science & Technology</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>Socioeconomic Factors</subject><subject>Subgroups</subject><subject>United States - epidemiology</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><subject>Workers</subject><issn>0033-3549</issn><issn>1468-2877</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>GIZIO</sourceid><sourceid>HGBXW</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7TQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkd1rFDEUxYModq2--yQBH2U0HzNJxgfBjq0uFApq9UlCJnNnN3UnqUlG8b9v1m23KgjmJYH7O-eecBB6TMlzSqV8QQjnvKlbRlpJJSN30ILWQlVMSXkXLbbjajs_QA9SuiDlMMrvowPOGZGUkwX60p19Wr6paIuNH_BymtwqGp_xcUrgszMb_DnErxDTS3y0nrPxkOAXejTHaft-D-O8AkjYeZzXgM-9yzDgD9lkSA_RvdFsEjy6vg_R-cnxx-5ddXr2dtm9Pq1sw1SuGEgCqh6Y4bY2tieWGToI0Q5tXw8jsaoRPTWUUEEYl4K0dGhVPw69kj2Mgh-iVzvfy7mfYLAlejQbfRndZOJPHYzTf068W-tV-K5lcS6GxeDptUEM32ZIWV-EOfqSWbNaCMnbpqGFIjvKxpBShHG_gRK9LUT_XUiRPPk92V5w00ABnu2AH9CHMVkH3sIeK401ZbUSvLyoKrT6f7pzpQQXfBdmn4u02kmTWcHt9_6Z_ApruLMy</recordid><startdate>20210101</startdate><enddate>20210101</enddate><creator>Zhang, Mengxi</creator><creator>Gurung, Ashok</creator><creator>Anglewicz, Philip</creator><creator>Yun, Katherine</creator><general>SAGE Publications</general><general>Sage</general><general>SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC</general><scope>17B</scope><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>DVR</scope><scope>EGQ</scope><scope>GIZIO</scope><scope>HGBXW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TQ</scope><scope>ASE</scope><scope>DHY</scope><scope>DON</scope><scope>FPQ</scope><scope>K6X</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2996-5346</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210101</creationdate><title>COVID-19 and Immigrant Essential Workers: Bhutanese and Burmese Refugees in the United States</title><author>Zhang, Mengxi ; Gurung, Ashok ; Anglewicz, Philip ; Yun, Katherine</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c528t-2e70e84d2a3c4acb0c2a1d669d9b4df0c856b1a101602376091d98bfdb87bef63</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Bhutan - ethnology</topic><topic>Coronaviridae</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 - ethnology</topic><topic>Criteria</topic><topic>Essential workers</topic><topic>Families & family life</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immigrants</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Internet</topic><topic>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Myanmar - ethnology</topic><topic>Noncitizens</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Polls & surveys</topic><topic>Privacy</topic><topic>Public, Environmental & Occupational Health</topic><topic>Refugees</topic><topic>Refugees - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Respiratory diseases</topic><topic>Respondents</topic><topic>Risk analysis</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Sampling</topic><topic>SARS-CoV-2</topic><topic>Science & Technology</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>Socioeconomic Factors</topic><topic>Subgroups</topic><topic>United States - epidemiology</topic><topic>Viral diseases</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><topic>Workers</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Mengxi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gurung, Ashok</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anglewicz, Philip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yun, Katherine</creatorcontrib><collection>Web of Knowledge</collection><collection>Web of Science Core Collection</collection><collection>Science Citation Index Expanded</collection><collection>Social Sciences Citation Index</collection><collection>Web of Science Primary (SCIE, SSCI & AHCI)</collection><collection>Web of Science - Social Sciences Citation Index – 2021</collection><collection>Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2021</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PAIS Index</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>PAIS International</collection><collection>PAIS International (Ovid)</collection><collection>British Nursing Index (BNI) (1985 to Present)</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Public health reports (1974)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhang, Mengxi</au><au>Gurung, Ashok</au><au>Anglewicz, Philip</au><au>Yun, Katherine</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>COVID-19 and Immigrant Essential Workers: Bhutanese and Burmese Refugees in the United States</atitle><jtitle>Public health reports (1974)</jtitle><stitle>PUBLIC HEALTH REP</stitle><addtitle>Public Health Rep</addtitle><date>2021-01-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>136</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>117</spage><epage>123</epage><pages>117-123</pages><issn>0033-3549</issn><eissn>1468-2877</eissn><abstract>Objectives
Immigrants are believed to be at high risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A leading suspected risk factor is their role in the essential workforce. We aimed to describe COVID-19–related risk factors among Bhutanese and Burmese refugees in the United States.
Methods
We administered an anonymous online survey in May 2020 among community leaders of Bhutanese and Burmese refugees. Using a snowball sampling strategy, we invited community leaders to complete the survey and share the link with others who met inclusion criteria (English proficient, aged ≥18, currently living in the United States). We compared respondents with and without recent COVID-19 and identified risk factors for infection.
Results
Of 218 refugees in 23 states who completed the survey from May 15 through June 1, 2020, fifteen (6.9%) reported infection with COVID-19. Being an essential worker during the pandemic (odds ratio [OR] = 5.25; 95% CI, 1.21-22.78), having an infected family member (OR = 26.92; 95% CI, 5.19-139.75), and being female (OR = 5.63; 95% CI, 1.14-27.82) were risk factors for infection. Among 33 infected family members, 23 (69.7%) were essential workers.
Conclusion
Although we had a small snowball sample, we found that working in essential industries was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection among Bhutanese and Burmese refugees. We call for larger studies that include Asian immigrant subgroups, as well as immediate attention to protecting immigrant essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.</abstract><cop>Los Angeles, CA</cop><pub>SAGE Publications</pub><pmid>33207130</pmid><doi>10.1177/0033354920971720</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2996-5346</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Bhutan - ethnology Coronaviridae Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - ethnology Criteria Essential workers Families & family life Female Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Health risks Humans Immigrants Infections Internet Life Sciences & Biomedicine Male Middle Aged Myanmar - ethnology Noncitizens Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data Pandemics Polls & surveys Privacy Public, Environmental & Occupational Health Refugees Refugees - statistics & numerical data Respiratory diseases Respondents Risk analysis Risk Factors Sampling SARS-CoV-2 Science & Technology Severe acute respiratory syndrome Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Sex Factors Socioeconomic Factors Subgroups United States - epidemiology Viral diseases Viruses Workers |
| title | COVID-19 and Immigrant Essential Workers: Bhutanese and Burmese Refugees in the United States |
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