Structure, Properties, and Electrochemical Sensing Applications of Graphene‐Based Materials

Owing to their versatility and unique characteristics, graphene‐based materials have been used extensively for the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. The key to the maximum potential of these materials is the understanding of the role their structure plays in their modification processes. Herein, we summarize some structural characteristics of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and explore different surface modification methods for electrochemical sensing applications. surveyed the most recent applications of these materials as (bio)sensors, particularly for environmental monitoring and health‐related applications, such as quantification of biomarkers and metabolites and detection of cancer cells. The low detection limits, selectivity toward target molecules, and robustness of GO‐ and rGO‐based electrodes render them critical materials for the preparation of sensors for routine analysis and monitoring. Modified for success: Graphene oxide (GO)‐ and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐based electrodes can be modified using redox markers, aptamers, antibodies, DNA and RNA, nanoparticles, or their combinations (hybrid modification) to fabricate flexible, low‐toxicity, disposable, and low‐cost electrodes with high electrochemical stability, which can be used as electroactive components in sensitive and selective (bio)sensors for electrochemical detection and monitoring.