Evaluating the potential of electrolysed water for the disinfection of citrus fruit in packinghouses

BACKGROUND The largest and most profitable market for citrus is the production of fresh fruit. Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is a Gram‐negative plant pathogen and the etiological agent of citrus canker, one of the major threats to citrus production worldwide. In the early stages of infection, X. ci...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of the science of food and agriculture 2021-04, Vol.101 (6), p.2584-2591
Hauptverfasser: Dilarri, Guilherme, Zamuner, Caio FC, Mendes, Carolina R, Junior, José RM, Morão, Luana G, Montagnolli, Renato N, Bidoia, Ederio D, Ferreira, Henrique
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container_end_page 2591
container_issue 6
container_start_page 2584
container_title Journal of the science of food and agriculture
container_volume 101
creator Dilarri, Guilherme
Zamuner, Caio FC
Mendes, Carolina R
Junior, José RM
Morão, Luana G
Montagnolli, Renato N
Bidoia, Ederio D
Ferreira, Henrique
description BACKGROUND The largest and most profitable market for citrus is the production of fresh fruit. Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is a Gram‐negative plant pathogen and the etiological agent of citrus canker, one of the major threats to citrus production worldwide. In the early stages of infection, X. citri can attach to plant surfaces by means of biofilms. Biofilm is considered an essential virulence factor, which helps tissue colonization in plants. Thus, sanitization of citrus fruit is mandatory in packinghouses before any logistic operation as packing and shipment to the market. The aim of this study was to evaluate electrolysed water (EW) as a sanitizer for the disinfection of citrus fruit in packinghouses. RESULTS Using a protocol to monitor cell respiration we show that EW, obtained after 8 and 9 min of electrolysis, sufficed to kill X. citri when applied at a concentration of 500 μL mL−1. Furthermore, microscopy analysis, combined with time‐response growth curves, confirmed that EW affects the bacterial cytoplasmatic membrane and it leads to cell death in the first few minutes of contact. Pathogenicity tests using limes to simulate packinghouse treatment showed that EW, produced with 9 min of electrolysis, was a very effective sanitizer capable of eliminating X. citri from contaminated fruit. CONCLUSION It was possible to conclude that EW is significantly effective as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) at 200 ppm. Therefore, EW could be an alternative for citrus sanitization in packinghouses. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
doi_str_mv 10.1002/jsfa.10888
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Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is a Gram‐negative plant pathogen and the etiological agent of citrus canker, one of the major threats to citrus production worldwide. In the early stages of infection, X. citri can attach to plant surfaces by means of biofilms. Biofilm is considered an essential virulence factor, which helps tissue colonization in plants. Thus, sanitization of citrus fruit is mandatory in packinghouses before any logistic operation as packing and shipment to the market. The aim of this study was to evaluate electrolysed water (EW) as a sanitizer for the disinfection of citrus fruit in packinghouses. RESULTS Using a protocol to monitor cell respiration we show that EW, obtained after 8 and 9 min of electrolysis, sufficed to kill X. citri when applied at a concentration of 500 μL mL−1. Furthermore, microscopy analysis, combined with time‐response growth curves, confirmed that EW affects the bacterial cytoplasmatic membrane and it leads to cell death in the first few minutes of contact. Pathogenicity tests using limes to simulate packinghouse treatment showed that EW, produced with 9 min of electrolysis, was a very effective sanitizer capable of eliminating X. citri from contaminated fruit. CONCLUSION It was possible to conclude that EW is significantly effective as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) at 200 ppm. Therefore, EW could be an alternative for citrus sanitization in packinghouses. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-5142</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1097-0010</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10888</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33063337</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chichester, UK: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd</publisher><subject>Agriculture ; Agriculture, Multidisciplinary ; Biofilms ; Biofilms - drug effects ; Canker ; Cell death ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Applied ; Citrus - drug effects ; Citrus - microbiology ; Citrus fruits ; Colonization ; Disinfectants - chemistry ; Disinfectants - pharmacology ; Disinfection ; Disinfection - instrumentation ; Disinfection - methods ; electrolysed water ; Electrolysis ; Etiology ; Food Science &amp; Technology ; Fruit - drug effects ; Fruit - microbiology ; Fruits ; Growth curves ; Life Sciences &amp; Biomedicine ; lime ; membrane permeabilization ; Pathogenicity ; Pathogens ; Physical Sciences ; Plant Diseases - microbiology ; Plant Diseases - prevention &amp; control ; Plant tissues ; sanitizer ; Sanitizers ; Science &amp; Technology ; Sodium hypochlorite ; Virulence ; Virulence factors ; Water - chemistry ; Water - pharmacology ; Water treatment ; Xanthomonas - drug effects ; Xanthomonas - growth &amp; development ; Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri</subject><ispartof>Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2021-04, Vol.101 (6), p.2584-2591</ispartof><rights>2020 Society of Chemical Industry</rights><rights>2020 Society of Chemical Industry.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>true</woscitedreferencessubscribed><woscitedreferencescount>5</woscitedreferencescount><woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid>wos000583506800001</woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3578-57f4e438a7b70e422c42aa2130378b1eaf09d44aacd8311fa3d02b71977ec193</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3578-57f4e438a7b70e422c42aa2130378b1eaf09d44aacd8311fa3d02b71977ec193</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2625-7392 ; 0000-0002-9183-9420 ; 0000-0003-3801-9631</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fjsfa.10888$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fjsfa.10888$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,782,786,1419,27931,27932,39265,45581,45582</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33063337$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dilarri, Guilherme</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zamuner, Caio FC</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mendes, Carolina R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Junior, José RM</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morão, Luana G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montagnolli, Renato N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bidoia, Ederio D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferreira, Henrique</creatorcontrib><title>Evaluating the potential of electrolysed water for the disinfection of citrus fruit in packinghouses</title><title>Journal of the science of food and agriculture</title><addtitle>J SCI FOOD AGR</addtitle><addtitle>J Sci Food Agric</addtitle><description>BACKGROUND The largest and most profitable market for citrus is the production of fresh fruit. Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is a Gram‐negative plant pathogen and the etiological agent of citrus canker, one of the major threats to citrus production worldwide. In the early stages of infection, X. citri can attach to plant surfaces by means of biofilms. Biofilm is considered an essential virulence factor, which helps tissue colonization in plants. Thus, sanitization of citrus fruit is mandatory in packinghouses before any logistic operation as packing and shipment to the market. The aim of this study was to evaluate electrolysed water (EW) as a sanitizer for the disinfection of citrus fruit in packinghouses. RESULTS Using a protocol to monitor cell respiration we show that EW, obtained after 8 and 9 min of electrolysis, sufficed to kill X. citri when applied at a concentration of 500 μL mL−1. Furthermore, microscopy analysis, combined with time‐response growth curves, confirmed that EW affects the bacterial cytoplasmatic membrane and it leads to cell death in the first few minutes of contact. Pathogenicity tests using limes to simulate packinghouse treatment showed that EW, produced with 9 min of electrolysis, was a very effective sanitizer capable of eliminating X. citri from contaminated fruit. CONCLUSION It was possible to conclude that EW is significantly effective as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) at 200 ppm. Therefore, EW could be an alternative for citrus sanitization in packinghouses. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry</description><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Agriculture, Multidisciplinary</subject><subject>Biofilms</subject><subject>Biofilms - drug effects</subject><subject>Canker</subject><subject>Cell death</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Chemistry, Applied</subject><subject>Citrus - drug effects</subject><subject>Citrus - microbiology</subject><subject>Citrus fruits</subject><subject>Colonization</subject><subject>Disinfectants - chemistry</subject><subject>Disinfectants - pharmacology</subject><subject>Disinfection</subject><subject>Disinfection - instrumentation</subject><subject>Disinfection - methods</subject><subject>electrolysed water</subject><subject>Electrolysis</subject><subject>Etiology</subject><subject>Food Science &amp; Technology</subject><subject>Fruit - drug effects</subject><subject>Fruit - microbiology</subject><subject>Fruits</subject><subject>Growth curves</subject><subject>Life Sciences &amp; 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Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is a Gram‐negative plant pathogen and the etiological agent of citrus canker, one of the major threats to citrus production worldwide. In the early stages of infection, X. citri can attach to plant surfaces by means of biofilms. Biofilm is considered an essential virulence factor, which helps tissue colonization in plants. Thus, sanitization of citrus fruit is mandatory in packinghouses before any logistic operation as packing and shipment to the market. The aim of this study was to evaluate electrolysed water (EW) as a sanitizer for the disinfection of citrus fruit in packinghouses. RESULTS Using a protocol to monitor cell respiration we show that EW, obtained after 8 and 9 min of electrolysis, sufficed to kill X. citri when applied at a concentration of 500 μL mL−1. Furthermore, microscopy analysis, combined with time‐response growth curves, confirmed that EW affects the bacterial cytoplasmatic membrane and it leads to cell death in the first few minutes of contact. Pathogenicity tests using limes to simulate packinghouse treatment showed that EW, produced with 9 min of electrolysis, was a very effective sanitizer capable of eliminating X. citri from contaminated fruit. CONCLUSION It was possible to conclude that EW is significantly effective as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) at 200 ppm. Therefore, EW could be an alternative for citrus sanitization in packinghouses. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry</abstract><cop>Chichester, UK</cop><pub>John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd</pub><pmid>33063337</pmid><doi>10.1002/jsfa.10888</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2625-7392</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9183-9420</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3801-9631</orcidid></addata></record>
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subjects Agriculture
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Biofilms
Biofilms - drug effects
Canker
Cell death
Chemistry
Chemistry, Applied
Citrus - drug effects
Citrus - microbiology
Citrus fruits
Colonization
Disinfectants - chemistry
Disinfectants - pharmacology
Disinfection
Disinfection - instrumentation
Disinfection - methods
electrolysed water
Electrolysis
Etiology
Food Science & Technology
Fruit - drug effects
Fruit - microbiology
Fruits
Growth curves
Life Sciences & Biomedicine
lime
membrane permeabilization
Pathogenicity
Pathogens
Physical Sciences
Plant Diseases - microbiology
Plant Diseases - prevention & control
Plant tissues
sanitizer
Sanitizers
Science & Technology
Sodium hypochlorite
Virulence
Virulence factors
Water - chemistry
Water - pharmacology
Water treatment
Xanthomonas - drug effects
Xanthomonas - growth & development
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
title Evaluating the potential of electrolysed water for the disinfection of citrus fruit in packinghouses
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