Quantification and technological assessment of bioenergy generation through agricultural residues in Punjab (Pakistan)

High dominance of imported oil and gas with constantly depleting natural resources has resulted in a vast energy crisis for Pakistan. Hence, renewable substitutes need to be sought whose utilization and technological availability is a significant issue for a developing country. Opportunely, Pakistan has agricultural potential through which energy can be harnessed for both transport and power sectors. However, to ensure a sustainable supply, it is critical to assess the availability of feedstock and the technologies for its processing. This study quantifies both technical and theoretical potential of bioenergy generation through common agricultural residues and mainly non-edible oilseeds available in Punjab as it is the largest province of Pakistan with the most substancial availability of agricultural land. The appraisal method used WTE conversion processes, feedstock availability, residue characteristics, and cost factors in Bio-IRENA and NREL simulators for quantification of bioenergy, to provide an outlook for its use in energy-consuming sectors, and economic feasibility based on Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). The methodological framework adopted in this study can be used to perform technological assessment of bioenergy in any region. Punjab annually produces 70 Million ton of crops which can further produce up to 50 million tons of biomass in the form of agricultural residues. Based on technological considerations, it can produce 21–25 TWh of electricity through Methane Engines, 60 TWh from Combustion and up to 53 TWh from Gasification Steam Turbines. However, due to feedstock availability, and the farmer's willingness to sell, the technical potential falls in a range of 12–50% depending on the crop. Further, considering the annual consumption of Pakistan in the power and transport sector, it can fuel up to 2.3 Million Cars and supply electricity to 23% of the population.