Evaluation of palatal support tissues for placement of orthodontic mini-implants in mouth breathers with high-narrow palates versus nose breathers with normal palates: a retrospective study
Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the palatal total support tissues (TSTs) and bone support tissues (BSTs) at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture between mouth breathers with high-narrow palates and nose breathers with normal palates and confirm the practicability and lim...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Clinical oral investigations 2020-03, Vol.24 (3), p.1259-1267 |
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| creator | Kang, Qichao Cha, Chang Huang, Desheng Zuo, Sihui Yan, Xiulin |
| description | Objectives
The aim of this study was to compare the palatal total support tissues (TSTs) and bone support tissues (BSTs) at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture between mouth breathers with high-narrow palates and nose breathers with normal palates and confirm the practicability and limitation on superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models for orthodontic mini-implant (OMI) implantation in these patients.
Material and methods
The sample consisted of 27 mouth breathers with high-narrow palates (study group (SG)) and 27 nose breathers with normal palates (control group (CG)). Upper digital dental models were superimposed with corresponding cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images; then, TSTs and BSTs vertical to the curvature of the palatal mucosa were measured on the 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture. The measuring sites were the third ruga (R) and the sites anterior and posterior to R at 2-mm interval (A
2
, A
4
, A
6
, and A
8
; P
2
, P
4
, P
6
, and P
8
) along the palatal mucosa outline. TSTs and BSTs were also measured on the superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models, and the site with the largest TST value in each patient was recorded. Descriptive statistics, independent-samples
t
test, and hierarchical clustering heat map were used for statistical analysis.
Results
The greatest average values of TSTs and BSTs in SG were 12.24 ± 2.63 mm and 9.59 ± 2.36 mm at P
2
site, and those in CG were 12.96 ± 2.39 mm and 10.56 ± 2.38 mm at R site, respectively. The average values of both TSTs and BSTs in SG were less than those in CG at all insertion sites. Significant differences (
P
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00784-019-03004-w |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2258160658</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2258160658</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-8eae66583747c2cf46a8d3dc509c04dd494eab98b00fa5a7dbed3763b134db3e3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kc1u1DAUhS0EomXgBVggS2y6MdixEyfsUNUCUiU2sI4c-6ZxldjBPzPqw_Fu9TQDSF2w8Y_O53Pv9UHoLaMfGKXyYyxLKwhlHaGcUkEOz9A5E7whXEr2_PFckaZr2Rl6FeMdpUw0kr9EZ5xxWklJz9Hvq72as0rWO-xHvKpZJTXjmNfVh4STjTFDxKMPeJ2VhgVcOoJFnLzxLlmNF-sssUvRXYrYOrz4nCY8BFBpghDxwZbrZG8n4lQI_rCVKbb7ouaInY_wFHc-LKWRE_kJKxwgBR9X0MnuAceUzf1r9GJUc4Q3p32Hfl5f_bj8Sm6-f_l2-fmGaC7rRFpQ0DR1y6WQutKjaFRruNE17TQVxohOgBq6dqB0VLWSZgDDZcMHxoUZOPAduth81-B_lf9I_WKjhrlMDD7HvqrqljX0WGKH3j9B73wOrnR3pCSVjNe8UNVG6TJSDDD2a7CLCvc9o_0x3H4Lty_h9o_h9ofy6N3JOg8LmL9P_qRZAL4BsUjuFsK_2v-xfQDGJ7ZA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2257071353</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Evaluation of palatal support tissues for placement of orthodontic mini-implants in mouth breathers with high-narrow palates versus nose breathers with normal palates: a retrospective study</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink</source><creator>Kang, Qichao ; Cha, Chang ; Huang, Desheng ; Zuo, Sihui ; Yan, Xiulin</creator><creatorcontrib>Kang, Qichao ; Cha, Chang ; Huang, Desheng ; Zuo, Sihui ; Yan, Xiulin</creatorcontrib><description>Objectives
The aim of this study was to compare the palatal total support tissues (TSTs) and bone support tissues (BSTs) at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture between mouth breathers with high-narrow palates and nose breathers with normal palates and confirm the practicability and limitation on superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models for orthodontic mini-implant (OMI) implantation in these patients.
Material and methods
The sample consisted of 27 mouth breathers with high-narrow palates (study group (SG)) and 27 nose breathers with normal palates (control group (CG)). Upper digital dental models were superimposed with corresponding cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images; then, TSTs and BSTs vertical to the curvature of the palatal mucosa were measured on the 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture. The measuring sites were the third ruga (R) and the sites anterior and posterior to R at 2-mm interval (A
2
, A
4
, A
6
, and A
8
; P
2
, P
4
, P
6
, and P
8
) along the palatal mucosa outline. TSTs and BSTs were also measured on the superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models, and the site with the largest TST value in each patient was recorded. Descriptive statistics, independent-samples
t
test, and hierarchical clustering heat map were used for statistical analysis.
Results
The greatest average values of TSTs and BSTs in SG were 12.24 ± 2.63 mm and 9.59 ± 2.36 mm at P
2
site, and those in CG were 12.96 ± 2.39 mm and 10.56 ± 2.38 mm at R site, respectively. The average values of both TSTs and BSTs in SG were less than those in CG at all insertion sites. Significant differences (
P
< 0.05) were found at A
4
, A
6
, and R for TSTs and at R and P
4
for BSTs. P
2
and R were clustered together for both TSTs and BSTs by the cluster analysis on heat map in both SG and CG. In both groups, only one patient from SG was found to have the insertion site with the largest TST value on 2D superimposition located in the blue area on the heat map, where the measurement values of TSTs were less than 8.5 mm and those of BSTs were less than 5 mm.
Conclusions
Mouth breathers with high-narrow palates may have less palatal support tissues than nose breathers with normal palates at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture of palate. The site a little posterior to R is more suitable for OMI implantation in mouth breathers. Two-dimensional superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models can provide relatively effective assessment for the site choice of OMI implantation in both mouth breathers with high-narrow palates and nose breathers with normal palates.
Clinical relevance
Three-dimensional superimposition of CBCT data and digital dental model can provide accurate information for palatal OMI implantation. Meanwhile, 2D superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models can be used for assessing the implantation sites at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture of palates in mouth breathers under most conditions even those who have less palatal support tissues.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1432-6981</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1436-3771</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03004-w</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31302770</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Child ; Computed tomography ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Dental Implants ; Dentistry ; Female ; Heat ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine ; Mouth ; Mouth Breathing ; Mucosa ; Nose ; Original Article ; Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures ; Orthodontics ; Palate ; Palate - anatomy & histology ; Retrospective Studies ; Statistical analysis ; Transplants & implants</subject><ispartof>Clinical oral investigations, 2020-03, Vol.24 (3), p.1259-1267</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019</rights><rights>Clinical Oral Investigations is a copyright of Springer, (2019). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-8eae66583747c2cf46a8d3dc509c04dd494eab98b00fa5a7dbed3763b134db3e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-8eae66583747c2cf46a8d3dc509c04dd494eab98b00fa5a7dbed3763b134db3e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2683-7450</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00784-019-03004-w$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00784-019-03004-w$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,27926,27927,41490,42559,51321</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31302770$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kang, Qichao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cha, Chang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Desheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zuo, Sihui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yan, Xiulin</creatorcontrib><title>Evaluation of palatal support tissues for placement of orthodontic mini-implants in mouth breathers with high-narrow palates versus nose breathers with normal palates: a retrospective study</title><title>Clinical oral investigations</title><addtitle>Clin Oral Invest</addtitle><addtitle>Clin Oral Investig</addtitle><description>Objectives
The aim of this study was to compare the palatal total support tissues (TSTs) and bone support tissues (BSTs) at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture between mouth breathers with high-narrow palates and nose breathers with normal palates and confirm the practicability and limitation on superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models for orthodontic mini-implant (OMI) implantation in these patients.
Material and methods
The sample consisted of 27 mouth breathers with high-narrow palates (study group (SG)) and 27 nose breathers with normal palates (control group (CG)). Upper digital dental models were superimposed with corresponding cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images; then, TSTs and BSTs vertical to the curvature of the palatal mucosa were measured on the 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture. The measuring sites were the third ruga (R) and the sites anterior and posterior to R at 2-mm interval (A
2
, A
4
, A
6
, and A
8
; P
2
, P
4
, P
6
, and P
8
) along the palatal mucosa outline. TSTs and BSTs were also measured on the superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models, and the site with the largest TST value in each patient was recorded. Descriptive statistics, independent-samples
t
test, and hierarchical clustering heat map were used for statistical analysis.
Results
The greatest average values of TSTs and BSTs in SG were 12.24 ± 2.63 mm and 9.59 ± 2.36 mm at P
2
site, and those in CG were 12.96 ± 2.39 mm and 10.56 ± 2.38 mm at R site, respectively. The average values of both TSTs and BSTs in SG were less than those in CG at all insertion sites. Significant differences (
P
< 0.05) were found at A
4
, A
6
, and R for TSTs and at R and P
4
for BSTs. P
2
and R were clustered together for both TSTs and BSTs by the cluster analysis on heat map in both SG and CG. In both groups, only one patient from SG was found to have the insertion site with the largest TST value on 2D superimposition located in the blue area on the heat map, where the measurement values of TSTs were less than 8.5 mm and those of BSTs were less than 5 mm.
Conclusions
Mouth breathers with high-narrow palates may have less palatal support tissues than nose breathers with normal palates at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture of palate. The site a little posterior to R is more suitable for OMI implantation in mouth breathers. Two-dimensional superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models can provide relatively effective assessment for the site choice of OMI implantation in both mouth breathers with high-narrow palates and nose breathers with normal palates.
Clinical relevance
Three-dimensional superimposition of CBCT data and digital dental model can provide accurate information for palatal OMI implantation. Meanwhile, 2D superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models can be used for assessing the implantation sites at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture of palates in mouth breathers under most conditions even those who have less palatal support tissues.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Computed tomography</subject><subject>Cone-Beam Computed Tomography</subject><subject>Dental Implants</subject><subject>Dentistry</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Heat</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Mouth</subject><subject>Mouth Breathing</subject><subject>Mucosa</subject><subject>Nose</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures</subject><subject>Orthodontics</subject><subject>Palate</subject><subject>Palate - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Transplants & implants</subject><issn>1432-6981</issn><issn>1436-3771</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc1u1DAUhS0EomXgBVggS2y6MdixEyfsUNUCUiU2sI4c-6ZxldjBPzPqw_Fu9TQDSF2w8Y_O53Pv9UHoLaMfGKXyYyxLKwhlHaGcUkEOz9A5E7whXEr2_PFckaZr2Rl6FeMdpUw0kr9EZ5xxWklJz9Hvq72as0rWO-xHvKpZJTXjmNfVh4STjTFDxKMPeJ2VhgVcOoJFnLzxLlmNF-sssUvRXYrYOrz4nCY8BFBpghDxwZbrZG8n4lQI_rCVKbb7ouaInY_wFHc-LKWRE_kJKxwgBR9X0MnuAceUzf1r9GJUc4Q3p32Hfl5f_bj8Sm6-f_l2-fmGaC7rRFpQ0DR1y6WQutKjaFRruNE17TQVxohOgBq6dqB0VLWSZgDDZcMHxoUZOPAduth81-B_lf9I_WKjhrlMDD7HvqrqljX0WGKH3j9B73wOrnR3pCSVjNe8UNVG6TJSDDD2a7CLCvc9o_0x3H4Lty_h9o_h9ofy6N3JOg8LmL9P_qRZAL4BsUjuFsK_2v-xfQDGJ7ZA</recordid><startdate>20200301</startdate><enddate>20200301</enddate><creator>Kang, Qichao</creator><creator>Cha, Chang</creator><creator>Huang, Desheng</creator><creator>Zuo, Sihui</creator><creator>Yan, Xiulin</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-7450</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200301</creationdate><title>Evaluation of palatal support tissues for placement of orthodontic mini-implants in mouth breathers with high-narrow palates versus nose breathers with normal palates: a retrospective study</title><author>Kang, Qichao ; Cha, Chang ; Huang, Desheng ; Zuo, Sihui ; Yan, Xiulin</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-8eae66583747c2cf46a8d3dc509c04dd494eab98b00fa5a7dbed3763b134db3e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Computed tomography</topic><topic>Cone-Beam Computed Tomography</topic><topic>Dental Implants</topic><topic>Dentistry</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Heat</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Mouth</topic><topic>Mouth Breathing</topic><topic>Mucosa</topic><topic>Nose</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures</topic><topic>Orthodontics</topic><topic>Palate</topic><topic>Palate - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Transplants & implants</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kang, Qichao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cha, Chang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Desheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zuo, Sihui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yan, Xiulin</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Proquest)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database (Proquest)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Clinical oral investigations</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kang, Qichao</au><au>Cha, Chang</au><au>Huang, Desheng</au><au>Zuo, Sihui</au><au>Yan, Xiulin</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evaluation of palatal support tissues for placement of orthodontic mini-implants in mouth breathers with high-narrow palates versus nose breathers with normal palates: a retrospective study</atitle><jtitle>Clinical oral investigations</jtitle><stitle>Clin Oral Invest</stitle><addtitle>Clin Oral Investig</addtitle><date>2020-03-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>1259</spage><epage>1267</epage><pages>1259-1267</pages><issn>1432-6981</issn><eissn>1436-3771</eissn><abstract>Objectives
The aim of this study was to compare the palatal total support tissues (TSTs) and bone support tissues (BSTs) at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture between mouth breathers with high-narrow palates and nose breathers with normal palates and confirm the practicability and limitation on superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models for orthodontic mini-implant (OMI) implantation in these patients.
Material and methods
The sample consisted of 27 mouth breathers with high-narrow palates (study group (SG)) and 27 nose breathers with normal palates (control group (CG)). Upper digital dental models were superimposed with corresponding cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images; then, TSTs and BSTs vertical to the curvature of the palatal mucosa were measured on the 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture. The measuring sites were the third ruga (R) and the sites anterior and posterior to R at 2-mm interval (A
2
, A
4
, A
6
, and A
8
; P
2
, P
4
, P
6
, and P
8
) along the palatal mucosa outline. TSTs and BSTs were also measured on the superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models, and the site with the largest TST value in each patient was recorded. Descriptive statistics, independent-samples
t
test, and hierarchical clustering heat map were used for statistical analysis.
Results
The greatest average values of TSTs and BSTs in SG were 12.24 ± 2.63 mm and 9.59 ± 2.36 mm at P
2
site, and those in CG were 12.96 ± 2.39 mm and 10.56 ± 2.38 mm at R site, respectively. The average values of both TSTs and BSTs in SG were less than those in CG at all insertion sites. Significant differences (
P
< 0.05) were found at A
4
, A
6
, and R for TSTs and at R and P
4
for BSTs. P
2
and R were clustered together for both TSTs and BSTs by the cluster analysis on heat map in both SG and CG. In both groups, only one patient from SG was found to have the insertion site with the largest TST value on 2D superimposition located in the blue area on the heat map, where the measurement values of TSTs were less than 8.5 mm and those of BSTs were less than 5 mm.
Conclusions
Mouth breathers with high-narrow palates may have less palatal support tissues than nose breathers with normal palates at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture of palate. The site a little posterior to R is more suitable for OMI implantation in mouth breathers. Two-dimensional superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models can provide relatively effective assessment for the site choice of OMI implantation in both mouth breathers with high-narrow palates and nose breathers with normal palates.
Clinical relevance
Three-dimensional superimposition of CBCT data and digital dental model can provide accurate information for palatal OMI implantation. Meanwhile, 2D superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models can be used for assessing the implantation sites at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture of palates in mouth breathers under most conditions even those who have less palatal support tissues.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>31302770</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00784-019-03004-w</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-7450</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1432-6981 |
| ispartof | Clinical oral investigations, 2020-03, Vol.24 (3), p.1259-1267 |
| issn | 1432-6981 1436-3771 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2258160658 |
| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink |
| subjects | Adolescent Child Computed tomography Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Dental Implants Dentistry Female Heat Humans Male Medicine Mouth Mouth Breathing Mucosa Nose Original Article Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures Orthodontics Palate Palate - anatomy & histology Retrospective Studies Statistical analysis Transplants & implants |
| title | Evaluation of palatal support tissues for placement of orthodontic mini-implants in mouth breathers with high-narrow palates versus nose breathers with normal palates: a retrospective study |
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