Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from Vitisvinifera leaf litter and its adsorption performance for aqueous phenanthrene
The adsorption of phenanthrene onto activated carbons produced from Vitis vinifera leaf litter (a waste plant biomass) was investigated in this study. Zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) and phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) were utilised as activating agents in producing the activated carbons. The characterisation o...
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| description | The adsorption of phenanthrene onto activated carbons produced from
Vitis
vinifera
leaf litter (a waste plant biomass) was investigated in this study. Zinc chloride (ZnCl
2
) and phosphoric acid (H
3
PO
4
) were utilised as activating agents in producing the activated carbons. The characterisation of the activated carbons was achieved with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (for surface functional groups), scanning electron microscopy (for surface morphology) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) (for surface area determination). The adsorption of phenanthrene onto the activated carbons was optimised in terms of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of adsorbate solution and contact time. Experimental results showed that H
3
PO
4
modified activated carbon gave better yield (up to 58.40%) relative to ZnCl
2
modified activated carbon (only up to 47.08%). Meanwhile, surface characterisation showed that ZnCl
2
modification resulted in higher BET surface area (up to 616.60 m
2
/g) and total pore volume (up to 0.289 cm
3
/g) relative to BET surface area of up to 295.49 m
2
/g and total pore volume of up to 0.185 cm
3
/g obtained from H
3
PO
4
modified activated carbons. Adsorption equilibrium data fitted well into Freundlich isotherm model relative to other applied isotherm models, with maximum K
f
value of 1.27 for ZnCl
2
modified activated carbon and 1.16 K
f
value for H
3
PO
4
modified activated carbon. The maximum adsorption capacity for ZnCl
2
and H
3
PO
4
activated carbons for the removal of phenanthrene were 94.12 and 89.13 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that dynamic equilibrium was reached at 80 min contact time. Experimental data fitted best into the Elovich kinetic model relative to other kinetic models, based on the correlation coefficient (
R
2
) values obtained from kinetic studies. Chemisorption was deduced as a major phenanthrene removal pathway from aqueous solution and the physicochemical characteristics of the adsorbents have major influence on phenanthrene removal efficiencies. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1186/s13765-020-00494-1 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_webof</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_webofscience_primary_000513351900001</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2355318986</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c321t-d7d3bf1469b1486079baedb3fad189d2f256f8578126d52046714dbae5b372463</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNUctuFDEQHCGQiEJ-gJMljmiI3-M5ohUvKRI5EK6WZ9xmHe3ag-0N4hv46fTuROEGObm7XVX9qK57zeg7xoy-rEwMWvWU055SOcqePevOuNSmp0by54-xkC-7i1pvKaVMG82VOOv-XBdYXHEt5kRc8mTeYjY3KLGuxRwI5vHONcBfVyashZL35Htssd7FFAMUR3bgAtnFhsyTTmyVOF9zWU4qC5SQy96lGQgGxP08QD5UsmwhudS2BRK86l4Et6tw8fCedzcfP3zbfO6vvn76snl_1c-Cs9b7wYspMKnHiUmj6TBODvwkgvPMjJ4HrnQwajCMa684lXpg0iNGTWLAU4jz7s2qu5SMY9Rmb_OhJGxpuVBqHMdBmP-hBPYyRy2-ouaSay0Q7FLi3pXfllF7dMeu7lh0x57csQxJb1fSL5hyqHMEPMsjEe1RTAjFRnp0CtHm6ehNbCfbNvmQGlLFSq0ITz-g_N3hH-PdA_hXtRM</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2355999738</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from Vitisvinifera leaf litter and its adsorption performance for aqueous phenanthrene</title><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</source><source>Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2020<img src="https://exlibris-pub.s3.amazonaws.com/fromwos-v2.jpg" /></source><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><creator>Awe, Adetunji Ajibola ; Opeolu, Beatrice Olutoyin ; Fatoki, Olalekan Siyanbola ; Ayanda, Olushola Sunday ; Jackson, Vanessa Angela ; Snyman, Reinette</creator><creatorcontrib>Awe, Adetunji Ajibola ; Opeolu, Beatrice Olutoyin ; Fatoki, Olalekan Siyanbola ; Ayanda, Olushola Sunday ; Jackson, Vanessa Angela ; Snyman, Reinette</creatorcontrib><description>The adsorption of phenanthrene onto activated carbons produced from
Vitis
vinifera
leaf litter (a waste plant biomass) was investigated in this study. Zinc chloride (ZnCl
2
) and phosphoric acid (H
3
PO
4
) were utilised as activating agents in producing the activated carbons. The characterisation of the activated carbons was achieved with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (for surface functional groups), scanning electron microscopy (for surface morphology) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) (for surface area determination). The adsorption of phenanthrene onto the activated carbons was optimised in terms of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of adsorbate solution and contact time. Experimental results showed that H
3
PO
4
modified activated carbon gave better yield (up to 58.40%) relative to ZnCl
2
modified activated carbon (only up to 47.08%). Meanwhile, surface characterisation showed that ZnCl
2
modification resulted in higher BET surface area (up to 616.60 m
2
/g) and total pore volume (up to 0.289 cm
3
/g) relative to BET surface area of up to 295.49 m
2
/g and total pore volume of up to 0.185 cm
3
/g obtained from H
3
PO
4
modified activated carbons. Adsorption equilibrium data fitted well into Freundlich isotherm model relative to other applied isotherm models, with maximum K
f
value of 1.27 for ZnCl
2
modified activated carbon and 1.16 K
f
value for H
3
PO
4
modified activated carbon. The maximum adsorption capacity for ZnCl
2
and H
3
PO
4
activated carbons for the removal of phenanthrene were 94.12 and 89.13 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that dynamic equilibrium was reached at 80 min contact time. Experimental data fitted best into the Elovich kinetic model relative to other kinetic models, based on the correlation coefficient (
R
2
) values obtained from kinetic studies. Chemisorption was deduced as a major phenanthrene removal pathway from aqueous solution and the physicochemical characteristics of the adsorbents have major influence on phenanthrene removal efficiencies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2468-0834</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2468-0842</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/s13765-020-00494-1</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Singapore: Springer Singapore</publisher><subject>Activated carbon ; Adsorbates ; Adsorbents ; Adsorption ; Applied Microbiology ; Aqueous solutions ; Biological Techniques ; Bioorganic Chemistry ; Carbon ; Chemisorption ; Chemistry ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Correlation coefficient ; Correlation coefficients ; Food Science & Technology ; Fourier transforms ; Functional groups ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Isotherms ; Leaf litter ; Leaves ; Life Sciences & Biomedicine ; Morphology ; Organic chemistry ; Phenanthrene ; Phosphoric acid ; Plant biomass ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Science & Technology ; Surface area ; Surface chemistry ; Surface properties ; Zinc chloride</subject><ispartof>Applied biological chemistry, 2020-02, Vol.63 (1), Article 12</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2020</rights><rights>This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Applied Biological Chemistry is a copyright of Springer, (2020). All Rights Reserved. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>true</woscitedreferencessubscribed><woscitedreferencescount>44</woscitedreferencescount><woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid>wos000513351900001</woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c321t-d7d3bf1469b1486079baedb3fad189d2f256f8578126d52046714dbae5b372463</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c321t-d7d3bf1469b1486079baedb3fad189d2f256f8578126d52046714dbae5b372463</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-9811-9824 ; 0000-0001-8022-8010 ; 0000-0001-6933-0866 ; 0000-0001-7379-7979</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13765-020-00494-1$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1186/s13765-020-00494-1$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,865,2115,27929,27930,28253,41125,41493,42194,42562,51324,51581</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Awe, Adetunji Ajibola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Opeolu, Beatrice Olutoyin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fatoki, Olalekan Siyanbola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayanda, Olushola Sunday</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jackson, Vanessa Angela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Snyman, Reinette</creatorcontrib><title>Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from Vitisvinifera leaf litter and its adsorption performance for aqueous phenanthrene</title><title>Applied biological chemistry</title><addtitle>Appl Biol Chem</addtitle><addtitle>APPL BIOL CHEM</addtitle><description>The adsorption of phenanthrene onto activated carbons produced from
Vitis
vinifera
leaf litter (a waste plant biomass) was investigated in this study. Zinc chloride (ZnCl
2
) and phosphoric acid (H
3
PO
4
) were utilised as activating agents in producing the activated carbons. The characterisation of the activated carbons was achieved with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (for surface functional groups), scanning electron microscopy (for surface morphology) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) (for surface area determination). The adsorption of phenanthrene onto the activated carbons was optimised in terms of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of adsorbate solution and contact time. Experimental results showed that H
3
PO
4
modified activated carbon gave better yield (up to 58.40%) relative to ZnCl
2
modified activated carbon (only up to 47.08%). Meanwhile, surface characterisation showed that ZnCl
2
modification resulted in higher BET surface area (up to 616.60 m
2
/g) and total pore volume (up to 0.289 cm
3
/g) relative to BET surface area of up to 295.49 m
2
/g and total pore volume of up to 0.185 cm
3
/g obtained from H
3
PO
4
modified activated carbons. Adsorption equilibrium data fitted well into Freundlich isotherm model relative to other applied isotherm models, with maximum K
f
value of 1.27 for ZnCl
2
modified activated carbon and 1.16 K
f
value for H
3
PO
4
modified activated carbon. The maximum adsorption capacity for ZnCl
2
and H
3
PO
4
activated carbons for the removal of phenanthrene were 94.12 and 89.13 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that dynamic equilibrium was reached at 80 min contact time. Experimental data fitted best into the Elovich kinetic model relative to other kinetic models, based on the correlation coefficient (
R
2
) values obtained from kinetic studies. Chemisorption was deduced as a major phenanthrene removal pathway from aqueous solution and the physicochemical characteristics of the adsorbents have major influence on phenanthrene removal efficiencies.</description><subject>Activated carbon</subject><subject>Adsorbates</subject><subject>Adsorbents</subject><subject>Adsorption</subject><subject>Applied Microbiology</subject><subject>Aqueous solutions</subject><subject>Biological Techniques</subject><subject>Bioorganic Chemistry</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Chemisorption</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Chemistry and Materials Science</subject><subject>Correlation coefficient</subject><subject>Correlation coefficients</subject><subject>Food Science & Technology</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Functional groups</subject><subject>Infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Isotherms</subject><subject>Leaf litter</subject><subject>Leaves</subject><subject>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Organic chemistry</subject><subject>Phenanthrene</subject><subject>Phosphoric acid</subject><subject>Plant biomass</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Science & Technology</subject><subject>Surface area</subject><subject>Surface chemistry</subject><subject>Surface properties</subject><subject>Zinc chloride</subject><issn>2468-0834</issn><issn>2468-0842</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>AOWDO</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNUctuFDEQHCGQiEJ-gJMljmiI3-M5ohUvKRI5EK6WZ9xmHe3ag-0N4hv46fTuROEGObm7XVX9qK57zeg7xoy-rEwMWvWU055SOcqePevOuNSmp0by54-xkC-7i1pvKaVMG82VOOv-XBdYXHEt5kRc8mTeYjY3KLGuxRwI5vHONcBfVyashZL35Htssd7FFAMUR3bgAtnFhsyTTmyVOF9zWU4qC5SQy96lGQgGxP08QD5UsmwhudS2BRK86l4Et6tw8fCedzcfP3zbfO6vvn76snl_1c-Cs9b7wYspMKnHiUmj6TBODvwkgvPMjJ4HrnQwajCMa684lXpg0iNGTWLAU4jz7s2qu5SMY9Rmb_OhJGxpuVBqHMdBmP-hBPYyRy2-ouaSay0Q7FLi3pXfllF7dMeu7lh0x57csQxJb1fSL5hyqHMEPMsjEe1RTAjFRnp0CtHm6ehNbCfbNvmQGlLFSq0ITz-g_N3hH-PdA_hXtRM</recordid><startdate>20200214</startdate><enddate>20200214</enddate><creator>Awe, Adetunji Ajibola</creator><creator>Opeolu, Beatrice Olutoyin</creator><creator>Fatoki, Olalekan Siyanbola</creator><creator>Ayanda, Olushola Sunday</creator><creator>Jackson, Vanessa Angela</creator><creator>Snyman, Reinette</creator><general>Springer Singapore</general><general>Springer Nature</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>AOWDO</scope><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9811-9824</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8022-8010</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6933-0866</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7379-7979</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200214</creationdate><title>Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from Vitisvinifera leaf litter and its adsorption performance for aqueous phenanthrene</title><author>Awe, Adetunji Ajibola ; Opeolu, Beatrice Olutoyin ; Fatoki, Olalekan Siyanbola ; Ayanda, Olushola Sunday ; Jackson, Vanessa Angela ; Snyman, Reinette</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c321t-d7d3bf1469b1486079baedb3fad189d2f256f8578126d52046714dbae5b372463</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Activated carbon</topic><topic>Adsorbates</topic><topic>Adsorbents</topic><topic>Adsorption</topic><topic>Applied Microbiology</topic><topic>Aqueous solutions</topic><topic>Biological Techniques</topic><topic>Bioorganic Chemistry</topic><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Chemisorption</topic><topic>Chemistry</topic><topic>Chemistry and Materials Science</topic><topic>Correlation coefficient</topic><topic>Correlation coefficients</topic><topic>Food Science & Technology</topic><topic>Fourier transforms</topic><topic>Functional groups</topic><topic>Infrared spectroscopy</topic><topic>Isotherms</topic><topic>Leaf litter</topic><topic>Leaves</topic><topic>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>Organic chemistry</topic><topic>Phenanthrene</topic><topic>Phosphoric acid</topic><topic>Plant biomass</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>Science & Technology</topic><topic>Surface area</topic><topic>Surface chemistry</topic><topic>Surface properties</topic><topic>Zinc chloride</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Awe, Adetunji Ajibola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Opeolu, Beatrice Olutoyin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fatoki, Olalekan Siyanbola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayanda, Olushola Sunday</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jackson, Vanessa Angela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Snyman, Reinette</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2020</collection><collection>Web of Science Core Collection</collection><collection>Science Citation Index Expanded</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><jtitle>Applied biological chemistry</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Awe, Adetunji Ajibola</au><au>Opeolu, Beatrice Olutoyin</au><au>Fatoki, Olalekan Siyanbola</au><au>Ayanda, Olushola Sunday</au><au>Jackson, Vanessa Angela</au><au>Snyman, Reinette</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from Vitisvinifera leaf litter and its adsorption performance for aqueous phenanthrene</atitle><jtitle>Applied biological chemistry</jtitle><stitle>Appl Biol Chem</stitle><stitle>APPL BIOL CHEM</stitle><date>2020-02-14</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>63</volume><issue>1</issue><artnum>12</artnum><issn>2468-0834</issn><eissn>2468-0842</eissn><abstract>The adsorption of phenanthrene onto activated carbons produced from
Vitis
vinifera
leaf litter (a waste plant biomass) was investigated in this study. Zinc chloride (ZnCl
2
) and phosphoric acid (H
3
PO
4
) were utilised as activating agents in producing the activated carbons. The characterisation of the activated carbons was achieved with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (for surface functional groups), scanning electron microscopy (for surface morphology) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) (for surface area determination). The adsorption of phenanthrene onto the activated carbons was optimised in terms of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of adsorbate solution and contact time. Experimental results showed that H
3
PO
4
modified activated carbon gave better yield (up to 58.40%) relative to ZnCl
2
modified activated carbon (only up to 47.08%). Meanwhile, surface characterisation showed that ZnCl
2
modification resulted in higher BET surface area (up to 616.60 m
2
/g) and total pore volume (up to 0.289 cm
3
/g) relative to BET surface area of up to 295.49 m
2
/g and total pore volume of up to 0.185 cm
3
/g obtained from H
3
PO
4
modified activated carbons. Adsorption equilibrium data fitted well into Freundlich isotherm model relative to other applied isotherm models, with maximum K
f
value of 1.27 for ZnCl
2
modified activated carbon and 1.16 K
f
value for H
3
PO
4
modified activated carbon. The maximum adsorption capacity for ZnCl
2
and H
3
PO
4
activated carbons for the removal of phenanthrene were 94.12 and 89.13 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that dynamic equilibrium was reached at 80 min contact time. Experimental data fitted best into the Elovich kinetic model relative to other kinetic models, based on the correlation coefficient (
R
2
) values obtained from kinetic studies. Chemisorption was deduced as a major phenanthrene removal pathway from aqueous solution and the physicochemical characteristics of the adsorbents have major influence on phenanthrene removal efficiencies.</abstract><cop>Singapore</cop><pub>Springer Singapore</pub><doi>10.1186/s13765-020-00494-1</doi><tpages>17</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9811-9824</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8022-8010</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6933-0866</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7379-7979</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Springer Nature OA Free Journals; Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2020<img src="https://exlibris-pub.s3.amazonaws.com/fromwos-v2.jpg" />; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Activated carbon Adsorbates Adsorbents Adsorption Applied Microbiology Aqueous solutions Biological Techniques Bioorganic Chemistry Carbon Chemisorption Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Correlation coefficient Correlation coefficients Food Science & Technology Fourier transforms Functional groups Infrared spectroscopy Isotherms Leaf litter Leaves Life Sciences & Biomedicine Morphology Organic chemistry Phenanthrene Phosphoric acid Plant biomass Scanning electron microscopy Science & Technology Surface area Surface chemistry Surface properties Zinc chloride |
| title | Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from Vitisvinifera leaf litter and its adsorption performance for aqueous phenanthrene |
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