Ammonia induces upregulation of aquaporin-4 in neocortical astrocytes of rats through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway

Background Astrocyte swelling is an important consequence of hepatic encephalopathy, and aquaporin-4 has been reported to play a vital role in this swelling. Ammonia causes astrocyte swelling and is also known to modulate aquaporin-4 expression in the astrocyte foot processes. The purpose of this st...

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