Lateral downslope transport and tentative sedimentary organic carbon box model in the southern Yap Trench, western Pacific Ocean

Sediment collapse and subsequent lateral downslope migration play important roles in shaping the habitats and regulating sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) cycling in hadal trenches. In this study, three sediment cores were collected using a human-occupied vehicle across the axis of the southern Yap Trench (SYT). The total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents, δ 13 C, radiocarbon ages, specific surface areas, and grain size compositions of sediments from three cores were measured. We explored the influence of the lateral downslope transport on the dispersal of the sediments and established a tentative box model for the SOC balance. In the SYT, the surface TOC content decreased with water depth and was decoupled by the funneling effect of the V-shaped hadal trench. However, the sedimentation (0.002 5 cm/a) and SOC accumulation rates (∼0.038 g/(m 2 ·a) (in terms of OC)) were approximately 50% higher in the deeper hadal region than in the abyssal region (0.001 6 cm/a and ∼0.026 g/(m 2 ·a) (in terms of OC), respectively), indicating the occurrence of lateral downslope transport. The fluctuating variations in the prokaryotic abundances and the SOC accumulation rate suggest the periodic input of surficial sediments from the shallow region. The similar average TOC (0.31%–0.38%), TN (0.06%–0.07%) contents, and SOC compositions (terrestrial OC (11%–18%), marine phytoplanktonic OC (45%–53%), and microbial OC (32%–44%)) of the three sites indicate that the lateral downslope transport has a significant mixing effect on the SOC composition. The output fluxes of the laterally transported SOC (0.44–0.56 g/(m 2 ·a) (in terms of OC)) contributed approximately (47%–73%) of the total SOC input, and this proportion increased with water depth. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of lateral downslope transport in the spatial distribution and development of biomes.