Impacts of the Lowest Model Level Height on Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Structure
Variable thicknesses in the lowest half-ηmodel level （LML） are often used in atmospheric models to compute surface diagnostic fields such as surface latent and sensible heat fluxes.The effects of the LML on simulated tropical cyclone （TC）evolution were investigated in this study using the Weather Re...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Advances in atmospheric sciences 2014-03, Vol.31 (2), p.421-434 |
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| creator | Ma, Zhanhong Fei, Jianfang Huang, Xiaogang Cheng, Xiaoping |
| description | Variable thicknesses in the lowest half-ηmodel level （LML） are often used in atmospheric models to compute surface diagnostic fields such as surface latent and sensible heat fluxes.The effects of the LML on simulated tropical cyclone （TC）evolution were investigated in this study using the Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model.The results demonstrated notable influences of the LML on TC evolution when the LML was placed below 12 m.The TC intensification rate decreased progressively with a lowering of the LML,but its ultimate intensity change was relatively small.The maximum 10-m winds showed different behavior to minimum sea level pressure and azimuthally-averaged tangential winds,and thus the windpressure relationship was changed accordingly by varying the LML.The TC circulation was more contracted in association with a higher LML.Surface latent heat fluxes were enhanced greatly by elevating the LML,wherein the wind speed at the LML played a dominant role.The changes in the wind speed at the LML were dependent not only on their profile differences,but also the different heights they were taken from.Due to the enhanced surface heat fluxes,more intense latent heat release occurred in the eyewall,which boosted the storm＇s intensification.A higher LML tended to produce a stronger storm,and therefore the surface friction was reinforced,which in turn induced stronger boundary layer inflow together with increased diabatic heating. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00376-013-3044-9 |
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All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-cd1585beb52e45850855bb5b6f4b66f42de63d1308b71706c1a093e5a022c2783</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-cd1585beb52e45850855bb5b6f4b66f42de63d1308b71706c1a093e5a022c2783</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Uhttp://image.cqvip.com/vip1000/qk/84334X/84334X.jpg</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00376-013-3044-9$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00376-013-3044-9$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,27926,27927,41490,42559,51321</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ma, Zhanhong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fei, Jianfang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Xiaogang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheng, Xiaoping</creatorcontrib><title>Impacts of the Lowest Model Level Height on Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Structure</title><title>Advances in atmospheric sciences</title><addtitle>Adv. Atmos. Sci</addtitle><addtitle>Advances in Atmospheric Sciences</addtitle><description>Variable thicknesses in the lowest half-ηmodel level （LML） are often used in atmospheric models to compute surface diagnostic fields such as surface latent and sensible heat fluxes.The effects of the LML on simulated tropical cyclone （TC）evolution were investigated in this study using the Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model.The results demonstrated notable influences of the LML on TC evolution when the LML was placed below 12 m.The TC intensification rate decreased progressively with a lowering of the LML,but its ultimate intensity change was relatively small.The maximum 10-m winds showed different behavior to minimum sea level pressure and azimuthally-averaged tangential winds,and thus the windpressure relationship was changed accordingly by varying the LML.The TC circulation was more contracted in association with a higher LML.Surface latent heat fluxes were enhanced greatly by elevating the LML,wherein the wind speed at the LML played a dominant role.The changes in the wind speed at the LML were dependent not only on their profile differences,but also the different heights they were taken from.Due to the enhanced surface heat fluxes,more intense latent heat release occurred in the eyewall,which boosted the storm＇s intensification.A higher LML tended to produce a stronger storm,and therefore the surface friction was reinforced,which in turn induced stronger boundary layer inflow together with increased diabatic heating.</description><subject>Amplification</subject><subject>Atmospheric Sciences</subject><subject>Atmospherics</subject><subject>Boundary layers</subject><subject>Cyclones</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Evolution</subject><subject>Fluxes</subject><subject>Geophysics/Geodesy</subject><subject>Heat transfer</subject><subject>Latent heat</subject><subject>Marine</subject><subject>Mathematical models</subject><subject>Meteorology</subject><subject>Rainforests</subject><subject>Sensible heat</subject><subject>Simulation</subject><subject>Tropical cyclones</subject><subject>Wind speed</subject><subject>大气模型</subject><subject>层高</subject><subject>感热通量</subject><subject>标准</subject><subject>潜热通量</subject><subject>热带气旋强度</subject><subject>结构</subject><subject>表面摩擦</subject><issn>0256-1530</issn><issn>1861-9533</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc2O0zAUhS0EEqXwAOyM2MAicP0be4kqmKlUxIKythzHaVNSu7WTGTpPj0cZjRAL2Bx78Z17rn0Qek3gAwGoP2YAVssKCKsYcF7pJ2hBlCSVFow9RQugQlZEMHiOXuR8KLRmiizQdn08WTdmHDs87j3exFufR_w1tn7AG39T9Nr3u_2IY8DbFE-9swNeXdwQg8frMPqQ-_GCbWjx9zFNbpySf4medXbI_tXDuUQ_vnzerq6rzber9erTpnKc07FyLRFKNL4R1PNyAyVE04hGdryRRWjrJWsJA9XUpAbpiAXNvLBAqaO1Ykv0fp57a0Nnw84c4pRCSTTt-eevw53xFAiHInVh383sKcXzVN5ojn12fhhs8HHKhkhOqaZKsv-jAsqngqZQ0Ld_oY8rEK6l1IwWdonITLkUc06-M6fUH226GALmvj4z12dKfea-PqOLh86eXNiw8-mPyf8wvXkI2sewOxffYxJXimpVWv8NyLelUA</recordid><startdate>20140301</startdate><enddate>20140301</enddate><creator>Ma, Zhanhong</creator><creator>Fei, Jianfang</creator><creator>Huang, Xiaogang</creator><creator>Cheng, Xiaoping</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><general>College of Meteorology and Oceanography, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 211101</general><scope>2RA</scope><scope>92L</scope><scope>CQIGP</scope><scope>W94</scope><scope>~WA</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88F</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M1Q</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>2B.</scope><scope>4A8</scope><scope>92I</scope><scope>93N</scope><scope>PSX</scope><scope>TCJ</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20140301</creationdate><title>Impacts of the Lowest Model Level Height on Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Structure</title><author>Ma, Zhanhong ; 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Atmos. Sci</stitle><addtitle>Advances in Atmospheric Sciences</addtitle><date>2014-03-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>31</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>421</spage><epage>434</epage><pages>421-434</pages><issn>0256-1530</issn><eissn>1861-9533</eissn><abstract>Variable thicknesses in the lowest half-ηmodel level （LML） are often used in atmospheric models to compute surface diagnostic fields such as surface latent and sensible heat fluxes.The effects of the LML on simulated tropical cyclone （TC）evolution were investigated in this study using the Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model.The results demonstrated notable influences of the LML on TC evolution when the LML was placed below 12 m.The TC intensification rate decreased progressively with a lowering of the LML,but its ultimate intensity change was relatively small.The maximum 10-m winds showed different behavior to minimum sea level pressure and azimuthally-averaged tangential winds,and thus the windpressure relationship was changed accordingly by varying the LML.The TC circulation was more contracted in association with a higher LML.Surface latent heat fluxes were enhanced greatly by elevating the LML,wherein the wind speed at the LML played a dominant role.The changes in the wind speed at the LML were dependent not only on their profile differences,but also the different heights they were taken from.Due to the enhanced surface heat fluxes,more intense latent heat release occurred in the eyewall,which boosted the storm＇s intensification.A higher LML tended to produce a stronger storm,and therefore the surface friction was reinforced,which in turn induced stronger boundary layer inflow together with increased diabatic heating.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s00376-013-3044-9</doi><tpages>14</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Advances in atmospheric sciences, 2014-03, Vol.31 (2), p.421-434 |
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| subjects | Amplification Atmospheric Sciences Atmospherics Boundary layers Cyclones Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Environmental impact Evolution Fluxes Geophysics/Geodesy Heat transfer Latent heat Marine Mathematical models Meteorology Rainforests Sensible heat Simulation Tropical cyclones Wind speed 大气模型 层高 感热通量 标准 潜热通量 热带气旋强度 结构 表面摩擦 |
| title | Impacts of the Lowest Model Level Height on Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Structure |
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