Oak wood drying: precipitation of crystalline ellagic acid leads to discoloration
Oak heartwood usually darkens during and after drying. This darkening can be heterogeneous, leaving non-colored areas in the wood board. These light discolorations have been linked to heterogeneous distribution of tannins, but compelling evidence on the microscale is lacking. In this study Raman and...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Holzforschung 2021-08, Vol.75 (8), p.712-720 |
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description | Oak heartwood usually darkens during and after drying. This darkening can be heterogeneous, leaving non-colored areas in the wood board. These light discolorations have been linked to heterogeneous distribution of tannins, but compelling evidence on the microscale is lacking. In this study Raman and fluorescence microscopy revealed precipitations of crystalline ellagic acid, especially in the ray cells but also in lumina, cell corners and cell walls in the non-colored areas (NCA), which also had higher density. In these denser areas free water is longer present during drying and leads to accumulation of hydrolyzed tannins. When eventually falling dry, these tannins precipitate irreversible as non-colored ellagic acid and are not available for chemical reactions leading to darkening of the wood. Therefore, pronounced density fluctuations in wood boards require adjusting the drying and processing parameters so that water domains and ellagic acid precipitations are avoided during drying. |
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This darkening can be heterogeneous, leaving non-colored areas in the wood board. These light discolorations have been linked to heterogeneous distribution of tannins, but compelling evidence on the microscale is lacking. In this study Raman and fluorescence microscopy revealed precipitations of crystalline ellagic acid, especially in the ray cells but also in lumina, cell corners and cell walls in the non-colored areas (NCA), which also had higher density. In these denser areas free water is longer present during drying and leads to accumulation of hydrolyzed tannins. When eventually falling dry, these tannins precipitate irreversible as non-colored ellagic acid and are not available for chemical reactions leading to darkening of the wood. Therefore, pronounced density fluctuations in wood boards require adjusting the drying and processing parameters so that water domains and ellagic acid precipitations are avoided during drying.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0018-3830</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1437-434X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1515/hf-2020-0170</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34776529</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>BERLIN: De Gruyter</publisher><subject>Acids ; Cell walls ; Chemical reactions ; Crystal structure ; Crystallinity ; Darkening ; Density ; Discoloration ; Drying ; Ellagic acid ; ellagitannins ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Forestry ; L. ; Life Sciences & Biomedicine ; Materials Science ; Materials Science, Paper & Wood ; oak ; Process parameters ; Raman imaging ; Science & Technology ; Tannins ; Technology ; Wood</subject><ispartof>Holzforschung, 2021-08, Vol.75 (8), p.712-720</ispartof><rights>2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>true</woscitedreferencessubscribed><woscitedreferencescount>3</woscitedreferencescount><woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid>wos000681276700003</woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c463t-b4218aa2b1240a7930036cf34c3dfb3431ba62d2172d73cb92a0d385917f8e0a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c463t-b4218aa2b1240a7930036cf34c3dfb3431ba62d2172d73cb92a0d385917f8e0a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3699-9931 ; 0000-0003-3350-7863 ; 0000-0002-7032-9691 ; 0000-0003-3988-0132 ; 0000-0002-0701-3790 ; 0000-0003-4507-1681</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2020-0170/pdf$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwalterdegruyter$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2020-0170/html$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwalterdegruyter$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,782,786,887,27931,27932,39265,66761,68545</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34776529$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Felhofer, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bock, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Nannan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Preimesberger, Christoph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lindemann, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hansmann, Christian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gierlinger, Notburga</creatorcontrib><title>Oak wood drying: precipitation of crystalline ellagic acid leads to discoloration</title><title>Holzforschung</title><addtitle>HOLZFORSCHUNG</addtitle><addtitle>Holzforschung</addtitle><description>Oak heartwood usually darkens during and after drying. This darkening can be heterogeneous, leaving non-colored areas in the wood board. These light discolorations have been linked to heterogeneous distribution of tannins, but compelling evidence on the microscale is lacking. In this study Raman and fluorescence microscopy revealed precipitations of crystalline ellagic acid, especially in the ray cells but also in lumina, cell corners and cell walls in the non-colored areas (NCA), which also had higher density. In these denser areas free water is longer present during drying and leads to accumulation of hydrolyzed tannins. When eventually falling dry, these tannins precipitate irreversible as non-colored ellagic acid and are not available for chemical reactions leading to darkening of the wood. Therefore, pronounced density fluctuations in wood boards require adjusting the drying and processing parameters so that water domains and ellagic acid precipitations are avoided during drying.</description><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Cell walls</subject><subject>Chemical reactions</subject><subject>Crystal structure</subject><subject>Crystallinity</subject><subject>Darkening</subject><subject>Density</subject><subject>Discoloration</subject><subject>Drying</subject><subject>Ellagic acid</subject><subject>ellagitannins</subject><subject>Fluorescence</subject><subject>Fluorescence microscopy</subject><subject>Forestry</subject><subject>L.</subject><subject>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</subject><subject>Materials Science</subject><subject>Materials Science, Paper & Wood</subject><subject>oak</subject><subject>Process parameters</subject><subject>Raman imaging</subject><subject>Science & Technology</subject><subject>Tannins</subject><subject>Technology</subject><subject>Wood</subject><issn>0018-3830</issn><issn>1437-434X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>HGBXW</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkU2LFDEQhoMo7jh68ywBL8LaWkk6nfQehGXwCxYWQcFbSCfpmaw9nTFJu8y_N-2M4wcePKVCnqrUw4vQYwIvCCf85aavKFCogAi4gxakZqKqWf35LloAEFkxyeAMPUjpplw5MHIfnbFaiIbTdoE-XOsv-DYEi23c-3F9gXfRGb_zWWcfRhx6bOI-ZT0MfnTYDYNee4O18RYPTtuEc8DWJxOGEH-0PET3ej0k9-h4LtGnN68_rt5VV9dv368urypTNyxXXU2J1Jp2hNagRcsAWGN6Vhtm-47VjHS6oZYSQa1gpmupBsskb4nopQPNlujVYe5u6rbOGjfmqAe1i36r414F7dWfL6PfqHX4pkRDSFs-XKJnxwExfJ1cympbPGbD0YUpKcpbISlIzgr69C_0JkxxLHqF4oID0IYX6vmBMjGkFF1_WoaAmrNSm17NWak5q4I_-V3gBP8MpwDnB-DWdaFPxrvRuBMGAI0kVDSiVDDvKP-fXh3zXYVpzKX14tiqh-yides47Uvxy_JfAoJLQSj7DvPhwwk</recordid><startdate>20210801</startdate><enddate>20210801</enddate><creator>Felhofer, Martin</creator><creator>Bock, Peter</creator><creator>Xiao, Nannan</creator><creator>Preimesberger, Christoph</creator><creator>Lindemann, Martin</creator><creator>Hansmann, Christian</creator><creator>Gierlinger, Notburga</creator><general>De Gruyter</general><general>Walter De Gruyter</general><general>Walter de Gruyter GmbH</general><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>HGBXW</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QF</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7QQ</scope><scope>7SC</scope><scope>7SE</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7TA</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>JQ2</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>L~C</scope><scope>L~D</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3699-9931</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3350-7863</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7032-9691</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3988-0132</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0701-3790</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4507-1681</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210801</creationdate><title>Oak wood drying: precipitation of crystalline ellagic acid leads to discoloration</title><author>Felhofer, Martin ; 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This darkening can be heterogeneous, leaving non-colored areas in the wood board. These light discolorations have been linked to heterogeneous distribution of tannins, but compelling evidence on the microscale is lacking. In this study Raman and fluorescence microscopy revealed precipitations of crystalline ellagic acid, especially in the ray cells but also in lumina, cell corners and cell walls in the non-colored areas (NCA), which also had higher density. In these denser areas free water is longer present during drying and leads to accumulation of hydrolyzed tannins. When eventually falling dry, these tannins precipitate irreversible as non-colored ellagic acid and are not available for chemical reactions leading to darkening of the wood. Therefore, pronounced density fluctuations in wood boards require adjusting the drying and processing parameters so that water domains and ellagic acid precipitations are avoided during drying.</abstract><cop>BERLIN</cop><pub>De Gruyter</pub><pmid>34776529</pmid><doi>10.1515/hf-2020-0170</doi><tpages>09</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3699-9931</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3350-7863</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7032-9691</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3988-0132</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0701-3790</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4507-1681</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Acids Cell walls Chemical reactions Crystal structure Crystallinity Darkening Density Discoloration Drying Ellagic acid ellagitannins Fluorescence Fluorescence microscopy Forestry L. Life Sciences & Biomedicine Materials Science Materials Science, Paper & Wood oak Process parameters Raman imaging Science & Technology Tannins Technology Wood |
title | Oak wood drying: precipitation of crystalline ellagic acid leads to discoloration |
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