Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as a Laboratory to Study Dementia in the Elderly
The steady and dramatic increase in the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the lack of effective treatments have stimulated the search for strategies to prevent or delay its onset and/or progression. Since the diagnosis of dementia requires a number of established features that are present wh...
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description | The steady and dramatic increase in the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the lack of effective treatments have stimulated the search for strategies to prevent or delay its onset and/or progression. Since the diagnosis of dementia requires a number of established features that are present when the disease is fully developed, but not always in the early stages, the need for a biological marker has proven to be urgent, in terms of both diagnosis and monitoring of AD. AD has been shown to affect peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that are a critical component of the immune system which provide defence against infection. Although studies are continuously supplying additional data that emphasize the central role of inflammation in AD, PBMCs have not been sufficiently investigated in this context. Delineating biochemical alterations in AD blood constituents may prove valuable in identifying accessible footprints that reflect degenerative processes within the Central Nervous System (CNS). In this review, we address the role of biomarkers in AD with a focus on the notion that PBMCs may serve as a peripheral laboratory to find molecular signatures that could aid in differential diagnosis with other forms of dementia and in monitoring of disease progression. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1155/2014/169203 |
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Since the diagnosis of dementia requires a number of established features that are present when the disease is fully developed, but not always in the early stages, the need for a biological marker has proven to be urgent, in terms of both diagnosis and monitoring of AD. AD has been shown to affect peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that are a critical component of the immune system which provide defence against infection. Although studies are continuously supplying additional data that emphasize the central role of inflammation in AD, PBMCs have not been sufficiently investigated in this context. Delineating biochemical alterations in AD blood constituents may prove valuable in identifying accessible footprints that reflect degenerative processes within the Central Nervous System (CNS). In this review, we address the role of biomarkers in AD with a focus on the notion that PBMCs may serve as a peripheral laboratory to find molecular signatures that could aid in differential diagnosis with other forms of dementia and in monitoring of disease progression.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2314-6133</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2314-6141</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1155/2014/169203</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24877062</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cairo, Egypt: Hindawi Puplishing Corporation</publisher><subject>Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease - blood ; Alzheimer Disease - diagnosis ; Alzheimer Disease - pathology ; Alzheimer's disease ; Biological markers ; Biomarkers ; Biomarkers - blood ; Blood ; Blood cells ; Brain research ; Central Nervous System - metabolism ; Central Nervous System - pathology ; Development and progression ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Disease Progression ; Health aspects ; Humans ; Identification and classification ; Inflammation - blood ; Inflammation - diagnosis ; Inflammation - pathology ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear - metabolism ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear - pathology ; Monitoring, Physiologic - methods ; Pathogenesis ; Psychological aspects ; Review ; Studies</subject><ispartof>BioMed research international, 2014-01, Vol.2014 (2014), p.1-14</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2014 Beatrice Arosio et al.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2014 Beatrice Arosio et al. Beatrice Arosio et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2014 Beatrice Arosio et al. 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-ad5657061052fb04467ca065cb88919b934f1fb51b6dbd86217060c0097cfac03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-ad5657061052fb04467ca065cb88919b934f1fb51b6dbd86217060c0097cfac03</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4022117/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4022117/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,550,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24877062$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttp://kipublications.ki.se/Default.aspx?queryparsed=id:128925566$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>de Luca, Maria</contributor><creatorcontrib>Rossi, Paolo D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maccarrone, Mauro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mari, Daniela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arosio, Beatrice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nicolini, Paola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferri, Evelyn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tedone, Enzo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>D'Addario, Claudio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gussago, Cristina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casati, Martina</creatorcontrib><title>Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as a Laboratory to Study Dementia in the Elderly</title><title>BioMed research international</title><addtitle>Biomed Res Int</addtitle><description>The steady and dramatic increase in the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the lack of effective treatments have stimulated the search for strategies to prevent or delay its onset and/or progression. Since the diagnosis of dementia requires a number of established features that are present when the disease is fully developed, but not always in the early stages, the need for a biological marker has proven to be urgent, in terms of both diagnosis and monitoring of AD. AD has been shown to affect peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that are a critical component of the immune system which provide defence against infection. Although studies are continuously supplying additional data that emphasize the central role of inflammation in AD, PBMCs have not been sufficiently investigated in this context. Delineating biochemical alterations in AD blood constituents may prove valuable in identifying accessible footprints that reflect degenerative processes within the Central Nervous System (CNS). In this review, we address the role of biomarkers in AD with a focus on the notion that PBMCs may serve as a peripheral laboratory to find molecular signatures that could aid in differential diagnosis with other forms of dementia and in monitoring of disease progression.</description><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Alzheimer Disease - blood</subject><subject>Alzheimer Disease - diagnosis</subject><subject>Alzheimer Disease - pathology</subject><subject>Alzheimer's disease</subject><subject>Biological markers</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Biomarkers - blood</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Blood cells</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Central Nervous System - metabolism</subject><subject>Central Nervous System - pathology</subject><subject>Development and progression</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Diagnosis, Differential</subject><subject>Disease Progression</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Identification and classification</subject><subject>Inflammation - blood</subject><subject>Inflammation - diagnosis</subject><subject>Inflammation - pathology</subject><subject>Leukocytes, Mononuclear - metabolism</subject><subject>Leukocytes, Mononuclear - pathology</subject><subject>Monitoring, Physiologic - methods</subject><subject>Pathogenesis</subject><subject>Psychological aspects</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Studies</subject><issn>2314-6133</issn><issn>2314-6141</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>RHX</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>D8T</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkkFv1DAQhS0EolXpiTPIEpcKFOpxbCe5ILVLgUqLQCqcLcdxui7ZeLETqv33TJploVzAsuSR5_Pzm9EQ8hTYawApTzkDcQqq4ix_QA55DiJTIODhPs7zA3Kc0g3DVYJilXpMDrgoi4IpfkiuPrvoNysXTUfPuxAa-jH0oR9t50ykC9d1iRrcdGnqEM0Q4pYOgV4NY7Olb93a9YM31Pd0WDl60TUudtsn5FFruuSOd-cR-fru4sviQ7b89P5ycbbMrFRyyEyDB7oAJnlbMyFUYQ1T0tZlWUFVV7looa0l1Kqpm1JxQJhZxqrCtsay_Ihks266dZux1pvo1yZudTBe766-YeS05MALQP7NzGNm7RqL3rHse8_uZ3q_0tfhhxaMc4ACBU52AjF8H10a9Noniz0yvQtj0iCVKmXFQfwHKnnJBKumMl78hd6EMfbYOaREMckJ_pu6Np3Tvm8DWrSTqD4TvECH7O7bVzNlY0gpunZfHTA9DYyeMD0PDNLP_2zInv01Hgi8nIGV7xtz6_-h9myGHSKuNXtYSMjLKv8JtozOcw</recordid><startdate>20140101</startdate><enddate>20140101</enddate><creator>Rossi, Paolo D.</creator><creator>Maccarrone, Mauro</creator><creator>Mari, Daniela</creator><creator>Arosio, Beatrice</creator><creator>Nicolini, Paola</creator><creator>Ferri, Evelyn</creator><creator>Tedone, Enzo</creator><creator>D'Addario, Claudio</creator><creator>Gussago, Cristina</creator><creator>Casati, Martina</creator><general>Hindawi Puplishing Corporation</general><general>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</general><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>Hindawi Limited</general><scope>ADJCN</scope><scope>AHFXO</scope><scope>RHU</scope><scope>RHW</scope><scope>RHX</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>CWDGH</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>ADTPV</scope><scope>AOWAS</scope><scope>D8T</scope><scope>ZZAVC</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20140101</creationdate><title>Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as a Laboratory to Study Dementia in the Elderly</title><author>Rossi, Paolo D. ; Maccarrone, Mauro ; Mari, Daniela ; Arosio, Beatrice ; Nicolini, Paola ; Ferri, Evelyn ; Tedone, Enzo ; D'Addario, Claudio ; Gussago, Cristina ; Casati, Martina</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-ad5657061052fb04467ca065cb88919b934f1fb51b6dbd86217060c0097cfac03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Alzheimer Disease - blood</topic><topic>Alzheimer Disease - diagnosis</topic><topic>Alzheimer Disease - pathology</topic><topic>Alzheimer's disease</topic><topic>Biological markers</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Biomarkers - blood</topic><topic>Blood</topic><topic>Blood cells</topic><topic>Brain research</topic><topic>Central Nervous System - metabolism</topic><topic>Central Nervous System - pathology</topic><topic>Development and progression</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Diagnosis, Differential</topic><topic>Disease Progression</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Identification and classification</topic><topic>Inflammation - blood</topic><topic>Inflammation - diagnosis</topic><topic>Inflammation - pathology</topic><topic>Leukocytes, Mononuclear - metabolism</topic><topic>Leukocytes, Mononuclear - pathology</topic><topic>Monitoring, Physiologic - methods</topic><topic>Pathogenesis</topic><topic>Psychological aspects</topic><topic>Review</topic><topic>Studies</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rossi, Paolo D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maccarrone, Mauro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mari, Daniela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arosio, Beatrice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nicolini, Paola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferri, Evelyn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tedone, Enzo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>D'Addario, Claudio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gussago, Cristina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casati, Martina</creatorcontrib><collection>الدوريات العلمية والإحصائية - 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Since the diagnosis of dementia requires a number of established features that are present when the disease is fully developed, but not always in the early stages, the need for a biological marker has proven to be urgent, in terms of both diagnosis and monitoring of AD. AD has been shown to affect peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that are a critical component of the immune system which provide defence against infection. Although studies are continuously supplying additional data that emphasize the central role of inflammation in AD, PBMCs have not been sufficiently investigated in this context. Delineating biochemical alterations in AD blood constituents may prove valuable in identifying accessible footprints that reflect degenerative processes within the Central Nervous System (CNS). 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subjects | Aged Aged, 80 and over Alzheimer Disease - blood Alzheimer Disease - diagnosis Alzheimer Disease - pathology Alzheimer's disease Biological markers Biomarkers Biomarkers - blood Blood Blood cells Brain research Central Nervous System - metabolism Central Nervous System - pathology Development and progression Diagnosis Diagnosis, Differential Disease Progression Health aspects Humans Identification and classification Inflammation - blood Inflammation - diagnosis Inflammation - pathology Leukocytes, Mononuclear - metabolism Leukocytes, Mononuclear - pathology Monitoring, Physiologic - methods Pathogenesis Psychological aspects Review Studies |
title | Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as a Laboratory to Study Dementia in the Elderly |
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