Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals
Summary Background Working long hours might have adverse health effects, but whether this is true for all socioeconomic status groups is unclear. In this meta-analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, we investigated the role of long working hours as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Methods We...
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| creator | Kivimäki, Mika, Prof Virtanen, Marianna, Prof Kawachi, Ichiro, Prof Nyberg, Solja T, MSc Alfredsson, Lars, Prof Batty, G David, PhD Bjorner, Jakob B, Prof Borritz, Marianne, MD Brunner, Eric J, Prof Burr, Hermann, PhD Dragano, Nico, Prof Ferrie, Jane E, PhD Fransson, Eleonor I, PhD Hamer, Mark, PhD Heikkilä, Katriina, PhD Knutsson, Anders, Prof Koskenvuo, Markku, Prof Madsen, Ida E H, PhD Nielsen, Martin L, MD Nordin, Maria, PhD Oksanen, Tuula, PhD Pejtersen, Jan H, PhD Pentti, Jaana, PhD Rugulies, Reiner, Prof Salo, Paula, PhD Siegrist, Johannes, Prof Steptoe, Andrew, PhD Suominen, Sakari, Prof Theorell, Töres, Prof Vahtera, Jussi, Prof Westerholm, Peter J M, Prof Westerlund, Hugo, Prof Singh-Manoux, Archana, PhD Jokela, Markus, PhD |
| description | Summary Background Working long hours might have adverse health effects, but whether this is true for all socioeconomic status groups is unclear. In this meta-analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, we investigated the role of long working hours as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Methods We identified four published studies through a systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase up to April 30, 2014. Study inclusion criteria were English-language publication; prospective design (cohort study); investigation of the effect of working hours or overtime work; incident diabetes as an outcome; and relative risks, odds ratios, or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs, or sufficient information to calculate these estimates. Additionally, we used unpublished individual-level data from 19 cohort studies from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working-Populations Consortium and international open-access data archives. Effect estimates from published and unpublished data from 222 120 men and women from the USA, Europe, Japan, and Australia were pooled with random-effects meta-analysis. Findings During 1·7 million person-years at risk, 4963 individuals developed diabetes (incidence 29 per 10 000 person-years). The minimally adjusted summary risk ratio for long (≥55 h per week) compared with standard working hours (35–40 h) was 1·07 (95% CI 0·89–1·27, difference in incidence three cases per 10 000 person-years) with significant heterogeneity in study-specific estimates ( I2 =53%, p=0·0016). In an analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, the association between long working hours and diabetes was evident in the low socioeconomic status group (risk ratio 1·29, 95% CI 1·06–1·57, difference in incidence 13 per 10 000 person-years, I2 =0%, p=0·4662), but was null in the high socioeconomic status group (1·00, 95% CI 0·80–1·25, incidence difference zero per 10 000 person-years, I2 =15%, p=0·2464). The association in the low socioeconomic status group was robust to adjustment for age, sex, obesity, and physical activity, and remained after exclusion of shift workers. Interpretation In this meta-analysis, the link between longer working hours and type 2 diabetes was apparent only in individuals in the low socioeconomic status groups. Funding Medical Research Council, European Union New and Emerging Risks in Occupational Safety and Health research programme, Finnish Work Environment Fund, Swedish Research Council for Working Life and Social Research, Germ |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70178-0 |
| format | Article |
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In this meta-analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, we investigated the role of long working hours as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Methods We identified four published studies through a systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase up to April 30, 2014. Study inclusion criteria were English-language publication; prospective design (cohort study); investigation of the effect of working hours or overtime work; incident diabetes as an outcome; and relative risks, odds ratios, or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs, or sufficient information to calculate these estimates. Additionally, we used unpublished individual-level data from 19 cohort studies from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working-Populations Consortium and international open-access data archives. Effect estimates from published and unpublished data from 222 120 men and women from the USA, Europe, Japan, and Australia were pooled with random-effects meta-analysis. Findings During 1·7 million person-years at risk, 4963 individuals developed diabetes (incidence 29 per 10 000 person-years). The minimally adjusted summary risk ratio for long (≥55 h per week) compared with standard working hours (35–40 h) was 1·07 (95% CI 0·89–1·27, difference in incidence three cases per 10 000 person-years) with significant heterogeneity in study-specific estimates ( I2 =53%, p=0·0016). In an analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, the association between long working hours and diabetes was evident in the low socioeconomic status group (risk ratio 1·29, 95% CI 1·06–1·57, difference in incidence 13 per 10 000 person-years, I2 =0%, p=0·4662), but was null in the high socioeconomic status group (1·00, 95% CI 0·80–1·25, incidence difference zero per 10 000 person-years, I2 =15%, p=0·2464). The association in the low socioeconomic status group was robust to adjustment for age, sex, obesity, and physical activity, and remained after exclusion of shift workers. Interpretation In this meta-analysis, the link between longer working hours and type 2 diabetes was apparent only in individuals in the low socioeconomic status groups. Funding Medical Research Council, European Union New and Emerging Risks in Occupational Safety and Health research programme, Finnish Work Environment Fund, Swedish Research Council for Working Life and Social Research, German Social Accident Insurance, Danish National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Academy of Finland, Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (Netherlands), Economic and Social Research Council, US National Institutes of Health, and British Heart Foundation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2213-8587</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 2213-8595</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2213-8595</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70178-0</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25262544</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology ; Endocrinology & Metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Other ; Risk Factors ; Social Class ; Work Schedule Tolerance</subject><ispartof>The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, 2015, Vol.3 (1), p.27-34</ispartof><rights>Kivimäki et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY</rights><rights>2015 Kivimäki et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY</rights><rights>Copyright © 2015 Kivimäki et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY. Published by .. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>2015 Kivimäki et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c794t-b4aca0bd9e0aa7d3f25b704f0138ad41039d13141b1f760f568241b2698a9d473</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c794t-b4aca0bd9e0aa7d3f25b704f0138ad41039d13141b1f760f568241b2698a9d473</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,550,776,780,881,4010,27900,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25262544$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-24810$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25673$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-109378$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-103231$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-253097$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttp://kipublications.ki.se/Default.aspx?queryparsed=id:131141556$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kivimäki, Mika, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Virtanen, Marianna, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kawachi, Ichiro, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nyberg, Solja T, MSc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alfredsson, Lars, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Batty, G David, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bjorner, Jakob B, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Borritz, Marianne, MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brunner, Eric J, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burr, Hermann, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dragano, Nico, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferrie, Jane E, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fransson, Eleonor I, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hamer, Mark, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heikkilä, Katriina, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Knutsson, Anders, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koskenvuo, Markku, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Madsen, Ida E H, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nielsen, Martin L, MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nordin, Maria, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oksanen, Tuula, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pejtersen, Jan H, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pentti, Jaana, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rugulies, Reiner, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salo, Paula, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siegrist, Johannes, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steptoe, Andrew, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suominen, Sakari, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Theorell, Töres, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vahtera, Jussi, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Westerholm, Peter J M, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Westerlund, Hugo, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Singh-Manoux, Archana, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jokela, Markus, PhD</creatorcontrib><title>Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals</title><title>The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology</title><addtitle>Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol</addtitle><description>Summary Background Working long hours might have adverse health effects, but whether this is true for all socioeconomic status groups is unclear. In this meta-analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, we investigated the role of long working hours as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Methods We identified four published studies through a systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase up to April 30, 2014. Study inclusion criteria were English-language publication; prospective design (cohort study); investigation of the effect of working hours or overtime work; incident diabetes as an outcome; and relative risks, odds ratios, or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs, or sufficient information to calculate these estimates. Additionally, we used unpublished individual-level data from 19 cohort studies from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working-Populations Consortium and international open-access data archives. Effect estimates from published and unpublished data from 222 120 men and women from the USA, Europe, Japan, and Australia were pooled with random-effects meta-analysis. Findings During 1·7 million person-years at risk, 4963 individuals developed diabetes (incidence 29 per 10 000 person-years). The minimally adjusted summary risk ratio for long (≥55 h per week) compared with standard working hours (35–40 h) was 1·07 (95% CI 0·89–1·27, difference in incidence three cases per 10 000 person-years) with significant heterogeneity in study-specific estimates ( I2 =53%, p=0·0016). In an analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, the association between long working hours and diabetes was evident in the low socioeconomic status group (risk ratio 1·29, 95% CI 1·06–1·57, difference in incidence 13 per 10 000 person-years, I2 =0%, p=0·4662), but was null in the high socioeconomic status group (1·00, 95% CI 0·80–1·25, incidence difference zero per 10 000 person-years, I2 =15%, p=0·2464). The association in the low socioeconomic status group was robust to adjustment for age, sex, obesity, and physical activity, and remained after exclusion of shift workers. Interpretation In this meta-analysis, the link between longer working hours and type 2 diabetes was apparent only in individuals in the low socioeconomic status groups. Funding Medical Research Council, European Union New and Emerging Risks in Occupational Safety and Health research programme, Finnish Work Environment Fund, Swedish Research Council for Working Life and Social Research, German Social Accident Insurance, Danish National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Academy of Finland, Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (Netherlands), Economic and Social Research Council, US National Institutes of Health, and British Heart Foundation.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology</subject><subject>Endocrinology & Metabolism</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Incidence</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Other</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Social Class</subject><subject>Work Schedule Tolerance</subject><issn>2213-8587</issn><issn>2213-8595</issn><issn>2213-8595</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>D8T</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk8tu1DAUhiMEotXQRwB5CaIB3xI7LFpV5SqNxILL1nJsZ8YziT2yk6lmx5LH4Nl4EpyZYUqRoF0d2_nO56PkT5Y9RvAFgqh8-QljRHJecPYU0WcMIsZzeC873h9Xxf3DmrOj7CTGBYQQwYKUHD7MjnCBS1xQepz9mHo3A1c-LG2qcz-EeAqiV9Yb5Z3vrAKxl_2QTqXToJ8bEGxcAt8A65TVxvWg36wMwEBbWZvexFdAgs70MpdOtpto4wivhrq1cW70VjO4672WvQRN8B3AGP_89h1hmNTarq0eZBsfZQ-aVMzJvk6yL2_ffL58n08_vvtweTHNFaton9dUKglrXRkoJdOkwUXNIG0gIlxqiiCpNCKIoho1rIRNUXKcNrisuKw0ZWSS5TtvvDJpOLEKtpNhI7y0Yn-0TCsjCpRe8Mif_pN_bb9eCB9mYhgELgis_q-_xrtBpEkxQXfTxxGvCON303d2cGmekpHEP7-dny8EpjwNNMnOdnRCO6NV-uhBtjeabj5xdi5mfi0o5iVHNAmKnUAFH2MwzaEXQTEmWmwTLca4CkTFNtFivPjJnxcfun7nNwHnO8CkaKytCSIqa5wy2gajeqG9vfWKs78MqrXOKtkuzcbERfojUoyjQCJiAXeS0YHo1gDJLyuGH0c</recordid><startdate>2015</startdate><enddate>2015</enddate><creator>Kivimäki, Mika, Prof</creator><creator>Virtanen, Marianna, Prof</creator><creator>Kawachi, Ichiro, Prof</creator><creator>Nyberg, Solja T, MSc</creator><creator>Alfredsson, Lars, Prof</creator><creator>Batty, G David, PhD</creator><creator>Bjorner, Jakob B, Prof</creator><creator>Borritz, Marianne, MD</creator><creator>Brunner, Eric J, Prof</creator><creator>Burr, Hermann, PhD</creator><creator>Dragano, Nico, Prof</creator><creator>Ferrie, Jane E, PhD</creator><creator>Fransson, Eleonor I, PhD</creator><creator>Hamer, Mark, PhD</creator><creator>Heikkilä, Katriina, PhD</creator><creator>Knutsson, Anders, Prof</creator><creator>Koskenvuo, Markku, Prof</creator><creator>Madsen, Ida E H, PhD</creator><creator>Nielsen, Martin L, MD</creator><creator>Nordin, Maria, PhD</creator><creator>Oksanen, Tuula, PhD</creator><creator>Pejtersen, Jan H, PhD</creator><creator>Pentti, Jaana, PhD</creator><creator>Rugulies, Reiner, Prof</creator><creator>Salo, Paula, PhD</creator><creator>Siegrist, Johannes, Prof</creator><creator>Steptoe, Andrew, PhD</creator><creator>Suominen, Sakari, Prof</creator><creator>Theorell, Töres, Prof</creator><creator>Vahtera, Jussi, Prof</creator><creator>Westerholm, Peter J M, Prof</creator><creator>Westerlund, Hugo, Prof</creator><creator>Singh-Manoux, Archana, PhD</creator><creator>Jokela, Markus, PhD</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>The Lancet, Diabetes & Endocrinology</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>ADTPV</scope><scope>AOWAS</scope><scope>D8X</scope><scope>AKRZP</scope><scope>D8T</scope><scope>DG5</scope><scope>ZZAVC</scope><scope>ABAVF</scope><scope>DG7</scope><scope>ADHXS</scope><scope>D93</scope><scope>ACNBI</scope><scope>DF2</scope></search><sort><creationdate>2015</creationdate><title>Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals</title><author>Kivimäki, Mika, Prof ; Virtanen, Marianna, Prof ; Kawachi, Ichiro, Prof ; Nyberg, Solja T, MSc ; Alfredsson, Lars, Prof ; Batty, G David, PhD ; Bjorner, Jakob B, Prof ; Borritz, Marianne, MD ; Brunner, Eric J, Prof ; Burr, Hermann, PhD ; Dragano, Nico, Prof ; Ferrie, Jane E, PhD ; Fransson, Eleonor I, PhD ; Hamer, Mark, PhD ; Heikkilä, Katriina, PhD ; Knutsson, Anders, Prof ; Koskenvuo, Markku, Prof ; Madsen, Ida E H, PhD ; Nielsen, Martin L, MD ; Nordin, Maria, PhD ; Oksanen, Tuula, PhD ; Pejtersen, Jan H, PhD ; Pentti, Jaana, PhD ; Rugulies, Reiner, Prof ; Salo, Paula, PhD ; Siegrist, Johannes, Prof ; Steptoe, Andrew, PhD ; Suominen, Sakari, Prof ; Theorell, Töres, Prof ; Vahtera, Jussi, Prof ; Westerholm, Peter J M, Prof ; Westerlund, Hugo, Prof ; Singh-Manoux, Archana, PhD ; Jokela, Markus, PhD</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c794t-b4aca0bd9e0aa7d3f25b704f0138ad41039d13141b1f760f568241b2698a9d473</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology</topic><topic>Endocrinology & Metabolism</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Incidence</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Other</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Social Class</topic><topic>Work Schedule Tolerance</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kivimäki, Mika, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Virtanen, Marianna, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kawachi, Ichiro, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nyberg, Solja T, MSc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alfredsson, Lars, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Batty, G David, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bjorner, Jakob B, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Borritz, Marianne, MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brunner, Eric J, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burr, Hermann, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dragano, Nico, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferrie, Jane E, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fransson, Eleonor I, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hamer, Mark, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heikkilä, Katriina, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Knutsson, Anders, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koskenvuo, Markku, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Madsen, Ida E H, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nielsen, Martin L, MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nordin, Maria, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oksanen, Tuula, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pejtersen, Jan H, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pentti, Jaana, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rugulies, Reiner, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salo, Paula, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siegrist, Johannes, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steptoe, Andrew, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suominen, Sakari, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Theorell, Töres, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vahtera, Jussi, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Westerholm, Peter J M, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Westerlund, Hugo, Prof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Singh-Manoux, Archana, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jokela, Markus, PhD</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>SwePub</collection><collection>SwePub Articles</collection><collection>SWEPUB Högskolan i Jönköping</collection><collection>SWEPUB Mittuniversitetet full text</collection><collection>SWEPUB Freely available online</collection><collection>SWEPUB Mittuniversitetet</collection><collection>SwePub Articles full text</collection><collection>SWEPUB Stockholms universitet full text</collection><collection>SWEPUB Stockholms universitet</collection><collection>SWEPUB Umeå universitet full text</collection><collection>SWEPUB Umeå universitet</collection><collection>SWEPUB Uppsala universitet full text</collection><collection>SWEPUB Uppsala universitet</collection><jtitle>The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kivimäki, Mika, Prof</au><au>Virtanen, Marianna, Prof</au><au>Kawachi, Ichiro, Prof</au><au>Nyberg, Solja T, MSc</au><au>Alfredsson, Lars, Prof</au><au>Batty, G David, PhD</au><au>Bjorner, Jakob B, Prof</au><au>Borritz, Marianne, MD</au><au>Brunner, Eric J, Prof</au><au>Burr, Hermann, PhD</au><au>Dragano, Nico, Prof</au><au>Ferrie, Jane E, PhD</au><au>Fransson, Eleonor I, PhD</au><au>Hamer, Mark, PhD</au><au>Heikkilä, Katriina, PhD</au><au>Knutsson, Anders, Prof</au><au>Koskenvuo, Markku, Prof</au><au>Madsen, Ida E H, PhD</au><au>Nielsen, Martin L, MD</au><au>Nordin, Maria, PhD</au><au>Oksanen, Tuula, PhD</au><au>Pejtersen, Jan H, PhD</au><au>Pentti, Jaana, PhD</au><au>Rugulies, Reiner, Prof</au><au>Salo, Paula, PhD</au><au>Siegrist, Johannes, Prof</au><au>Steptoe, Andrew, PhD</au><au>Suominen, Sakari, Prof</au><au>Theorell, Töres, Prof</au><au>Vahtera, Jussi, Prof</au><au>Westerholm, Peter J M, Prof</au><au>Westerlund, Hugo, Prof</au><au>Singh-Manoux, Archana, PhD</au><au>Jokela, Markus, PhD</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals</atitle><jtitle>The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology</jtitle><addtitle>Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol</addtitle><date>2015</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>3</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>27</spage><epage>34</epage><pages>27-34</pages><issn>2213-8587</issn><issn>2213-8595</issn><eissn>2213-8595</eissn><abstract>Summary Background Working long hours might have adverse health effects, but whether this is true for all socioeconomic status groups is unclear. In this meta-analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, we investigated the role of long working hours as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Methods We identified four published studies through a systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase up to April 30, 2014. Study inclusion criteria were English-language publication; prospective design (cohort study); investigation of the effect of working hours or overtime work; incident diabetes as an outcome; and relative risks, odds ratios, or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs, or sufficient information to calculate these estimates. Additionally, we used unpublished individual-level data from 19 cohort studies from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working-Populations Consortium and international open-access data archives. Effect estimates from published and unpublished data from 222 120 men and women from the USA, Europe, Japan, and Australia were pooled with random-effects meta-analysis. Findings During 1·7 million person-years at risk, 4963 individuals developed diabetes (incidence 29 per 10 000 person-years). The minimally adjusted summary risk ratio for long (≥55 h per week) compared with standard working hours (35–40 h) was 1·07 (95% CI 0·89–1·27, difference in incidence three cases per 10 000 person-years) with significant heterogeneity in study-specific estimates ( I2 =53%, p=0·0016). In an analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, the association between long working hours and diabetes was evident in the low socioeconomic status group (risk ratio 1·29, 95% CI 1·06–1·57, difference in incidence 13 per 10 000 person-years, I2 =0%, p=0·4662), but was null in the high socioeconomic status group (1·00, 95% CI 0·80–1·25, incidence difference zero per 10 000 person-years, I2 =15%, p=0·2464). The association in the low socioeconomic status group was robust to adjustment for age, sex, obesity, and physical activity, and remained after exclusion of shift workers. Interpretation In this meta-analysis, the link between longer working hours and type 2 diabetes was apparent only in individuals in the low socioeconomic status groups. Funding Medical Research Council, European Union New and Emerging Risks in Occupational Safety and Health research programme, Finnish Work Environment Fund, Swedish Research Council for Working Life and Social Research, German Social Accident Insurance, Danish National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Academy of Finland, Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (Netherlands), Economic and Social Research Council, US National Institutes of Health, and British Heart Foundation.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>25262544</pmid><doi>10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70178-0</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 2213-8587 |
| ispartof | The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, 2015, Vol.3 (1), p.27-34 |
| issn | 2213-8587 2213-8595 2213-8595 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_swepub_primary_oai_swepub_ki_se_518597 |
| source | MEDLINE; Alma/SFX Local Collection; SWEPUB Freely available online |
| subjects | Adult Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology Endocrinology & Metabolism Female Humans Incidence Male Middle Aged Other Risk Factors Social Class Work Schedule Tolerance |
| title | Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals |
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