The bile salt glycocholate induces global changes in gene and protein expression and activates virulence in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Pathogenic bacteria use specific host factors to modulate virulence and stress responses during infection. We found previously that the host factor bile and the bile component glyco-conjugated cholate (NaGCH, sodium glycocholate) upregulate the colonization factor CS5 in enterotoxigenic Escherichia...
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| creator | Joffre, Enrique Nicklasson, Matilda Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra Xiao, Xue Sun, Lei Nookaew, Intawat Zhu, Baoli Sjöling, Åsa |
| description | Pathogenic bacteria use specific host factors to modulate virulence and stress responses during infection. We found previously that the host factor bile and the bile component glyco-conjugated cholate (NaGCH, sodium glycocholate) upregulate the colonization factor CS5 in enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC). To further understand the global regulatory effects of bile and NaGCH, we performed Illumina RNA-Seq and found that crude bile and NaGCH altered the expression of 61 genes in CS5 + CS6 ETEC isolates. The most striking finding was high induction of the CS5 operon (
csfA-F
), its putative transcription factor
csvR
, and the putative ETEC virulence factor
cexE
. iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS proteomic analyses verified induction of the plasmid-borne virulence proteins CS5 and CexE and also showed that NaGCH affected the expression of bacterial membrane proteins. Furthermore, NaGCH induced bacteria to aggregate, increased their adherence to epithelial cells, and reduced their motility. Our results indicate that CS5 + CS6 ETEC use NaGCH present in the small intestine as a signal to initiate colonization of the epithelium. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/s41598-018-36414-z |
| format | Article |
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Escherichia coli
(ETEC). To further understand the global regulatory effects of bile and NaGCH, we performed Illumina RNA-Seq and found that crude bile and NaGCH altered the expression of 61 genes in CS5 + CS6 ETEC isolates. The most striking finding was high induction of the CS5 operon (
csfA-F
), its putative transcription factor
csvR
, and the putative ETEC virulence factor
cexE
. iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS proteomic analyses verified induction of the plasmid-borne virulence proteins CS5 and CexE and also showed that NaGCH affected the expression of bacterial membrane proteins. Furthermore, NaGCH induced bacteria to aggregate, increased their adherence to epithelial cells, and reduced their motility. Our results indicate that CS5 + CS6 ETEC use NaGCH present in the small intestine as a signal to initiate colonization of the epithelium.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2045-2322</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2045-2322</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36414-z</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30643184</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>1995 ; 38/43 ; 38/77 ; 45 ; 45/23 ; 45/77 ; 45/91 ; 631/326/41/2533 ; 631/326/421 ; 631/337/2019 ; 631/337/475 ; 631/80/79 ; 82/58 ; 82/80 ; 82/81 ; 96/106 ; acids ; adhesin ; Bacteria ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Bile ; biofilm formation ; Caco-2 Cells ; campylobacter-jejuni ; Cholagogues and Choleretics - metabolism ; Colonization ; Colonization factor ; developing-countries ; E coli ; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli - drug effects ; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli - pathogenicity ; Epithelial cells ; Epithelial Cells - microbiology ; Epithelium ; Escherichia coli ; Escherichia coli Proteins - biosynthesis ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - drug effects ; Glycocholic Acid - metabolism ; Humanities and Social Sciences ; Humans ; identification ; infection and immunity ; Infectious Medicine ; Infektionsmedicin ; Medicin och hälsovetenskap ; Membrane proteins ; multidisciplinary ; p3642 ; pe lm ; Protein Biosynthesis - drug effects ; Proteome - analysis ; Proteomics ; resistance ; Ribonucleic acid ; RNA ; Science ; Science & Technology - Other Topics ; Science (multidisciplinary) ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Small intestine ; Sodium ; sodium deoxycholate ; v63 ; vibrio-cholerae ; Virulence - drug effects ; Virulence factors</subject><ispartof>Scientific reports, 2019-01, Vol.9 (1), p.108-108, Article 108</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2019</rights><rights>This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c703t-5523384d336df0243516b1f22825d6ebe0bf7bb8d8994cb2088a81c29eb0570f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c703t-5523384d336df0243516b1f22825d6ebe0bf7bb8d8994cb2088a81c29eb0570f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1529-1720 ; 0000-0003-0328-518X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6331568/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6331568/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,552,727,780,784,864,885,27924,27925,41120,42189,51576,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30643184$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://gup.ub.gu.se/publication/277478$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttp://kipublications.ki.se/Default.aspx?queryparsed=id:140000767$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Joffre, Enrique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nicklasson, Matilda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Xue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sun, Lei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nookaew, Intawat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Baoli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sjöling, Åsa</creatorcontrib><title>The bile salt glycocholate induces global changes in gene and protein expression and activates virulence in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli</title><title>Scientific reports</title><addtitle>Sci Rep</addtitle><addtitle>Sci Rep</addtitle><description>Pathogenic bacteria use specific host factors to modulate virulence and stress responses during infection. We found previously that the host factor bile and the bile component glyco-conjugated cholate (NaGCH, sodium glycocholate) upregulate the colonization factor CS5 in enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC). To further understand the global regulatory effects of bile and NaGCH, we performed Illumina RNA-Seq and found that crude bile and NaGCH altered the expression of 61 genes in CS5 + CS6 ETEC isolates. The most striking finding was high induction of the CS5 operon (
csfA-F
), its putative transcription factor
csvR
, and the putative ETEC virulence factor
cexE
. iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS proteomic analyses verified induction of the plasmid-borne virulence proteins CS5 and CexE and also showed that NaGCH affected the expression of bacterial membrane proteins. Furthermore, NaGCH induced bacteria to aggregate, increased their adherence to epithelial cells, and reduced their motility. Our results indicate that CS5 + CS6 ETEC use NaGCH present in the small intestine as a signal to initiate colonization of the epithelium.</description><subject>1995</subject><subject>38/43</subject><subject>38/77</subject><subject>45</subject><subject>45/23</subject><subject>45/77</subject><subject>45/91</subject><subject>631/326/41/2533</subject><subject>631/326/421</subject><subject>631/337/2019</subject><subject>631/337/475</subject><subject>631/80/79</subject><subject>82/58</subject><subject>82/80</subject><subject>82/81</subject><subject>96/106</subject><subject>acids</subject><subject>adhesin</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Bacterial Adhesion</subject><subject>Bile</subject><subject>biofilm formation</subject><subject>Caco-2 Cells</subject><subject>campylobacter-jejuni</subject><subject>Cholagogues and Choleretics - metabolism</subject><subject>Colonization</subject><subject>Colonization factor</subject><subject>developing-countries</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli - drug effects</subject><subject>Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli - pathogenicity</subject><subject>Epithelial cells</subject><subject>Epithelial Cells - microbiology</subject><subject>Epithelium</subject><subject>Escherichia coli</subject><subject>Escherichia coli Proteins - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Gene Expression Profiling</subject><subject>Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - drug effects</subject><subject>Glycocholic Acid - metabolism</subject><subject>Humanities and Social Sciences</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>identification</subject><subject>infection and immunity</subject><subject>Infectious Medicine</subject><subject>Infektionsmedicin</subject><subject>Medicin och hälsovetenskap</subject><subject>Membrane proteins</subject><subject>multidisciplinary</subject><subject>p3642</subject><subject>pe lm</subject><subject>Protein Biosynthesis - drug effects</subject><subject>Proteome - analysis</subject><subject>Proteomics</subject><subject>resistance</subject><subject>Ribonucleic acid</subject><subject>RNA</subject><subject>Science</subject><subject>Science & Technology - Other Topics</subject><subject>Science (multidisciplinary)</subject><subject>Sequence Analysis, RNA</subject><subject>Small intestine</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>sodium deoxycholate</subject><subject>v63</subject><subject>vibrio-cholerae</subject><subject>Virulence - drug effects</subject><subject>Virulence factors</subject><issn>2045-2322</issn><issn>2045-2322</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>D8T</sourceid><recordid>eNp9Ustu1TAUjBCIVqU_wAJZYsMm4FcSe4OEqvKQKrEpa8txThIXXzvYyaXtN_DROL23LyTqTezxzJx4NEXxmuD3BDPxIXFSSVFiIkpWc8LL62fFIcW8Kimj9PmD_UFxnNIFzquikhP5sjhguOaMCH5Y_DkfAbXWAUrazWhwVyaYMTg9A7K-WwykDIZWO2RG7Yd8tB4N4AFp36EphhkyAJdThJRs8DewNrPdZouEtjYuDrxZ3RD4GbIgXNpsYA06TWaEaM1oNTLB2VfFi167BMf771Hx4_Pp-cnX8uz7l28nn85K02A2l1VFGRO8Y6zuekw5q0jdkp5SQauuhhZw2zdtKzohJTctxUJoQQyV0OKqwT07Ksqdb_oN09KqKdqNjlcqaKv20M-8A8UFbYTIfPlffk6guxfdCglf827q5slZwzKpDA3LKqFNw5t11scdP5M30JmcWdTu8chHN96OaghbVTNGqno1eLc3iOHXAmlWG5sMOKc9hCUpShrJuOScZOrbf6gXYYk-R59ZdYMpwVJmFt2xTAwpRejvfoZgtXZR7bqochfVTRfVdRa9efiMO8lt8zKB7XPJV7lX8X72E7Z_AXb672Q</recordid><startdate>20190114</startdate><enddate>20190114</enddate><creator>Joffre, Enrique</creator><creator>Nicklasson, Matilda</creator><creator>Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra</creator><creator>Xiao, Xue</creator><creator>Sun, Lei</creator><creator>Nookaew, Intawat</creator><creator>Zhu, Baoli</creator><creator>Sjöling, Åsa</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group UK</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>ADTPV</scope><scope>AOWAS</scope><scope>F1U</scope><scope>D8T</scope><scope>ZZAVC</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1529-1720</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-518X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20190114</creationdate><title>The bile salt glycocholate induces global changes in gene and protein expression and activates virulence in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli</title><author>Joffre, Enrique ; Nicklasson, Matilda ; Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra ; Xiao, Xue ; Sun, Lei ; Nookaew, Intawat ; Zhu, Baoli ; Sjöling, Åsa</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c703t-5523384d336df0243516b1f22825d6ebe0bf7bb8d8994cb2088a81c29eb0570f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>1995</topic><topic>38/43</topic><topic>38/77</topic><topic>45</topic><topic>45/23</topic><topic>45/77</topic><topic>45/91</topic><topic>631/326/41/2533</topic><topic>631/326/421</topic><topic>631/337/2019</topic><topic>631/337/475</topic><topic>631/80/79</topic><topic>82/58</topic><topic>82/80</topic><topic>82/81</topic><topic>96/106</topic><topic>acids</topic><topic>adhesin</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Bacterial Adhesion</topic><topic>Bile</topic><topic>biofilm formation</topic><topic>Caco-2 Cells</topic><topic>campylobacter-jejuni</topic><topic>Cholagogues and Choleretics - metabolism</topic><topic>Colonization</topic><topic>Colonization factor</topic><topic>developing-countries</topic><topic>E coli</topic><topic>Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli - drug effects</topic><topic>Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli - pathogenicity</topic><topic>Epithelial cells</topic><topic>Epithelial Cells - microbiology</topic><topic>Epithelium</topic><topic>Escherichia coli</topic><topic>Escherichia coli Proteins - biosynthesis</topic><topic>Gene Expression Profiling</topic><topic>Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - drug effects</topic><topic>Glycocholic Acid - metabolism</topic><topic>Humanities and Social Sciences</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>identification</topic><topic>infection and immunity</topic><topic>Infectious Medicine</topic><topic>Infektionsmedicin</topic><topic>Medicin och hälsovetenskap</topic><topic>Membrane proteins</topic><topic>multidisciplinary</topic><topic>p3642</topic><topic>pe lm</topic><topic>Protein Biosynthesis - drug effects</topic><topic>Proteome - analysis</topic><topic>Proteomics</topic><topic>resistance</topic><topic>Ribonucleic acid</topic><topic>RNA</topic><topic>Science</topic><topic>Science & Technology - Other Topics</topic><topic>Science (multidisciplinary)</topic><topic>Sequence Analysis, RNA</topic><topic>Small intestine</topic><topic>Sodium</topic><topic>sodium deoxycholate</topic><topic>v63</topic><topic>vibrio-cholerae</topic><topic>Virulence - drug effects</topic><topic>Virulence factors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Joffre, Enrique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nicklasson, Matilda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Xue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sun, Lei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nookaew, Intawat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Baoli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sjöling, Åsa</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA/Free Journals</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>SwePub</collection><collection>SwePub Articles</collection><collection>SWEPUB Göteborgs universitet</collection><collection>SWEPUB Freely available online</collection><collection>SwePub Articles full text</collection><jtitle>Scientific reports</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Joffre, Enrique</au><au>Nicklasson, Matilda</au><au>Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra</au><au>Xiao, Xue</au><au>Sun, Lei</au><au>Nookaew, Intawat</au><au>Zhu, Baoli</au><au>Sjöling, Åsa</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The bile salt glycocholate induces global changes in gene and protein expression and activates virulence in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli</atitle><jtitle>Scientific reports</jtitle><stitle>Sci Rep</stitle><addtitle>Sci Rep</addtitle><date>2019-01-14</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>108</spage><epage>108</epage><pages>108-108</pages><artnum>108</artnum><issn>2045-2322</issn><eissn>2045-2322</eissn><abstract>Pathogenic bacteria use specific host factors to modulate virulence and stress responses during infection. We found previously that the host factor bile and the bile component glyco-conjugated cholate (NaGCH, sodium glycocholate) upregulate the colonization factor CS5 in enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC). To further understand the global regulatory effects of bile and NaGCH, we performed Illumina RNA-Seq and found that crude bile and NaGCH altered the expression of 61 genes in CS5 + CS6 ETEC isolates. The most striking finding was high induction of the CS5 operon (
csfA-F
), its putative transcription factor
csvR
, and the putative ETEC virulence factor
cexE
. iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS proteomic analyses verified induction of the plasmid-borne virulence proteins CS5 and CexE and also showed that NaGCH affected the expression of bacterial membrane proteins. Furthermore, NaGCH induced bacteria to aggregate, increased their adherence to epithelial cells, and reduced their motility. Our results indicate that CS5 + CS6 ETEC use NaGCH present in the small intestine as a signal to initiate colonization of the epithelium.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>30643184</pmid><doi>10.1038/s41598-018-36414-z</doi><tpages>1</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1529-1720</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-518X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Scientific reports, 2019-01, Vol.9 (1), p.108-108, Article 108 |
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| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_swepub_primary_oai_swepub_ki_se_482788 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; SWEPUB Freely available online; Nature Free; PubMed Central; Springer Nature OA/Free Journals; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | 1995 38/43 38/77 45 45/23 45/77 45/91 631/326/41/2533 631/326/421 631/337/2019 631/337/475 631/80/79 82/58 82/80 82/81 96/106 acids adhesin Bacteria Bacterial Adhesion Bile biofilm formation Caco-2 Cells campylobacter-jejuni Cholagogues and Choleretics - metabolism Colonization Colonization factor developing-countries E coli Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli - drug effects Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli - pathogenicity Epithelial cells Epithelial Cells - microbiology Epithelium Escherichia coli Escherichia coli Proteins - biosynthesis Gene Expression Profiling Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - drug effects Glycocholic Acid - metabolism Humanities and Social Sciences Humans identification infection and immunity Infectious Medicine Infektionsmedicin Medicin och hälsovetenskap Membrane proteins multidisciplinary p3642 pe lm Protein Biosynthesis - drug effects Proteome - analysis Proteomics resistance Ribonucleic acid RNA Science Science & Technology - Other Topics Science (multidisciplinary) Sequence Analysis, RNA Small intestine Sodium sodium deoxycholate v63 vibrio-cholerae Virulence - drug effects Virulence factors |
| title | The bile salt glycocholate induces global changes in gene and protein expression and activates virulence in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-21T07%3A55%3A57IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_swepu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20bile%20salt%20glycocholate%20induces%20global%20changes%20in%20gene%20and%20protein%20expression%20and%20activates%20virulence%20in%20enterotoxigenic%20Escherichia%20coli&rft.jtitle=Scientific%20reports&rft.au=Joffre,%20Enrique&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=108&rft.epage=108&rft.pages=108-108&rft.artnum=108&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.eissn=2045-2322&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/s41598-018-36414-z&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_swepu%3E2167021099%3C/proquest_swepu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2167021099&rft_id=info:pmid/30643184&rfr_iscdi=true |